RESUMEN
Risk assessment of heavy metals is critical in controlling and preventing risks of foodborne diseases. Fish can be used as bioindicators for exposure to potential toxic elements (PTEs), which can represent potential risks for humans. The long Iranian coastline and three major fishery regions in the country, including the northern (Caspian Sea) and southern (Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman) seas as well as inland waters and aquacultures (rivers, dams, wetlands and fish farms) have made Iran a large producer of fish. In the first step of the present study, data collection and report of PTEs in fish from the three fishery regions (2010-2022) were carried out. In the second step, health risks were assessed using Monte Carlo simulation in child and adult consumers. The average concentrations of Cd, Hg and Pb for the northern sea, southern sea, and inland waters and aquacultures were 0.273, 0.249, 1.077; 0.430, 0.423, 1.182; and 1.387, 0.232, 1.703 µg/g per dry weight, respectively. Based on the target hazard quotient results, Hg intake of Iranian children from all the three fishery regions was more than 1, which was alarming. In the adult age group, southern sea fish consumers were at risk of Hg adverse health effects. Moreover, Cd included the highest carcinogenic risk of toxic elements in fish from the three fishery regions of Iran. Estimation of THQ, HI, ILCR and EDI revealed that consumption of fish might induce health complexities for the consumers in Iran. Moreover, Iranians from northern and southern regions of the country consumed further seafood due to the availability of high seafood sources in these regions. Hence, various indices must be used for the risk assessment of general human health. Due to the high risks of carcinogenicity/non-carcinogenicity estimated in the risk assessment, consumption of fish by infants and pregnant women must critically be assessed.
Asunto(s)
Mercurio , Metales Pesados , Adulto , Animales , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Embarazo , Cadmio/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Peces , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Océano Índico , Irán , Mercurio/análisis , Metales Pesados/análisis , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
Fe3O4 nanoparticles with chitosan grafted onto poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) copolymers are synthesized and showed dual sensitivity to temperature and pH. The nanoparticles were characterized by different techniques and two aspects of their applications were evaluated using Imatinib mesylate drug as a model. The first studied application of these nanoparticles was the extraction and pre-concentration of Imatinib mesylate from biological samples. Parameters such as sorbent dosage and extraction and desorption time can affect Imatinib mesylate extraction and were studied by Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology, while the one-factor-at-a-time approach was used to assessed the sample pH and elution solvent type and amount. The determination and quantification were accomplished by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification of the approach was 1.0 ng mL-1. Inter/intraday precision was obtained as 3.4-6.7% and 5.1-7.7%, respectively. Also, the modified nanoparticles were studied in basic in vitro drug delivery research which led to satisfactory results.
Asunto(s)
Caprolactama/análogos & derivados , Quitosano/química , Mesilato de Imatinib/sangre , Mesilato de Imatinib/orina , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química , Polímeros/química , Técnicas Biosensibles , Caprolactama/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Humanos , Espectrometría de Masas en TándemRESUMEN
Cefexime is a useful antibiotic that can be prescribed to treat bacterial infections. Nanoparticles have been widely marketed as a universal solution among scientists. Many studies have been performed to modify nanoparticles to make them functional as extraction and pre-concentration agents and drug carriers. Temperature-sensitive polymers belong to a group of substances that undergo a major change in their physical features in response to temperature. Recently developed polymers can be used in many different areas, including modification of nanoparticles. In order to modify this nanoparticle, grafting copolymerization of Fe3 O4 nanoparticles was performed using poly (N-vinylcaprolactam) and 3-allyloxy-1,2-propanediol. The optimum conditions for pre-concentration of cefexime were studied. Under these optimum conditions, extraction recovery of biological samples in the range of 71-89% was obtained. The limit of detection and precision of proposed method were 4.5 × 10-4 µg mL-1 and <4.11% (relative standard deviation), respectively. Based on the results from analysis of cefexime, in biological samples using the proposed method, the ability of this method to extract and pre-concentrate cefexime was confirmed. Also, satisfactory results from an in vitro study on drug release in simulated intestine media were obtained.
Asunto(s)
Cefixima/sangre , Cefixima/aislamiento & purificación , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química , Cefixima/farmacocinética , Cefixima/orina , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Humanos , Límite de Detección , Modelos Lineales , Polímeros/química , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , TemperaturaRESUMEN
In the present study, we synthesized DABCOnium-based-Brønsted acidic ionic liquid-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@(SU-DBC) NPs). Their structure was characterized using various morphological and physicochemical techniques such as SEM, powder-XRD, XPS, FTIR, VSM, and BET. The Fe3O4@(SU-DBC) NPs have remarkable magnetic recovery, extensive colloidal stability, and excellent recyclability. The fabricated ionic liquid-modified magnetic NPs show capability for magnetic dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction (MD-µ-SPE) of trace metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb) from sunblock cream samples. Micro-sampling flame atomic absorption spectrometry (MS-FAAS) was used to analyze the analytes. For evaluating the simultaneous effects of various parameters on the extraction efficiency, a central composite design was employed. In the method validation, the recoveries ranged from 97.84 to 102.36%, with relative standard deviations of 0.97% to 3.27%. The detection limits of the proposed method ranged between 0.067 and 0.715 µg kg-1. The developed method showed high sensitivity and precision, and stable recovery. Health risks were evaluated using the margin of safety (MoS), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and lifetime cancer risk (LCR). Sunblock creams' MoS, HQ, and HI values were within permissible ranges, but LCR values were higher than permitted.
RESUMEN
A poly (ionic liquid) (PIL) functionalized magnetic nanoparticles methodology was developed and utilized as an efficient adsorbent for the simultaneous extraction of cadmium, lead, and copper ions from water and fruit juice samples. The novel adsorbent was fabricated by grafting DABCO-based PIL onto silica-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles via copper (0)-mediated reversible-deactivation radical polymerization. Different techniques properly characterized the developed nanoparticles. The central composite design was used to analyze the simultaneous effects of various parameters on the extraction efficiency. The detection limits for water samples ranged between 3.2 and 9.2 ng.L-1, and fruit juice samples varied from 0.0103 to 0.1082 µg.kg-1. The recovery ranged from 94.1 to 101.3% and 93.6 to 105.1% for water and fruit juice samples, respectively. The relive measurement uncertainty ranged from 7.7 to 13.6%. The proposed method is rapid, sensitive, environmentally friendly, and useful for monitoring the residues of heavy metal ions in water and fruit juice samples.
Asunto(s)
Líquidos Iónicos , Nanopartículas de Magnetita , Cadmio/análisis , Cobre , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales , Líquidos Iónicos/química , Límite de Detección , Fenómenos Magnéticos , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química , Piperazinas , Extracción en Fase Sólida/métodos , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
A novel magnetic nanocomposite of chitosan-grafted-poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (Fe3O4/SiO2/CHT-g-PNVCL MNC) were synthesized. Chitosan was prepared from shrimp shells Penaeus monodon by a green deacetylation approach. N-vinylcaprolactam was first polymerized on the surface of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. Then, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles modified with carboxyl-terminated- poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) was grafted onto chitosan. Various techniques were used to characterize of physicochemical properties of synthesized nanomaterials. The application of Fe3O4/SiO2/CHT-g-PNVCL MNC was utilized as a novel adsorbent for the simultaneous extraction of trans-resveratrol and its major phase II metabolites from rat plasma. A qualitative analysis was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Response surface methodology based on central composite design was used to optimize the extraction procedure including pH, amount of adsorbent, extraction time, desorption time, and volume of elution solvent. The established quantitative method succeeded in satisfying FDA requirements regarding biological analysis methods. The results of the validation of the method indicated its acceptable accuracy (-4.4 to 6.9%), linearity (r > 0.995), precision (CV < 6.3%), and stability. The lower limits of quantification of the proposed method achieved were 1.23-1.68 ngmL-1for target analytes. The information obtained from the method validation has been used to estimate the expanded uncertainty for the determination of trans-resveratrol in rat plasma samples following orally administered trans-resveratrol. The method was applied to study the pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and bioavailability of trans-resveratrol in healthy rats following a single oral or intravenous dose.