Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v supplementation modulates ß-cell ER stress and antioxidative defense pathways and prevents type 1 diabetes in gluten-free BioBreeding rats.

The increasing incidence of Type 1 diabetes has coincided with the emergence of the low-fiber, high-gluten Western diet and other environmental factors linked to dysbiosis. Since Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299 v (Lp299v) supplementation improves gut barrier function and reduces systemic inflammation, we studied its effects in spontaneously diabetic DRlyp/lyp rats provided a normal cereal diet (ND) or a gluten-free hydrolyzed casein diet (HCD). All rats provided ND developed diabetes (62.5±7.7 days); combining ND with Lp299v did not improve survival. Diabetes was delayed by HCD (72.2±9.4 days, p = .01) and further delayed by HCD+Lp299v (84.9±14.3 days, p < .001). HCD+Lp299v pups exhibited increased plasma propionate and butyrate levels, which correlated with enriched fecal Bifidobacteriaceae and Clostridiales taxa. Islet transcriptomic and histologic analyses at 40-days of age revealed that rats fed HCD expressed an autophagy profile, while those provided HCD+Lp299v expressed ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) and antioxidative defense pathways, including Nrf2. Exposing insulinoma cells to propionate and butyrate promoted the antioxidative defense response but did not recapitulate the HCD+Lp299v islet ERAD transcriptomic profile. Here, both diet and microbiota influenced diabetes susceptibility. Moreover, Lp299v supplement modulated antioxidative defense and ER stress responses in ß-cells, potentially offering a new therapeutic direction to thwart diabetes progression and preserve insulin secretion.

Parathyroid Lipoadenoma: a Clinicopathological Diagnosis and Possible Trap for the Unaware Pathologist.

The authors present clinicopathological features of parathyroid lipoadenoma in a 48-year-old woman who presented with symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism manifesting with pathological fractures and osteoporosis. Preoperative sestamibi scan failed to localize the source of her disease. Exploratory surgery identified an enlarged parathyroid gland with abundant fat tissue. The significant drop of intraoperative serum parathyroid hormone after the removal of this gland and postoperative biochemical cure justified the presence of a single gland disease presenting as parathyroid lipoadenoma. From an educational perspective, the presented case emphasizes why the historical approach to parathyroid proliferations by assessing alone the ratio of parenchymal cells to adipocytes is not a reliable method in the diagnostic evaluation of parathyroid disease. While the accurate size and weight of a parathyroid gland are defining parameters of an abnormal gland, intraoperative and postoperative biochemical workup distinguishes uniglandular disease (adenoma) from multiglandular disease (hyperplasia). The authors also provide a brief review of the previously published cases of parathyroid lipoadenomas to highlight their clinicopathological characteristics of relevance to surgical pathologists.