Deficiency in the NADPH oxidase 4 predisposes towards diet-induced obesity.

OBJECTIVE: NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) producing NADPH oxidase that regulates redox homeostasis in diverse insulin-sensitive cell types. In particular, NOX4-derived ROS is a key modulator of adipocyte differentiation and mediates insulin receptor signaling in mature adipocytes in vitro. Our study was aimed at investigating the role of NOX4 in adipose tissue differentiation, whole body metabolic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in vivo. DESIGN: Mice with genetic ablation of NOX4 (NOX4-deficient mice) were subjected to chow or high-fat-containing diet for 12 weeks. Body weight gain, adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and adipose tissue and liver gene and protein expression were analyzed and compared with similarly treated wild-type mice. RESULTS: Here, we report that NOX4-deficient mice display latent adipose tissue accumulation and are susceptible to diet-induced obesity and early onset insulin resistance. Obesity results from accelerated adipocyte differentiation and hypertrophy, and an increase in whole body energy efficiency. Insulin resistance is associated with increased adipose tissue hypoxia, inflammation and adipocyte apoptosis. In the liver, more severe diet-induced steatosis was observed due to the lack of proper upregulation of mitochondrial fatty acid ß-oxidation. CONCLUSION: These findings identify NOX4 as a regulator of metabolic homeostasis. Moreover, they indicate an anti-adipogenic role for NOX4 in vivo and reveal its function as a protector against the development of diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and hepatosteatosis.

Separation of blood microsamples by exploiting sedimentation at the microscale.

Microsample analysis is highly beneficial in blood-based testing where cutting-edge bioanalytical technologies enable the analysis of volumes down to a few tens of microliters. Despite the availability of analytical methods, the difficulty in obtaining high-quality and standardized microsamples at the point of collection remains a major limitation of the process. Here, we detail and model a blood separation principle which exploits discrete viscosity differences caused by blood particle sedimentation in a laminar flow. Based on this phenomenon, we developed a portable capillary-driven microfluidic device that separates blood microsamples collected from finger-pricks and delivers 2 µL of metered serum for bench-top analysis. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated the high purity of generated microsamples. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses of the microsamples of 283 proteins and 1351 metabolite features was consistent with samples generated via a conventional centrifugation method. These results were confirmed by a clinical study scrutinising 8 blood markers in obese patients.