Prostate Specific Antigen Testing Behaviors for Prostate Cancer Screening Among U.S. Immigrants: A Cross-sectional Analysis Using the National Health Interview Survey.

PURPOSE: Immigrants constitute 14% of the U.S. population, and this group is especially vulnerable to poor health care access. Prior research demonstrates U.S. immigrants have low rates of guideline-concordant breast and colorectal screening, but prostate cancer screening has not previously been evaluated. We sought to characterize screening behaviors among U.S. immigrants and to consider possible mechanisms to enhance PSA-based screening for this population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from the 2010, 2013, 2015, and 2018 National Health Interview Survey reports, which were the recent survey years that included questions about PSA testing. Complex samples logistic regression was performed to assess the relationship between immigrant-specific characteristics including region of birth, citizenship status, length of residence within the U.S., English language proficiency, and history of PSA testing. RESULTS: There were 22,997 survey respondents; 3,257 were foreign-born and 19,740 were U.S.-born. Rates of PSA testing were much lower among the foreign-born population compared to the U.S.-born population (43% vs 60%). Citizenship status, length of residence in the U.S. for more than 15 years, and English proficiency were directly linked to increased rates of PSA testing. There was significant variability in PSA testing among immigrant subgroups and Asian immigrants had the lowest rate of PSA testing. Annual physician visits and English language proficiency were associated with increased PSA testing among the U.S. immigrant population. CONCLUSIONS: Immigrants have relatively low rates of PSA testing. Improving health care utilization and language services may help to narrow the gap in guideline-concordant prostate cancer screening between immigrants and nonimmigrants.

PRState: Incorporating genetic ancestry in prostate cancer risk scores for men of African ancestry.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PrCa) is one of the most genetically driven solid cancers with heritability estimates as high as 57%. Men of African ancestry are at an increased risk of PrCa; however, current polygenic risk score (PRS) models are based on European ancestry groups and may not be broadly applicable. The objective of this study was to construct an African ancestry-specific PrCa PRS (PRState) and evaluate its performance. METHODS: African ancestry group of 4,533 individuals in ELLIPSE consortium was used for discovery of African ancestry-specific PrCa SNPs. PRState was constructed as weighted sum of genotypes and effect sizes from genome-wide association study (GWAS) of PrCa in African ancestry group. Performance was evaluated using ROC-AUC analysis. RESULTS: We identified African ancestry-specific PrCa risk loci on chromosomes 3, 8, and 11 and constructed a polygenic risk score (PRS) from 10 African ancestry-specific PrCa risk SNPs, achieving an AUC of 0.61 [0.60-0.63] and 0.65 [0.64-0.67], when combined with age and family history. Performance dropped significantly when using ancestry-mismatched PRS models but remained comparable when using trans-ancestry models. Importantly, we validated the PRState score in the Million Veteran Program (MVP), demonstrating improved prediction of PrCa and metastatic PrCa in individuals of African ancestry. CONCLUSIONS: African ancestry-specific PRState improves PrCa prediction in African ancestry groups in ELLIPSE consortium and MVP. This study underscores the need for inclusion of individuals of African ancestry in gene variant discovery to optimize PRSs and identifies African ancestry-specific variants for use in future studies.

Impact of health literacy on shared decision making for prostate-specific antigen screening in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines endorse shared decision making (SDM) for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening. The relationship between a patient's health literacy (HL) and SDM remains unclear. In the current study, the authors sought to identify the impact of HL on the rates of PSA screening and on the relationship between HL and SDM following the 2012 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations against PSA screening. METHODS: Using data from the 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, the authors examined PSA screening in the 13 states that administered the optional "Health Literacy" module. Men aged ≥50 years were examined. Complex samples multivariable logistic regression models were computed to assess the odds of undergoing PSA screening. The interactions between HL and SDM were also examined. RESULTS: A weighted sample of 12.249 million men with a rate of PSA screening of 33.4% were identified. Approximately one-third self-identified as having optimal HL. Rates of PSA screening were found to be highest amongst the highest HL group (42.2%). Being in this group was a significant predictor of undergoing PSA screening (odds ratio, 1.214; 95% confidence interval, 1.051-1.403). There was a significant interaction observed between HL and SDM (P for interaction, <.001) such that higher HL was associated with a lower likelihood of undergoing PSA screening when SDM was present. CONCLUSIONS: In the uncertain environment of multiple contradictory screening guidelines, men who reported higher levels of HL were found to have higher levels of screening. The authors demonstrated that increased HL may reduce the screening-promoting effect of SDM. These findings highlight the dynamic interplay between HL and SDM that should inform the creation and promulgation of SDM guidelines, specifically when considering patients with low HL.

National Recommendations against Prostate Specific Antigen Screening versus Statewide Medicaid Expansion Initiatives: A Battle of the Titans.

PURPOSE: Medicaid expansion under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act occurred almost concurrently with 2012 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations against prostate specific antigen screening. Here the relative influence on prostate specific antigen screening rates by 2 concurrent and opposing system-level policy initiatives is investigated: improved access to care and change in clinical practice guidelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from years 2012 to 2018 were analyzed for trends in self-reported prostate specific antigen screening and insurance coverage. Subanalyses included state Medicaid expansion status and respondent federal poverty level. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate factors associated with prostate specific antigen screening. RESULTS: From 2012 to 2018 prostate specific antigen screening predominantly declined with a notable exception of an increase of 7.3% for men at <138% federal poverty level between 2011 and 2013 in early expansion states. Initial increases did not continue, and screening trends mirrored those of nonexpansion states by 2018. Notably, 2014 planned expansions states did not follow this trend with minimal change between 2015 and 2017 compared to declines in early expansion states and nonexpansion states (-0.4% vs -6.7% and -8.6%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Medicaid expansion was associated with increased rates of insured men at <138% federal poverty level from 2012 to 2018 in early expansion states. In this group, initial increases in prostate specific antigen screening were not durable and followed the trend of reduced screening seen across the United States. In planned expansions states the global drop in prostate specific antigen screening from 2016 to 2018 was offset in men at <138% federal poverty level by expanding access to care. Nonexpansion states showed a steady decline in prostate specific antigen screening rates. This suggests that policy such as U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations against screening competes with and often outmatches access to care.

Impact of geography and travel distance on outcomes in epithelial ovarian cancer: a national cancer database analysis.

BACKGROUND: As ovarian cancer treatment shifts to provide more complex aspects of care at high-volume centers, almost a quarter of patients, many of whom reside in rural counties, will not have access to those centers or receive guideline-based care. OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between proximity of residential zip code to a high-volume cancer center with mortality and survival for patients with ovarian cancer. METHODS: The National Cancer Database was queried for cases of newly diagnosed ovarian cancer between January 2004 and December 2015. Our predictor of interest was distance traveled for treatment. Our primary outcomes were 30-day mortality, 90-day mortality, and overall survival. The effect of treatment on survival was analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method. Multiple logistic regression for binary outcomes and Cox proportional hazards regression for overall survival were used to assess the effect of distance on outcome, controlling for potential confounding variables. RESULTS: A total of 115 540 patients were included. There was no statistically significant difference in 30- or 90-day mortality among any of the travel distance categories. A statistically significant decrease in 30-day re-admission was found among patients who lived further away from the treating facility. A total of 105 529 patients were available for survival analysis, and survival curves significantly differed between distance strata (p<0.0001). The adjusted regression models demonstrated increased long-term mortality in patients who lived farther away from the treating facility after controlling for potential confounding. CONCLUSION: Although 30- and 90-day mortality do not differ by travel distance, worse survival is observed among women living >50 miles from a high-volume treatment facility. With a national policy shift toward centralization of complex care, a better understanding of the impact of distance on survival in patients with ovarian cancer is crucial. Our findings inform the practice of healthcare delivery, especially in rural settings.

Receipt of Survivorship Care Plans and Self-Reported Health Status among Patients with Genitourinary Malignancy.

PURPOSE: Implementation of survivorship care plans has been emphasized as a key component to improving care for cancer survivors. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of survivorship care plan receipt for survivors of genitourinary malignancy including kidney, prostate and bladder cancer, and evaluate whether receipt was associated with a measurable health benefit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Cancer Survivorship modules in 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2017 were analyzed. The proportion of patients with bladder, kidney or prostate cancer receiving a survivorship care plan was calculated. Complex samples multivariable logistic regressions were performed to determine the association of survivorship care plan receipt with sociodemographic variables, and assess the relationship between survivorship care plan receipt and self-reported health status (general, physical and mental). RESULTS: Survivorship care plan distribution increased from 27.5% in 2012 to 39.5% in 2017. Patients with low income, less formal education and extremes of age were less likely to receive a survivorship care plan. Those receiving a survivorship care plan were less likely to report poor physical health (OR 0.70, CI 0.52-0.96, p=0.026). Subanalysis showed a similar result for physical health of patients with prostate cancer (OR 0.68, CI 0.48-0.96, p=0.030) and general health of patients with kidney cancer (OR 0.37, CI 0.19-0.75, p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Distribution of survivorship care plans to genitourinary malignancy survivors has increased since 2012 in response to advocacy from national organizations. Nonetheless, utilization is low and there is heterogeneity in the populations likely to receive a survivorship care plan. There is a measurable association between survivorship care plans and improved health status but further study is needed to determine causality.

Prostate cancer navigation: initial experience and association with time to care.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate factors associated with use of patient navigation in a prostate cancer population and identify whether navigation is associated with prolonged time to care. Cancer patient navigation has been shown to improve access to cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment, but little is known about patient navigation in prostate cancer care. METHODS: All men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer between 2009 and 2015 were abstracted from the MaineHealth multi-specialty tumor registry. Regression analyses controlling for patient-, disease-, and system-level factors evaluated characteristics associated with navigation utilization. The association between navigation utilization, barriers to care, and longer time to treatment was assessed with Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: Of the patient population (n = 1587), 85% of men were navigated. Navigation use was associated with earlier year of diagnosis, treatment by a high-volume urologist, and lower risk disease (p < 0.05). Treatment delay was associated with low-risk disease (vs: intermediate OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.46-0.85 and high OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.1-0.25) and receipt of navigation services (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.12-2.45) but not distance to care, insurance, or treatment choice. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that patients with low-risk prostate cancer were more likely to utilize navigation, but traditional barriers to care were not associated with utilization. Navigation was associated with longer time to treatment, which likely reflects clinically appropriate delays associated with greater shared decision making. Time to treatment may not be the ideal metric for evaluating navigation in prostate cancer; shared decision making, patient satisfaction, and psychosocial outcomes may be more appropriate.

Variation in the use of active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the use of active surveillance in men with low-risk prostate cancer and evaluated institutional factors associated with the receipt of active surveillance. METHODS: A retrospective, hospital-based cohort of 115,208 men with low-risk prostate cancer diagnosed between 2010 and 2014 was used. Multivariate and mixed effects models were used to examine variation and factors associated with active surveillance. RESULTS: During the study period, the use of active surveillance increased from 6.8% in 2010 to 19.9% in 2014 (estimated annual percentage change, +28.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], + 19.6% to + 38.7%; P = .002). The adjusted probability of active-surveillance receipt by institution was highly variable. Compared with patients treated at comprehensive community cancer centers, patients treated at community cancer programs (odds ratio [OR], 2.00; 95% CI, 1.50-2.67; P < .001) and academic institutions (OR, 2.47; 95%, CI, 1.81-3.37; P < .001) had higher odds of receiving active surveillance. Compared with patients treated at very low-volume facilities, patients treated at very high-volume facilities had higher odds of receiving active surveillance (OR, 3.57; 95% CI, 1.94-6.55; P < .001). Patient and hospital characteristics accounted for 60.2% of the overall variation, whereas the treating institution accounted for 91.5% of the unexplained variability. CONCLUSIONS: Within this hospital-based cohort, the use of active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer increased significantly over time. Significant variation was found in the use of active surveillance. Most of the variation was attributable to facility-related factors such as the facility type, facility volume, and institution. Policies to achieve consistent and higher rates of active surveillance, when appropriate, should be a priority of professional societies and patient advocacy groups. Cancer 2018;124:55-64. © 2017 American Cancer Society.

Prostate Cancer Screening in Early Medicaid Expansion States.

PURPOSE: The PPACA (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act) of 2010 included a provision to expand Medicaid by 2014. Six states and jurisdictions elected to expand Medicaid early before 2012. This provided a natural experiment to test the association between expanded insurance coverage and preventive service utilization, including prostate cancer screening. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the 2012 and 2014 BRFSS (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System) surveys we identified men 40 to 64 years old who reported prostate specific antigen testing in the preceding 12 months. Sociodemographic and access to care variables were extracted. Income was stratified by the relationship to Medicaid eligibility and the federal poverty level (less than 138%, 138% to 400% and greater than 400%). The weighted prevalence of prostate specific antigen was estimated. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate factors associated with prostate specific antigen screening. Interaction analysis for Medicaid expansion was performed. RESULTS: Among 158,103 respondents individuals in nonexpansion states had the highest incidence of prostate specific antigen screening. Nationally screening decreased between 2011 and 2013 (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.83-0.91). In only early expansion states there was a 3% absolute increase in screening among men in the less than 138% federal poverty level, which was associated with expansion status (pinteraction = 0.04). Increased screening in early expansion states was also seen in men who were 55 to 59 years old, nonHispanic African American, Hispanic, previously married, not high school graduates and current smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Between 2011 and 2013 there were national declines in prostate cancer screening. However, there was significant narrowing of the gap in prostate specific antigen screening between higher and low income men in Medicaid early expansion states. This may reflect improved access to preventive services among populations with historic barriers to care.

The Association between Mortality and Distance to Treatment Facility in Patients with Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.

PURPOSE: Regionalization of bladder cancer treatment is suggested to improve quality of care. As an unintended consequence some patients travel farther for care with unknown implications on outcomes. We characterized the relationship between distance and overall mortality in patients with invasive bladder cancer and those who underwent radical cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study using NCDB (National Cancer Database) from 2004 to 2012 to identify patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer (cT2a-T4 N0 M0). We also extracted a subgroup of patients who underwent radical cystectomy. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards and multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed in each group, controlling for demographic, clinical, hospital and geographic factors. RESULTS: For 34,729 patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer traveling farther for treatment was associated with a lower probability of overall mortality (referent less than 12.5 miles, 12.5 to 49.9 miles HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92-0.99 and 50 to 249.9 miles HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.86-0.96). This was significant for patients with cT2 disease and those treated at academic centers (p ≤0.05). For 11,059 patients who underwent radical cystectomy this trend did not reach significance. However, longer distance was associated with surgery at a high volume institution and receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (each p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who traveled farther for bladder cancer treatment did not experience inferior survival outcomes and traveling to academic institutions was associated with reduced mortality. For patients who undergo cystectomy this relationship was equivocal, although longer distance was associated with receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy or surgery at a high volume facility. These findings may reflect a complex association of regionalization of bladder cancer care with patient individual health and health care seeking behavior.

The Use of Prostate Specific Antigen Screening in Purchased versus Direct Care Settings: Data from the TRICARE® Military Database.

PURPOSE: Fee for service reimbursement incentives may affect care. We compared the odds of prostate specific antigen screening among former and active duty United States military service members based on receipt of primary care from integrated military health facilities vs community providers reimbursed via fee for service. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied the records of all active duty and retired male service members 40 to 64 years old who were covered by the TRICARE® military health benefit in 2010. Beneficiaries may receive primary care at military run facilities via the direct care system or with private physicians via the purchased care system. We compared rates of prostate specific antigen screening between propensity score weighted cohorts of 219,290 men who received primary care in the direct care system and 177,748 who received it in the purchased care system. RESULTS: The screening rate was 35% in the direct care system vs 26% in the purchased care system. After propensity score weighting the former men were significantly more likely to undergo prostate specific antigen screening than men who received primary care in the purchased care system (adjusted OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.729-1.781). Age older than 52 years, rank and black race were associated with increased odds of prostate specific antigen screening in each cohort. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that salaried primary care providers employed at integrated military facilities are more likely to order prostate specific antigen screening compared to those reimbursed in a fee for service fashion by military insurance. Growing understanding of how fee for service incentives impact prostate specific antigen screening by primary care providers may enable advocates and policy makers to leverage reimbursement systems as a tool to change prostate cancer screening.

Healthcare policy and urologic practice.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Healthcare policy is currently a topic of national debate, with numerous implications for the practice of urology. RECENT FINDINGS: Healthcare policy has broad reaching effects, both predicted and unforeseen. The effects of healthcare policy are manifested through clinical practice guidelines, payment reform and the overall structure of the healthcare system. This review describes each of these topics and their impact on clinical practice, with a specific focus on urology and urologic practice. SUMMARY: Guidelines are useful for guiding and determining what is considered appropriate clinical practice, but there are drawbacks including poor implementation and overabundance. Payment reform is constantly evolving, with multiple efforts being implemented to move away from a fee-for-service model of reimbursement. The structure of healthcare delivery is moving toward more outpatient procedures, with varying amount of physician ownership of facilities and equipment, which is itself a controversial topic.

Postoperative sepsis prediction in patients undergoing major cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND: Cancer patients are at increased risk for postoperative sepsis. However, studies addressing the issue are lacking. We sought to identify preoperative and intraoperative predictors of 30-d sepsis after major cancer surgery (MCS) and derive a postoperative sepsis risk stratification tool. METHODS: Patients undergoing one of nine MCSs (gastrointestinal, urological, gynecologic, or pulmonary) were identified within the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (2005-2011, n = 69,169). Multivariable adjusted analyses (MVA) were performed to identify the predictors of postoperative sepsis. A composite sepsis risk score (CSRS) was constructed using the regression coefficients of predictors significant on MVA. The score was stratified into low, intermediate, and high risk, and its predictive accuracy for sepsis, septic shock, and mortality was assessed using the area under the curve analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 4.3% (n = 2954) of patients developed postoperative sepsis. In MVA, Black race (odds ratio [OR] = 1.30, P = 0.002), preoperative hematocrit <30 (OR = 1.40, P = 0.022), cardiopulmonary and cerebrovascular comorbidities (P < 0.010), American Society of Anesthesiologists score >3 (P < 0.05), operative time (OR = 1.002, P < 0.001), surgical approach (OR = 1.81, P < 0.001), and procedure type (P < 0.001) were significant predictors of postoperative sepsis. CSRS demonstrated favorable accuracy in predicting postoperative sepsis, septic shock, and mortality (area under the curve 0.72, 0.75, and 0.74, respectively). Furthermore, CSRS risk stratification demonstrated high concordance with sepsis rates, 1.3% in low-risk patients versus 9.7% in high-risk patients. Similarly, 30-d mortality rate varied from 0.5% to 5.5% (10-fold difference) in low-risk patients versus high-risk patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identifies the major risk factors for 30-d sepsis after MCS. These risk factors have been converted into a simple, accurate bedside sepsis risk score. This tool might facilitate improved patient-physician interaction regarding the risk of postoperative sepsis and septic shock.

Accountable care organizations and the use of cancer screening.

Cancer preventive services, when used appropriately, result in improved health, better quality of life and decreased costs. For these reasons, cancer preventive services represent important priorities within the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Among the many provisions to improve access to preventive services the ACA introduced Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) as trajectory to deliver coordinated, high-quality care. In order to evaluate this benchmark, we analyzed (in 2016/Boston) screening prevalence of breast cancer, a recommended screening test according to the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), and prostate cancer, for which screening is no longer recommended by the USPSTF, among traditional Medicare beneficiaries and those enrolled in ACOs. We used propensity-score weighting to adjust for baseline confounders. We found that the prevalence of breast cancer screening (35.0% vs. 25.2%, p<0.001) and prostate cancer screening (54.6% vs. 41.7%, p<0.001) is higher among ACO enrollees. Our results suggest increased utilization of cancer preventive care within ACOs, regardless of whether the test is recommended or not. Better efforts may be needed within the ACO infrastructure to encourage recommended preventive care, but also penalize unnecessary use of low value services.

Determinants of cancer screening in Asian-Americans.

PURPOSE: Recent data suggest that Asian-Americans (AsAs) are more likely to present with advanced disease when diagnosed with cancer. We sought to determine whether AsAs are under-utilizing recommended cancer screening. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System comprising of AsAs and non-Hispanic White (NHW) community-dwelling individuals (English and Spanish speaking) eligible for colorectal, breast, cervical, or prostate cancer screening according to the United States Preventive Services Task Force recommendations. Age, education and income level, residence location, marital status, health insurance, regular access to healthcare provider, and screening were extracted. Complex samples logistic regression models quantified the effect of race on odds of undergoing appropriate screening. Data were analyzed in 2015. RESULTS: Weighted samples of 63.3, 33.3, 47.9, and 30.3 million individuals eligible for colorectal, breast, cervical, and prostate cancer screening identified, respectively. In general, AsAs were more educated, more often married, had higher levels of income, and lived in urban/suburban residencies as compared to NHWs (all p < 0.05). In multivariable analyses, AsAs had lower odds of undergoing colorectal (odds ratio [OR] 0.78, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.63-0.96), cervical (OR 0.45, 95 % CI 0.36-0.55), and prostate cancer (OR 0.55, 95 % CI 0.39-0.78) screening and similar odds of undergoing breast cancer (OR 1.29, 95 % CI 0.92-1.82) screening as compared to NHWs. CONCLUSIONS: AsAs are less likely to undergo appropriate screening for colorectal, cervical, and prostate cancer. Contributing reasons include limitations in healthcare access, differing cultural beliefs on cancer screening and treatment, and potential physician biases. Interventions such as increasing healthcare access and literacy may improve screening rates.

Determinants of Prostate Specific Antigen Screening among Black Men in the United States in the Contemporary Era.

PURPOSE: Although black men represent a high risk population for prostate specific antigen screening for prostate cancer, recommendations in black men are unclear. To our knowledge the resultant effect of conflicting recommendations and disparities in access to care on prostate specific antigen screening in black men is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared the rate of self-reported prostate specific antigen screening in black men relative to that in nonHispanic white men. The BRFSS (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System) 2012 data set was used to identify asymptomatic men 40 to 99 years old who reported undergoing prostate specific antigen screening in the last 12 months. Age, education, income, residence location, marital status, health insurance, regular access to a health care provider and a health care provider recommendation to undergo screening were extracted. Subgroup analyses by race and age were performed using complex samples logistic regression models to assess the odds of undergoing prostate specific antigen screening. RESULTS: In 2012 there were 122,309 survey respondents (weighted estimate 54.5 million) in the study population, of whom 29% of black and 32% of nonHispanic white men reported undergoing prostate specific antigen screening. Younger black males had higher rates and odds of screening than nonHispanic white men of a similar age (ages 45 to 49, 50 to 54 and 55 to 59 years OR 1.66, 1.58 and 1.36, respectively). Among black men only a higher education level (graduates vs nongraduates OR 2.12), regular access to a health care provider (OR 2.05) and a health care provider recommendation for screening (OR 8.43) were independently associated with prostate specific antigen screening. CONCLUSIONS: Despite long-standing disparities in health care access black males 45 to 60 years old have a higher rate and probability of prostate specific antigen screening than nonHispanic white men. Among black men educational attainment had a more pronounced association. In contrast the association with health care provider recommendations was less pronounced relative to that in nonHispanic white men. Future research may shed more light on the gamut of factors that influence the decision making process for prostate specific antigen testing.

Surgeon and Hospital Level Variation in the Costs of Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: We assessed surgeon and hospital level variation in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy costs and predictors of high and low cost surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of a weighted sample of 291,015 men who underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer by 667 surgeons at 197 U.S. hospitals from 2003 to 2013. We evaluated 90-day direct hospital costs (2014 USD) in the Premier Hospital Database. High costs per robot-assisted radical prostatectomy were those above the 90th percentile and low costs were those below the 10th percentile. RESULTS: Mean hospital cost per robot-assisted radical prostatectomy was $11,878 (95% CI $11,804-$11,952). Mean cost was $2,837 (95% CI $2,805-$2,869) in the low cost group vs $25,906 (95% CI $24,702-$25,490) in the high cost group. Nearly a third of the variation in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy cost was attributable to hospital characteristics and more than a fifth was attributable to surgeon characteristics (R-squared 30.43% and 21.25%, respectively). High volume surgeons and hospitals (90th percentile or greater) had decreased odds of high cost surgery (surgeons: OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.11-0.54; hospitals: OR 0.105, 95% CI 0.02-0.46). The performance of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy at a high volume hospital was associated with increased odds of low cost robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (OR 839, 95% CI 122-greater than 999). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides insight into the role of surgeons and hospitals in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy costs. Given the substantial variability, identifying and remedying the root cause of outlier costs may yield substantial benefits.

Postoperative urinary retention in men is common after carotid endarterectomy and is associated with advanced age and prior urinary tract infection.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to analyze the occurrence of postoperative urinary retention (POUR) after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and determine whether there are any associated modifiable risk factors. CEA was chosen to minimize the confounding effects of known risk factors for POUR, including immobilization, regional and severe pain, and neuroaxial anesthesia. METHODS: This was a retrospective record review of 186 male patients undergoing CEA between 2007 and 2011. Demographic, comorbidities, and operative characteristics were compared. Continuous variables are reported as median and interquartile range (IQR) and categoric variables as frequencies and proportions. Pearson χ(2) or Mann-Whitney U tests compared categoric and continuous variables, respectively. Logistic regression was used to examine univariate and multivariate odds of POUR. Multivariate analysis controlled for known predictors of urinary retention. Association with other complications was examined with the Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: POUR occurred in 34 patients (18.3%). Median age and history of urinary tract infection (UTI) were significantly associated with POUR: median age was 73.0 years (IQR, 67-80 years) for those with POUR vs 69.5 years (IQR, 63-76 years) for those without (P = .047); 17.6% of patients with a history of UTI developed POUR vs 5.9% without (P = .023). These findings persisted on multivariate analysis controlling for known predictors of POUR (body mass index, history of diabetes, benign prostate hyperplasia, and prior prostate surgery): median age (odds ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 1-1.1) and history of UTI (odds ratio, 4.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.23-14.05; P = .022). The occurrence of POUR was significantly correlated with postoperative UTI: 18.8% with POUR vs 0.7% without (Pearson r = 0.369; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: POUR requiring bladder catheterization after CEA predisposes patients to postoperative UTI and is more common in older patients and those with a history of UTI. CEA patients lack inherent risk factors for POUR and would be a useful population for prospective studies involving POUR.

Suicide and accidental deaths among patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if American men with prostate cancer are at increased risk of suicide/accidental death compared with other cancers and if the receipt of definitive treatment alters this association, as patients with cancer are at increased risk of suicide and evidence suggests a relationship between suicides and deaths due to accidents and externally caused injuries. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Demographic, socio-economic and tumour characteristics of men with prostate cancer and men with other solid malignancies were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database (1988-2010). Poisson regression models were fitted to compare the incidence of suicidal and accidental deaths in prostate cancer vs other solid cancers. Multivariate Cox regression was used to determine if receipt of definitive primary treatment impacted the risk of suicide or accidental death in men with localised/regional prostate cancer. RESULTS: Risk of suicidal and accidental death was significantly lower in men with prostate cancer (1 165 [0.2%] and 3 199 [0.6%]) than men with other cancers (2 232 [0.2%] and 4 501 [0.5%], respectively), except within the first year of diagnosis (adjusted relative risk [ARR] 3.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.02-5.23 and ARR 4.22, 95% CI 3.24-5.51, respectively, 0-3 months after diagnosis). Men with non-metastatic prostate cancer who were White, uninsured, or recommended but did not receive treatment (hazard ratio vs treated 1.44, 95% CI 1.20-1.72, and 1.44, 95% CI 1.30-1.59, both P < 0.001) were at increased risk of suicidal and accidental mortality, respectively. Absence of data about previous co-morbidities and drug addictions in the SEER dataset was an important limitation. CONCLUSIONS: Relative to other cancers, men with prostate cancer were at increased risk of suicide and accidental deaths within the first year of diagnosis and when definitive treatment was recommended but not received, suggesting the need for close monitoring and coordination with mental health professionals in at-risk men with potentially curable disease.