[Data on liver enzyme and histological changes caused by intermittent clampings of the hepatoduodenal ligament in an experimental model]. / Adatok a ligamentum hepatoduodenale idoleges leszorítása által kiváltott májenzim- és szövettani változások vizsgálatához kísérletes modellen.

Intermittent compression of the structures of the hepatoduodenal ligament, is often performed during liver surgery. As a result, changes in hepatic blood supply and consequent reperfusion induced tissue damages will develop. Ischemia-reperfusion injury, which occur in local and distant regions, influence outcome of hepatic surgery, and it is in close correlation with the duration of hypoxia during the intervention. In animal model the effect of Baron/Pringle manoeuvre was investigated in terms of changes in liver function tests and histology. The study was carried out on 12 Beagle dogs, clamping of the hepatoduodenal ligament for 3×15 minutes then half an hour reperfusion was performed followed by blood and tissue sampling. Significant histological changes were observed both in the liver as well as the small intestine. In terms of liver function changes, GPT elevation occurred the earliest, GOT and LDH were also increased at the end of the 30 minutes reperfusion. In this animal model, the third 15 minutes compression turned out to be too long. Elevation in GPT levels was the most sensitive marker.

[Successful treatment of retrohepatic inferior vena cava injury: report of two cases]. / Retrohepaticus vena cava sérülés két sikeresen operált esete.

UNLABELLED: Authors present two cases of successfully operated patients with retrohepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) injury. In the first case a 79 year old female patient suffered from multiple stab wounds in the area of the 4th segment of the right lung as well as in the retrohepatic region in close proximity to the IVC. At the time of the first surgery the IVC injury was not identified. During a second operation, however, the IVC was isolated from the liver using an anterior dissection of the parenchyma with finger-fracture technique and the injury was oversawn finally. Successful haemostasis of the liver was achieved by packing of the perihepatic space, which was removed three days later. In the second case a 25 year-old male patient had suffered blunt abdominal trauma. He underwent laparotomy and packing on the site of the hepatic injury, which had to be repeated seven more times. Later on, another urgent laparotomy was carried out for recurring intraabdominal bleeding and bile leakage, and cholecystectomy was performed due to gallbladder perforation. Another two days later a further emergency laparotomy was indicated for ongoing intraabdominal bleeding, when the bleeding source - an injury (3 mm in diameter) of the retrohepatic IVC - was oversawn. After relatively long postoperative stay both patients were fully recovered and discharged from hospital. CONCLUSIONS: penetrating injuries of the IVC are associated with high mortality rate of approximately 78%. Proper management of these injuries requires experience in both vascular and liver surgery. Retrohepatic IVC injury needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of ongoing bleeding in penetrating or blunt liver trauma. Packing of the liver is a reliable haemostatic method if bleeding persists due to division of the liver parenchyma.

Hepatobiliary response in postoperative lipid therapy in gastrointestinal surgery.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Intravenous lipid emulsions may contribute to the development of total parenteral nutrition (TPN)--induced hepatobiliary complications. METHODS: In a prospective, randomised setting the authors compared the short-term hepatic effects of medium-chain triglycerides/short-chain triglycerides (MCT/LCT) physical mixture with a four-component intravenous (i.v.) lipid emulsion (LCT, MCT, Olive-oil and Fish-oil) in patients undergoing elective gastrointestial surgery during the early postoperative period. RESULTS: The authors demonstrated that total and conjugated bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate amino transferase and cholinesterase did not change significantly during the 5-days observation period. In contrast to this, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity increased by 2,4 times during 5-days therapy with the lipid emulsions mentioned above (SMOF lipid: 21,9 to 52,9 U/L, Lipofundin: from 32,5 to 79,6 U/L). CONCLUSION: during a 4-days administration hepatic effect of the intravenous lipid emulsions did not differ significantly. The changes in enzyme levels confirm the cholestatic type of hepatobiliary deviations without clinical impact on short-term TPN therapy.

[Surgical treatment of acute pancreatitis today]. / A mutéti kezelés aktuális kérdései akut pancreatitisben.

UNLABELLED: In case of mild acute pancreatitis the treatment is basically conservative, but in severe cases surgical treatment has an important role. METHODS: authors analyze the indications for operation, the timing and the technical questions of it on the basis of the literature published in the previous ten years. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: sterile pancreas necrosis is rarely but septic necrosis is an indication for surgery if the conservative treatment is unsuccessful. Therapy resistant multiple organ failure, abdominal compartment syndrome and other surgical complications such as bleeding, perforation need surgery treatment. In biliary pancreatitis associated with cholestasis urgent endoscopic sphincterotomy and later cholecystectomy is suggested. In case of pancreas necrosis the ideal time of operation is 21 days after the beginning of the disease because the rate of complications and mortality is high in early operations. Careful necrosectomy is important which has to be extended to the retrocolic and retroduodenal areas as well. Open abdominal surgery has more complications so it is suggested only in selected cases. Operation should be amended with postoperative bursa omental lavage.

[Analysis of clinical course of severe acute biliary and non biliary pancreatitis: a comparative study]. / Biliaris és nem biliaris eredetu súlyos akut pancreatitises betegek kórlefolyásának összehasonlító elemzése.

UNLABELLED: The acute pancreatitis is a relative common disease with incidence of 5-80 per 100000 people of the population. The number of new cases has steadily increased in recent years. The two main etiological factors are alcohol and cholelithiasis. The incidence of alcoholic pancreatitis is higher in male, and the incidence of gallstone pancreatitis is higher in female. AIM: To summarize the difference between the clinical course of biliary and not biliary type of severe acute pancreatitis by analyzing the data of these patients. METHODS: 139 patients treated with severe acute pancreatitis were divided in two groups: biliary (A group) and non biliary (B group) of origin. The two groups were compared on the basis of sex and age, mortality, morbidity, number of surgery and hospital stay. chi 2 probe was used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The complications in biliary group were more serious. The average mortality rate was 15.1%, 17.8% in group A and 13.8% in group B. The mortality rate of female patients in group A was significantly higher. CONCLUSION: Female patients suffering from severe biliary acute pancreatitis have higher morbidity and mortality rate. Therefore an elective cholecystectomy is suggested in old female patients with serious co-morbidity and gallstones, before any complications.

[Distal pancreas resection for metastasis of clear cell renal cancer]. / Distalis pancreasresectio világos sejtes veserák metastasisa miatt.

BACKGROUND: Distant spread from renal cell carcinoma is commonly found in the liver and lung. Metastatic involvement of any other gastro-intestinal organ (duodenum, other kidney, adrenal gland) is unexpected. However, clear cell renal carcinoma is known to cause pancreatic metastasis. METHODS: The authors present the case of a successfully operated 82- year-old man, who was operated for a metastatic tumor in his pancreas. 8 years prior to his current hospitalization, a left sided nephrectomy was performed for renal cell carcinoma. The CT scan revealed a tumor localised in the tail of the pancreas. Distal pancreas resection was performed with splenectomy. Histology revealed clear cell renal carcinoma metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: pancreatic tumors are mostly primaries. Renal cell carcinoma generally gives hepatic and pulmonary metastases. However, clear cell renal carcinoma is known to give pancreatic metastasis, too.

[Open transgastric necrosectomy for extended walled-off pancreas necrosis]. / Kiterjedt, demarkált pancreas necrosis sebészi kezelése transgastricus necrectomiával.

AIMS: In severe acute pancreatitis the timing of necrosectomy is ideally should be postponed 4-6 weeks after the onset of the disease when the walled-of pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) has developed. The authors present their experience with open transgastric necrosectomy for extended WOPN. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The authors performed 17 (12 male, 5 female with a mean age of 61.6 ± 15.1 years) open transgastric necrosectomies for extended WOPN in a period of 1, January 2012 and 31, December 2017. Before the operations conservative and semiconservative therapy was used for an average of 74.6 ± 83.1 days. The mean size of the WOPNs was 13.8 ± 5.2 cm with localisation of the retrocolic and retroduodenal regions. All necroses were septic. RESULTS: Complications related to the operation were not observed. The mean time of hospitalization after the surgery was 11.6 ± 12.8 days. The mortality rate was 5.9%. Late operation or other interventions for pseudocyst or pancreas fistula formation was not performed. Two patients needed endoscopic dilatation with lavage in the early postoperative period because of fever. New diabetes mellitus was not observed but worsening of previously existed diabetes developed in 6.3% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: The open transgastric necrosectomy is safe and effective for extended WOPN. The advantage of this type of necrosectomy is the prevention of pancreatic pseudocyst and fistula formation.

Therapeutic tactics in the treatment of acute necrotizing pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The authors analyze the possibilities for the delay of surgery with special consideration regarding percutaneous peripancreatic drainage in the treatment of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. METHODOLOGY: In addition to intensive care therapy, 61 patients were also given antibiotic prophylaxis, and early nasojejunal enteral feeding was commenced. In a total of 22 cases where peripancreatic fluid was found, percutaneous drainage was performed. Septic necrosis, sepsis, multi-organ failure not resolving with conservative treatment, gastrointestinal perforation, and bleeding were the indications for operation. Only 9 patients underwent surgery within one week and in 40 patients delayed (more than 7 days) necrectomy was performed. Following surgery, closed omental bursa rinsing was performed. RESULTS: Five patients were cured with only conservative therapy and 7 others were cured under the influence of percutaneous drainage. In 15 patients it was possible to delay surgery using percutaneous drainage with combination of conservative treatment. A total of 39 reoperations occurred due to septic focus, bleeding, colonic necrosis and gastric perforation. The average days of nursing care was 43.3 (3-120). Mortality was 16.4% (10/61 patients). CONCLUSIONS: The number of early operations can be reduced with the use of antibiotic prophylaxis, nasojejunal feeding and percutaneous drainage.

Videothoracoscopic treatment of a rare complication of nasojejunal tube insertion.

OBJECTIVE: Intubation of the tracheobronchial tree is the most common type of malposition during the placement of narrow-bore enternal tubes. CASE REPORT: In addition to other treatment components in a 65-year-old female, nasojejunal feeding was started to treat her for severe acute pancreatitis. After the placement of the narrow-bore feeding tube, she developed dyspnea and huskiness. On auscultation and X-ray investigation, the right pneumothorax was detected and the tube was found in the chest cavity. The diagnosis was confirmed by bronchoscopy. Videothoracoscopic resection and closure of the lacerated lung, using a tube thoracostomy, were performed. The patient recovered after postoperative conservative treatment for her pancreatitis. CONCLUSION: Pneumothorax and laceration of the lung-caused by the malposition of narrow-bore enternal tube-can be successfully treated by applying videothoracoscopy.

[The role of percutaneous external drainage in the treatment of fluid collections associated with severe acute pancreatitis. What, when and how to drain?]. / A perkután külso drenázs szerepe a súlyos akut pancreatitist kíséro folyadékgyülemek kezelésében. Mit, mikor és hogyan drenáljunk?

The percutaneous drainage of the fluid collections associated with severe acute pancreatitis mainly in sterile cases is not a commonly accepted method. The aim of the present paper is to analyse the indications, the technic, the limits and results of the percutaneous drainage on the basis of the literature. The percutaneous drainage plays an important role in the treatment of the acute fluid collection, the acute pseudocyst, the pancreas abscess, and the liquified necrosis, accompanying the severe acute pancreatitis. For the septic fluid collections the percutaneous drainage is preferred as the first line treatment. In cases of sterile acute fluid collections and pseudocysts because of its relatively high iatrogenic infection rate the drainage is indicated only if it causes severe complaints. The rules of sterility have to be kept. For successful treatment of liquified necrosis the possible methods are the use of large-bore (20-30F) catheter drainage, sinus tract endoscopy, or laparoscopic assisted necrosectomy. In more than 25% of the cases drainage, along with the conservative treatment, leads to the complete recovery of the patient. In the remaining cases it is helpful in postponing the date of the operation and avoiding early surgery.

[Current issues in the diagnosis and treatment of penetrating chest trauma]. / Athatoló mellkassérülések diagnózisának és kezelésének idoszeru kérdései.

INTRODUCTION: Successful treatment of penetrating chest trauma largely depends on the accurate and rapid diagnostic work-up, as well as the adequate surgical management. The authors discuss current issues in the diagnosis and the treatment of penetrating chest injuries based on the analysis of 109 cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 82 men and 27 women with penetrating chest trauma were studied. The average age of the patients was 37.8 years. The injury was caused by stabbing in 104 cases (95.4%), gunshot in 4 patients (3.7%) and explosion in one case (0.9%). 41 patients had cardiac and pericardial injuries. In those, 19 (46.3%) patients had a chest X-ray, echocardiography was done in nine cases (22%), while CT scan and diagnostic VATS were performed in two patients, respectively. All patients underwent surgery except one, who was treated conservatively.In all of the 68 patients, who had no cardiac injuries, a chest X-ray was performed. Echocardiography was done in six (8.8%) cases, diagnostic VATS in four (5.9%) patients, and abdominal ultrasound scan in 3 (4.4%) cases. Chest tube was inserted in 13 patients (19.1%), an open surgery was performed in 51 cases, while in 4 cases VATS was carried out. RESULTS: In the group of patients with cardiac and pericardial injuries, the sensitivity of the chest X-ray, echocardiography and VATS were 57.9%, 88.9% and 100%, respectively. Further, specificity of the above were 26.3%, 88.9% and 100%, respectively. However, in patients with non-cardiac injuries, the sensitivity of the chest X-ray was 100%, and both the specificity and sensitivity of VATS was 100%. Postoperative complication rate was 12.6% overall (15% in cases with cardiac injury and 10.9% in the non-cardiac subgroup). Mortality rate was 7.3% among the patients with cardiac injury, while there was no mortality detected in the non-cardiac subgroup. The average mortality rate was 2.8%. CONCLUSION: Patients with penetrating chest trauma should undergo a rapid and accurate diagnostic work-up followed by an adequate surgical management in order to keep their prognosis relatively good.

[The role of VATS in the treatment of blunt thoracic injuries]. / A VATS szerepe a tompa mellkasi serülések kezelésében.

AIMS: Video assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) is a more and more frequently used method in the diagnosis and treatment of blunt thoracic trauma. In some cases it has diagnostic and in others therapeutic effect. The authors analyze the role of VATS in the diagnosis and the treatment of 83 patients treated with haemothorax. PATIENTS AND METHODS: There were 83 patients treated (60 male, 23 female, mean age of 54.4 years) with haemothorax caused by blunt thoracic trauma. Chest tube drainage was used in 31 (37.3%) cases. Urgent thoracotomy was performed in only two (2.4%) cases. Elective, planned VATS was used in 11 (13.3) cases. All of these 3 were diagnostic and 8 were therapeutic procedures. In three cases rupture of the diaphragm was diagnosed with the use of VATS which were treated through thoracotomy. In the remaining 8 cases haematoma evacuation and in 3 cases intercostal artery bleeding were treated with VATS. RESULTS: No complications related to the procedure were observed. The thoracotomy in all 3 cases verified the diaphragmatic injuries. The 8 patients undergone therapeutic VATS recovered. The mean hospital stay after VATS was 7.8 days and 11.3 days after thoracotomy in the patients with diaphragmatic injury. CONCLUSIONS: The VATS has a significant role in the diagnosis of blunt thoracic, especially of diaphragmatic, injuries. In other cases the VATS has good therapeutic effect.

[Surgical management of sternoclavicular joint infections]. / Sternoclavicularis ízület fertözésének sebészi kezelése.

AIMS: The pyogenic infection of the sternoclavicular joint is a rare disease. The treatment can be conservative (antibiotics) or surgical (exposure and drainage of the joint or its resection). The authors analyze the causative and predisposing factors, the symptoms, the diagnosis, the questions of the therapy and its efficiency. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the 6 cases (5 male, 1 female, average age: 56.8 years) the cause of the disease were trauma or metastatic septic focus in 2-2 cases and intraarticular injection or preceding radiotherapy in 1-1 case. Predisposing diseases (diabetes mellitus, gout, chronic alcoholism, liver cirrhosis) could be proved in two cases. The most frequent symptoms were the swelling and erythema of the joint, fever, pain and limitation of motion. In all cases the CT scan proved the destruction of the joint. In one case after unsuccessful conservative therapy and in 1-1 case after debridement and drainage because of concomitant multiple septic focuses and mediastinitis resection of the sternoclavicular joint was applied in a later second step. In the other three patients primary resection of the joint was performed. RESULTS: Both the conservative and drainage managements were insufficient. On the other hand the radical joint resection caused complete recovery in all cases. No intra and postoperative complications were observed. On an average 28.2 months after the radical operation the functional results were excellent. CONCLUSIONS: Relying upon the results, radical resection is supposed to be the most effective method. Conservative treatment or drainage are recommended only for cases associated with severe complications. Resection is worthy performing after the recovery of the concomitant illnesses.

Laparoscopic treatment of simultaneously occurring Morgagni and paraesophageal hernias.

A paraesophageal hernia was diagnosed in a 67-year-old female patient suffering from epigastric pain and gastroesophageal reflux disease. The patient underwent laparoscopy. Beside the paraesophageal hernia, a Morgagni hernia was also observed, with a significant part of the omentum herniated in the sac. A 360-degree Nissen fundoplication was performed, the Morgagni hernia sac was not resected, and its closure was performed with interrupted sutures. No complications were observed in the postoperative period and on one-year follow-up the patient was free of symptoms.

[Balloon dilatation of cervical anastomosis stricture after subtotal resection of the esophagus]. / Szubtotális nyelócsó-resectio után kialakult nyaki anastomosisszukület endoszkópos tágítása és annak eredményei.

AIMS: The stricture of the anastomosis is one of the most common complications of the subtotal esophageal resections. The authors present indications, technics and results of the endoscopic dilatation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a 10 year period 26 patients (22 male, 4 female, mean age of 53.7 years) with stricture of anastomosis between the esophagus and the neo-esophagus after subtotal esophageal resection were dilated endoscopically 82 times. The indication of the resection was tumour in 23 (88.5%) cases, congenital atresia in 2 (7.7%) cases and corrosive disease in one (3.8%) case. In 7 (31.8%) cases the stricture developed after anastomosis leakage. The mean time between the operation and the dilatation was 7.8 months. The cause of the stricture was cancer recurrency in 4 (15.4%) cases. RESULTS: There were no complications related to the dilatation. The mean number of the dilatation was 3.2 (1-9). There was no significant difference between the number of dilatation in patients with or without previously anastomotic leakage. The success rate of the dilatation for benign strictures was 95.5%. In only one patient (4.5%) was needed operative intervention. In the 4 patients with tumour recurrency a stent was also implanted in the stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: The endoscopic dilatation for the treatment of the cervical anastomosis stricture after subtotal esophageal resection is a successful method with a low rate of complications. In cases of tumour recurrency a stent implantation is suggested.

[Anterior approach for liver resection in the cases of the treatment of large liver tumors]. / Anterior májreszekció, mint a nagyméretu májtumorok ellátácsára alkalmas mutéti módszer.

The authors compare the results of the patients who underwent right hemihepatectomy through anterior approach with those by conventional hemihepatectomy. In 119 patients hemihepatectomy was done, 52 of them were anterior approaches. We used this technique when the tumor was large, or it seemed to be fragile and its mobilisation could be dangerous or infiltrated the diaphragm or the the hepatic vein's preparation was difficult or impossible. We started the operation with dissecting parenchyma from the anterior surface toward hilus without preparation and ligation of the affected vessels and bile duct. No patient died following anterior technique. Death and reoperation occurred in two cases following conventional hemihepatectomy. The operation time and the average nursing days was not significantly different. The blood transfusion was significantly less during anterior approach. However, between the two groups, in those cases when the operations were performed because of liver malignancies, there were no differences regarding to survival rate after 62 months follow up in contrast with the literature. The anterior technique used and modified by authors can be performed safely. The blood consumption is significantly less in the cases of anterior technique. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding to the operation-time and the average nursing days. The median survival rate was similar in both groups. Our team suggest this method of the anterior approach for liver resection in the above mentioned cases.

[Endoscopic stapled esophago-diverticulostomy as a new alternative to open surgery in the treatment of Zenker's diverticulum: which operation?]. / Endoszkópos oesophago-diverticulosto- mia, mint újabb lehetoség a Zenker diverticulum nyitott mutéti kezelése mellett: melyik mutétet válasszuk?

AIMS: The authors analyse the indications, contraindications, early and late results of two types of operations (resection of the diverticulum with crycopharyngeal myotomy and endoscopic stapled esophago-diverticulostomy) for the treatment of Zenker's diverticulum. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a five year period 10 patients (5 male, 5 female, mean age 56.9 years) were operated for Zenker's diverticulum. Six open and 4 endoscopic operations were planned, although in one case the placement of the endoscope was unsuccessful. Open surgery was planned if the diverticulum was in lateral position, if it was too small or large and if endoscopic surgery was technically impossible. RESULTS: The operative time was shorter in the endoscopic group (32.3 vs. 80.7 minutes). In the open surgery group (7 patients) one saliva fistula developed caused by suture leak. The length of hospital stay was 8.1 days in the resection group and 4.7 in the endoscopic group. No recurrence developed. CONCLUSIONS: The advantages of the endoscopic oesophago-diverticulostomy are: shorter operating time and hospital stay, less complication rate and it is minimally invasive. The authors suggest endoscopic oesophago-diverticulostomy as the choice of operation in case of Zenker's diverticulum. Open surgery is indicated only if the diverticulum is in lateral position or if it is bigger than 8 cms. The technical contraindications for endoscopic surgery are: short, rigid neck and limited mouth opening.

[In vitro examination of the influence of lipase and amylase on dog's pancreas tissue incubated with endotoxins, phospholipase A2 or cytokines]. / A tripszin és lipáz hatásának in vitro vizsgálata foszfolipáz A2 enzimekkel, endotoxinokkal és cytokinekkel elokezelt kutya pancreas metszeteken.

Proinflammatory cytokines are elevated during acute pancreatitis. The endotoxins and Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) also have important role in acute pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to determine, what factors are responsible for the tissue damage in acute pancreatitis. The examinations were performed on fixed and frozen sections of healthy dog's pancreas tissue. Direct effects of endotoxins, PLA2, and proinflammatory cytokines together with pancreas enzymes were examined on pancreatic tissue. Pancreas enzymes themselves did not cause any change in the structure of pancreas. The common influence of endotoxins, PLA2 and pancreas enzymes was examined, and finally the effect of proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes was examined on pancreas tissue. Our results show, that besides enzymes many other factors are necessary to inflict tissue damage in acute pancreatitis, but for necrosis the presence of TNF alfa is a must.

[Curative surgical treatment of inoperable pancreatic cancer after neoadjuvant therapy]. / Inoperábilis pancreas-carcinoma neo- adjuváns kemoterápiát követo kuratív sebészetének korai tapasztalatai.

In the treatment of pancreatic cancer only curative resection increases the life expectancy. Radical resection is a high risk operation, but it can be performed with low peri-operational mortality in specialist surgical centres. At the time of diagnosis most patients are in stage (TMN of pancreatic cancer UICC 1997) III or IV, thus curative resection cannot be performed. Neo-adjuvant therapy shrinks the tumour in 60-70%, giving new hope for the patients. In this paper authors present two cases of pancreatic cancer resections. Palliative operations were performed in patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer. Later neo-adjuvant chemotherapy was performed--in these cases it meant chemotherapy--and after that a second, this time curative procedure was performed.