Prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health in young adults: A birth cohort from southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) aims at primordial prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the population. However, there is a lack of research describing ICH in youth from middle-income countries. The aims of this study were to describe the prevalence of ICH at 18- and 22-year-old and to investigate the influence of socioeconomic status. METHODS: The sample consisted of participants from the Pelotas 1993 birth-cohort followed-up at 18- (n = 4,106) and 22-year-old (n = 3,810). Ideal metrics were created for diet, smoking, body mass index, physical activity, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and blood glucose. The presence of 4 or more ideal metrics was defined as ICH. Socioeconomic status was obtained using wealth quintiles calculated with factor analysis based on analysis based on the ownership of household and education. The impact of socioeconomic status on ICH metrics was statistically measured using the slope index of inequality. RESULTS: The prevalence of ICH was 84.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 82.7-86.2%) and 84.1% (82.3-85.8%) at 18-year-old and decreased to 61.1% (58.4-63.7%) and 68.7% (66.2-71.2%) at 22-years old, for male and female, respectively. Socioeconomic status influenced ICH and its components differently in males and females. Wealthiest females had ICH prevalence 19 percentage points (pp) (11-27 pp) higher compared to the poorest, whereas poorest males had ICH prevalence 12 pp (1-21 pp) higher compared to the wealthiest. Longitudinal decreases in ICH components were mostly present in the poorest females. CONCLUSIONS: In middle-income countries, the prevalence of ICH is high at 18-year-old and decreases in a 4-year follow-up. Socioeconomic status influences differently individuals' ICH between sexes. Efforts are needed to maintain ICH in youth and different strategies may be required between the social status.

Influence of maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional status on offspring anthropometric measurements and body composition in three Brazilian Birth Cohorts.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed at evaluating the association of maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional status with offspring anthropometry and body composition. We also evaluated whether these associations were modified by gender, diet and physical activity and mediated by birth weight. DESIGN: Birth cohort study. SETTING: Waist circumference was measured with an inextensible tape, and fat and lean mass were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Multiple linear regression was used to adjust for possible confounders and allele score of BMI. We carried out mediation analysis using G-formula. PARTICIPANTS: In 1982, 1993 and 2004, all maternity hospitals in Pelotas (South Brazil) were visited daily and all live births whose families lived in the urban area of the city were evaluated. These subjects have been followed up at different ages. RESULTS: Offspring of obese mothers had on average higher BMI, waist circumference and fat mass index than those of normal weight mothers, and these differences were higher among daughters. The magnitudes of the association were similar in the cohorts, except for height, where the association pattern was not clear. In the 1982 cohort, further adjustment for a BMI allele score had no material influence on the magnitude of the associations. Mediation analyses showed that birth weight captured part of this association. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional status is positively associated with offspring BMI and adiposity in offspring. And this association is higher among daughters whose mother was overweight or obese and, birth weight explains part of this association.

Introduction to complementary feeding in the first year of life and risk of overweight at 24 months of age: changes from 2004 to 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohorts.

Complementary feeding (CF) and overweight relationships during early childhood are inconsistent in the literature. We described the association of CF during the first year of life with risk of overweight at 24 months of age in the population-based 2004 and 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohorts (2004c and 2015c). CF introduction was evaluated at the 3 and 12 months' follow-ups by asking mothers using a list of foods. Risk of overweight at 24 months of age was BMI-for-age z-score above +1sd from the median of the WHO 2006 growth standards. Our analyses included 3823 (2004c) and 3689 (2015c) children. Early introduction CF (before 6 months of age) prevalence in 2004c was 93·3 (95 % CI 92·5, 94·1) % and in 2015c was 87·2 (95 % CI 86·1, 88·2) %. Tea was the item introduced earlier in both 2004c (68·8 %) and 2015c (55·7 %). At 6 months of age, vegetable mash was the most introduced food in 2004c (33·5 %) and 2015c (47·9 %). Between 2004c and 2015c, the introduction of fresh milk decreased 82·1 to 60·5 % and yogurt from 94·4 to 78·1 % during the first year. Risk of overweight prevalence at 24 months was 33·0 (95 % CI 31·6, 34·5) % in 2004c and 32·0 (95 % CI 30·5, 33·5) % in 2015c. In 2015c, the adjusted odds of risk of overweight at 24 months were increased 1·66 and 1·50 times with the early introduction of fresh/powdered milk: plus water, tea or juice, and plus semi-solid/solid food groups, respectively. It is essential to reinforce the adherence to global recommendations on timely feeding introduction and encourage exclusive breast-feeding until 6 months of age to prevent child overweight.

Is intrauterine exposure to acetaminophen associated with emotional and hyperactivity problems during childhood? Findings from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort.

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal studies have consistently reported that prenatal exposure to acetaminophen can to lead to an increased risk of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder during childhood. This study aimed to investigate the association between intrauterine exposure to acetaminophen and the presence of emotional and behavioral problems at the ages of 6 and 11 years in a low-middle income country. METHODS: We performed a prospective longitudinal population-based study using data from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort. From the 4231 initial cohort participants, 3722 and 3566 children were assessed at 6 and 11 years of age, respectively. The outcomes were assessed using the parent version of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The cut-off points established for the Brazilian population were used to categorize the outcomes. Crude and adjusted odds ratio were obtained through logistic regression. RESULTS: Acetaminophen was used by 27.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 26.1-28.9) of the mothers at least once during pregnancy. The prevalence of emotional problems at 6 and 11 years was 13.6 and 19.9%, respectively. For hyperactivity problems, prevalence was 13.9 and 16.1%, respectively. Intrauterine exposure to acetaminophen increased the odds of having emotional (odds ratio [OR] = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.07-2.02) and hyperactivity/inattention (OR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.06-1.92) problems in 6-year-old boys. At the age of 11, a small decrease in the effect was observed for both outcomes after adjustment: OR = 1.31 (95% CI: 0.99-1.73) for emotional problems and OR = 1.25 (95% CI: 0.95-1.65) for hyperactivity/inattention in boys. No association for any phenotypes at both ages was observed for girls. CONCLUSION: The effect of intrauterine exposure to acetaminophen in emotional and hyperactivity symptoms was dependent on sex in a Brazilian cohort. While it seemed to be important for boys, mainly at 6 years of age, for girls, no association was observed.

[Behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in adolescents from the rural area of a municipality in Southern Brazil]. / Fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças cardiovasculares entre adolescentes da zona rural de um município do Sul do Brasil.

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and factors associated with their accumulation in adolescents from the rural area of a municipality in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional school-based census-type study with a sample of 515 sixth to nineth-grade schoolchildren in 21 rural public schools in Pelotas. The target behavioral risk factors were: physical inactivity; irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens; initiation to alcohol consumption and smoking; and addition of salt to foods. The study outcome was the cluster score of behavioral risk factors, varying from 0 to 3: no behavioral risk factors for CVD or exposure to 1, 2, or ≥ 3 behavioral risk factors. Ordinal logistic regression was performed to assess the effect adjusted for individual characteristics on the accumulation of behavioral risk factors, using as the reference category individuals without any risk factor. Physical inactivity was the most prevalent risk factor (74.8%), followed by irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens (56.2%). Approximately 42% of the adolescents presented two behavioral risk factors, the most prevalent combination of which was physical inactivity and irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens (23%). The odds of accumulating two or more behavioral risk factors increased with age. The presence and simultaneity of behavioral risk factors is quite high among adolescents from the rural area of Pelotas, showing that they are exposed to the development of CVD. Interventions are needed to prevent the simultaneous occurrence of these risk factors.

O estudo objetivou estimar a prevalência de fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e fatores associados ao seu acúmulo entre adolescentes da zona rural do Município de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Estudo transversal, do tipo censo de base escolar, com amostra de 515 estudantes matriculados do 6º ao 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental das 21 escolas municipais rurais de Pelotas. Os fatores de risco comportamentais investigados foram: inatividade física; consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras; experimentação de álcool e tabaco; e adição de sal à comida. O desfecho do estudo foi o escore de aglomeração de fatores de risco comportamentais variando de 0 a 3: nenhum fator de risco comportamental para DCV ou exposição a 1, 2 ou ≥ 3 fatores de risco comportamentais. Realizou-se regressão logística ordinal para avaliar o efeito ajustado das características individuais sobre o acúmulo de fatores de risco comportamentais, tendo como categoria de referência os indivíduos sem qualquer fator de risco. A inatividade física foi o fator de risco mais prevalente (74,8%), seguido do consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras (56,2%). Aproximadamente 42% dos adolescentes apresentaram dois fatores de risco comportamentais, sendo a combinação inatividade física e consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras a mais prevalente (23%). As chances de acumular dois ou mais fatores de risco comportamentais aumentou com a idade. A presença de fatores de risco comportamentais, bem como a simultaneidade destes é bastante elevada entre os adolescentes da zona rural do Município de Pelotas, evidenciando que eles estão expostos ao desenvolvimento de DCV. São necessárias intervenções preventivas de ocorrência simultânea desses fatores.

El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo comportamentales para enfermedades cardiovasculares (DCV por sus siglas en portugués) y factores asociados a su acumulación entre adolescentes de la zona rural del Municipio de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Estudio transversal, tipo censo de base escolar, con muestra de 515 escolares matriculados del 6º al 9º año de Enseñanza Fundamental de las 21 escuelas municipales rurales de Pelotas. Los factores de riesgo comportamentales investigados fueron: inactividad física; consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras; experimentación de alcohol y tabaco y adición de sal a la comida. El resultado del estudio fue la puntuación de aglomeración de factores de riesgo comportamentales, variando de 0 a 3: ningún factores de riesgo comportamentales para DCV o exposición a 1, 2 o ≥ 3 factores de riesgo comportamentales. Se realizó regresión logística ordinal, para evaluar el efecto ajustado de las características individuales sobre el acúmulo de factores de riesgo comportamentales, teniendo como categoría de referencia los individuos sin cualquier factor de riesgo. La inactividad física fue el factor de riesgo más prevalente (74,8%), seguido del consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras (56,2%). Aproximadamente un 42% de los adolescentes presentaron dos factores de riesgo comportamentales, siendo la combinación inactividad física y consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras la más prevalente (23%). Las oportunidades de acumular dos o más factores de riesgo comportamentales aumentaron con la edad. La presencia de factores de riesgo comportamentales, así como la simultaneidad de estos es bastante elevada entre los adolescentes de la zona rural del Municipio de Pelotas, evidenciando que ellos están expuestos al desarrollo de DCV. Son necesarias intervenciones preventivas para la ocurrencia simultánea de estos factores.

NCD behavioral risk factors and mortality among older adults in Brazil.

BACKGROUNDS & AIMS: Literature shows that the most studied concurrent risk factors for mortality in elderly individuals are smoking, inadequate diet, alcohol consumption and physical inactivity. The combination of such habits can increase from 3 to 11 times the chance of death. To measure the association between concurrence of behavioral risk factors (BRF) for non-communicable diseases (NCD's) and mortality up to three years among the elderly. METHODS: Cohort study started in 2014 named "COMO VAI?" with community-dwelling aged ≥60 years in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We investigated the deaths from all causes occurred until April 2017. The exposure was defined by the presence of physical inactivity, low-quality diet, alcohol consumption and smoking that composed a score ranging from 0 (none) to 4 (all). Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to evaluate the association between BRF concurrence and mortality. RESULTS: In 2014, 1451 elderly people were interviewed, 145 deaths were identified (10%) by April 2017. Higher risk of death was observed for the combinations of physical inactivity + smoking and low-quality diet + physical inactivity. The simultaneous presence of three or more BRF was associated with a nearly six-fold higher risk of death. CONCLUSIONS: Higher mortality during a 3-year period was observed among those with at least three BRF for NCD's.

Longitudinal Association Between Diet Quality and Asthma Symptoms in Early Adult Life in a Brazilian Birth Cohort.

BACKGROUND: The role of diet in the etiology of asthma is still inconclusive. This paper evaluated the longitudinal association between diet quality and chest wheezing in young adults. METHODS: This is a longitudinal study with follow-up information from 18- and 22-year-olds (18y and 22y) of the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort. Chest wheezing occurrence and number of events in the last year were reported at 22y. Diet quality was measured with a revised version of the Healthy Eating Index (IQD-R) for the Brazilian population at 18y and 22y by food frequency questionnaire referring to the last 12 months. The diet quality continuity was classified as good (always 1st IQD-R tertile), intermediate (always 2nd tertile/change tertile) and poor (always 3rd tertile). RESULTS: A total of 2986 young individuals were evaluated; 51.4% were female. Prevalence of wheezing at 22y was 10.1% (95% CI: 9.1-11.2), and of these patients, 10% reported at least one event in the past year. Better IQD-R score, both at 18y and at 22y, the lower the odds of wheezing in the past year. Regarding the diet quality continuity from 18y to 22y, staying on a poor diet increased by more than three-fold the odds of chest wheezing (OR=3.28; 95% CI: 1.84-5.84) and of wheezing events (OR=3.32; 95% CI: 1.89-5.85) compared to staying on a good diet, after adjustment for confounding variables. CONCLUSION: The overall quality of the diet seems to be more important than the individual components in the effect on asthma symptoms. Low-quality diet persistence increased the odds of chest wheezing and the number of events.

Fetal, neonatal, and post-neonatal mortality in the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort and associated factors.

This study aimed to describe fetal, neonatal, and post-neonatal mortality and associated factors in participants of the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort. The child mortality sub-study followed up all deaths in the first year of life. Data were collected on intrauterine fetal deaths (weight ≥ 500g and/or gestational age ≥ 20 weeks), neonatal deaths (< 28 days of life), and post-neonatal deaths (from 28 days to the end of the first year of life). Descriptive analyses using the Pearson chi-square test and a multinomial logistic regression to estimate the risk of fetal, neonatal, and post-neonatal deaths compared to live infants in the cohort (reference group) were performed. Data from 4,329 eligible births were collected, of which 54 died during the fetal period. Of the 4,275 eligible live births, 59 died in the first year of life. An association between fetal, neonatal, and post-neonatal deaths (OR = 15.60, 7.63, and 5.51 respectively) was found, as well as less than six prenatal consultations. Compared to live infants, fetal deaths were more likely to occur in non-white mothers, and neonatal deaths were 14.09 times more likely to occur in a preterm gestational age (< 37 weeks). Compared to live infants, infants that were born in a C-section delivery had 3.71 increased odds of post-neonatal death. Additionally, neonatal deaths were 102.37 times more likely to have a low Apgar score on the fifth minute after birth. These findings show the need for early interventions during pregnancy, ensuring access to adequate prenatal care.

Diet and body fat in adolescence and early adulthood: a systematic review of longitudinal studies.

Adipose tissue is a vital component of the human body, but in excess, it represents a risk to health. According to the World Health Organization, one of the main factors determining excessive body adiposity is the dietary habit. This systematic review investigated longitudinal studies that assessed the association between diet and body fat in adolescents and young adults. Twenty-one relevant papers published between 2001 and 2015 were selected. The most used method for estimating body fat was the body mass index (15 studies). Diet was most commonly assessed by estimating the consumption of food groups (cereals, milk and dairy products) and specific foods (sugar-sweetened beverages, soft drinks, fast foods, milk, etc.). Ten studies found a direct association between diet and quantity of body fat. During adolescence, adhering to a dietary pattern characterized by high consumption of energy-dense food, fast foods, sugar-sweetened beverages and soft drinks, as well as low fiber intake, appears to contribute to an increase in body fat in early adulthood. The findings of the present study suggest that the frequent consumption of unhealthy foods and food groups (higher energy density and lower nutrient content) in adolescence is associated with higher quantity of body fat in early adulthood.

Prevalência de aleitamento materno e fatores associados entre mães adolescentes de Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais / Prevalence of breastfeeding and associated factors among adolescent mothers of Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais

Introdução: O aleitamento materno (AM) é recomendado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde de forma exclusiva até seis meses de vida e complementado até ≥2 anos. Para as nutrizes, a amamentação oferece benefícios como proteção para diabetes tipo II, retorno mais rápido ao peso pré-gestacional e aumento do espaçamento entre gestações. Entretanto, a prevalência da amamentação no Brasil (2013) foi de apenas 56%, sendo a adolescência fator de risco para a não amamentação e o desmame precoce. Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de AM aos quatro meses após o parto e seus fatores associados entre mães adolescentes do município de Governador Valadares, MG. Material e Métodos: Estudo transversal, parte de pesquisa intitulada "Consumo alimentar de gestantes adolescentes e retenção de peso pós-parto: um estudo de coorte". Realizou-se um censo abrangendo todas as puérperas adolescentes (idade <20 anos) residentes no município que tiveram seu parto nas três maternidades locais entre outubro de 2018 e outubro de 2019. A coleta de dados ocorreu por questionário nas primeiras 48 horas pós-parto e no 4º mês pós-parto. Os dados foram analisados no software Stata®16.1. Resultados: Foram entrevistadas 367 mães (taxa de resposta 98,6%) com idade média de 17,6 anos (±1,57). Quatro meses após o parto realizou-se visita domiciliar, compreendendo 317 mães. Destas, 75,4% mantiveram a amamentação e somente 25,9% ofereciam exclusivamente leite materno. Conclusão: Verifica-se que, apesar da elevada intenção de amamentar, há baixa prevalência de AM exclusivo ao 4º mês pós-parto. Menor escolaridade, tabagismo, menor idade materna e trabalhar fora de casa apresentaram-se como fatores de risco para menor tempo de manutenção do AM. Deve-se considerar que a lactação é envolta por grande carga emocional e, na adolescência, somam-se outros fatores psicológicos, fisiológicos e inexperiência para lidar com a maternidade, sendo necessária uma forte rede de apoio profissional durante os períodos pré-natal, parto e pós-parto

Introduction: The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding (BF) for the first six months of life and continued breastfeeding with complementary foods for up to ≥2 years. For nursing mothers, breastfeeding offers benefits such as protection against type II diabetes, faster return to pre-pregnancy weight and increased spacing between pregnancies. However, the prevalence of breastfeeding in Brazil (2013) was only 56%, with adolescence being a risk factor for non-breastfeeding and early weaning. Objective: Analyze the prevalence of BF at four months after delivery and its associated factors among adolescent mothers in the city of Governador Valadares, MG. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study, part of a research entitled "Food consumption of pregnant adolescents and postpartum weight retention: a cohort study". A census was carried out covering all adolescent mothers (age <20 years) residing in the city who gave birth in the three local maternity hospitals between 10/2018 and 10/2019. Data were obtained through a questionnaire in the first 48h postpartum and in the 4th month postpartum. Data were analyzed using Stata®16.1 software. Results: 367 mothers were interviewed (response rate 98.6%) with a mean age of 17.6 years (±1.57). Four months after birth, of 317 interviewed mothers, 75.4% maintained breastfeeding, and only 25.9% offered exclusively breast milk. Conclusion: Despite the high intention to breastfeed, there is a low prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at the 4th month postpartum. Less education, smoking, young maternal age and working out were risk factors for a shorter duration of BF maintenance. It should be considered that lactation is surrounded by a great emotional charge and, in adolescence, there are other psychological, physiological factors and inexperience to deal with the maternity, requiring a strong professional support network during the prenatal periods, childbirth and postpartum

[General and abdominal obesity among the elderly from Southern Brazil: results of the HOW ARE YOU DOING? (COMO VAI?) study]. / Obesidade geral e abdominal em idosos do Sul do Brasil: resultados do estudo COMO VAI?

This is a cross-sectional population-based study aimed to measure the prevalence and to identify associated factors with the occurrence of general and abdominal obesity among the elderly living in the urban area of Pelotas, State of Rio Grande do Sul. The process of cluster sampling was conducted in two stages. Overall obesity was defined by Body Mass Index (BMI) from measurements of weight and height estimated by knee height. Obesity was considered when BMI was ≥ 30 kg/m2. Abdominal obesity was evaluated by waist circumference, being considered obese when it was > 102 cm for men and > 88 cm for women. The crude and adjusted analyses were performed using Poisson regression. The prevalence of obesity was 29.9% (CI95%: 27.5-32.4) and abdominal obesity, 50.4% (CI95%: 47.8-53.1). After adjustment, the prevalence of both outcomes were higher in women, non-smokers, hypertensives and diabetics and lower in the physically active in their leisure time. Age was inversely associated with general and abdominal obesity. Reducing obesity in this population depends on the planning of health policies actively encourage physical activity, keeping in mind the limitations and health conditions of the elderly.

How Do Tracking and Changes in Dietary Pattern during Adolescence Relate to the Amount of Body Fat in Early Adulthood?

BACKGROUND: Few studies have addressed the influence of dietary patterns (DP) during adolescence on the amount of body fat in early adulthood. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the associations between DP tracking and changes in the period between 15 and 18 years of age and the percentage of body fat (%BF) at age 18 years. METHODS: We used data from 3,823 members of the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort. Body density was measured at age 18 years by air displacement plethysmograph (BOD POD) and the %BF was calculated applying the Siri equation. Based on the estimates from the FFQ, we identified DP at ages 15 ("Varied", "Traditional", "Dieting" and "Processed meats") and 18 years ("Varied", "Traditional", "Dieting" and "Fish, fast food and alcohol"). The DP tracking was defined as the individual's adherence to the same DP at both ages. Associations were tested using multiple linear regression models stratified by sex. RESULTS: The mean %BF was 25.0% (95% CI: 24.7 to 25.4), significantly greater for girls than boys (p<0.001). The adherence to any DP at age 15 years was not associated with the %BF at age 18 years. However, individuals who adhered to a "Dieting" DP at age 18 years showed greater %BF (1.30 and 1.91 percentage points in boys and girls, respectively) in comparison with those who adhered to a "Varied" DP. Boys who presented tracking of a "Dieting" DP presented greater average %BF in comparison with others DP, as well as girls who changed from the "Traditional" or "Processed meats" DP to a "Dieting" DP. CONCLUSION: These results may support public health policies and strategies focused on improving dietary habits of adolescents and young adults and preventing accumulation of body fat, especially among the adolescents with restrictive dietary habits.

Fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças cardiovasculares entre adolescentes da zona rural de um município do Sul do Brasil / Behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in adolescents from the rural area of a municipality in Southern Brazil / Factores de riesgo comportamentales para enfermedades cardiovasculares entre adolescentes de la zona rural de un municipio del sur de Brasil

O estudo objetivou estimar a prevalência de fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e fatores associados ao seu acúmulo entre adolescentes da zona rural do Município de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Estudo transversal, do tipo censo de base escolar, com amostra de 515 estudantes matriculados do 6º ao 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental das 21 escolas municipais rurais de Pelotas. Os fatores de risco comportamentais investigados foram: inatividade física; consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras; experimentação de álcool e tabaco; e adição de sal à comida. O desfecho do estudo foi o escore de aglomeração de fatores de risco comportamentais variando de 0 a 3: nenhum fator de risco comportamental para DCV ou exposição a 1, 2 ou ≥ 3 fatores de risco comportamentais. Realizou-se regressão logística ordinal para avaliar o efeito ajustado das características individuais sobre o acúmulo de fatores de risco comportamentais, tendo como categoria de referência os indivíduos sem qualquer fator de risco. A inatividade física foi o fator de risco mais prevalente (74,8%), seguido do consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras (56,2%). Aproximadamente 42% dos adolescentes apresentaram dois fatores de risco comportamentais, sendo a combinação inatividade física e consumo irregular de frutas, legumes e verduras a mais prevalente (23%). As chances de acumular dois ou mais fatores de risco comportamentais aumentou com a idade. A presença de fatores de risco comportamentais, bem como a simultaneidade destes é bastante elevada entre os adolescentes da zona rural do Município de Pelotas, evidenciando que eles estão expostos ao desenvolvimento de DCV. São necessárias intervenções preventivas de ocorrência simultânea desses fatores.

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and factors associated with their accumulation in adolescents from the rural area of a municipality in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional school-based census-type study with a sample of 515 sixth to nineth-grade schoolchildren in 21 rural public schools in Pelotas. The target behavioral risk factors were: physical inactivity; irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens; initiation to alcohol consumption and smoking; and addition of salt to foods. The study outcome was the cluster score of behavioral risk factors, varying from 0 to 3: no behavioral risk factors for CVD or exposure to 1, 2, or ≥ 3 behavioral risk factors. Ordinal logistic regression was performed to assess the effect adjusted for individual characteristics on the accumulation of behavioral risk factors, using as the reference category individuals without any risk factor. Physical inactivity was the most prevalent risk factor (74.8%), followed by irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens (56.2%). Approximately 42% of the adolescents presented two behavioral risk factors, the most prevalent combination of which was physical inactivity and irregular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and greens (23%). The odds of accumulating two or more behavioral risk factors increased with age. The presence and simultaneity of behavioral risk factors is quite high among adolescents from the rural area of Pelotas, showing that they are exposed to the development of CVD. Interventions are needed to prevent the simultaneous occurrence of these risk factors.

El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo comportamentales para enfermedades cardiovasculares (DCV por sus siglas en portugués) y factores asociados a su acumulación entre adolescentes de la zona rural del Municipio de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Estudio transversal, tipo censo de base escolar, con muestra de 515 escolares matriculados del 6º al 9º año de Enseñanza Fundamental de las 21 escuelas municipales rurales de Pelotas. Los factores de riesgo comportamentales investigados fueron: inactividad física; consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras; experimentación de alcohol y tabaco y adición de sal a la comida. El resultado del estudio fue la puntuación de aglomeración de factores de riesgo comportamentales, variando de 0 a 3: ningún factores de riesgo comportamentales para DCV o exposición a 1, 2 o ≥ 3 factores de riesgo comportamentales. Se realizó regresión logística ordinal, para evaluar el efecto ajustado de las características individuales sobre el acúmulo de factores de riesgo comportamentales, teniendo como categoría de referencia los individuos sin cualquier factor de riesgo. La inactividad física fue el factor de riesgo más prevalente (74,8%), seguido del consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras (56,2%). Aproximadamente un 42% de los adolescentes presentaron dos factores de riesgo comportamentales, siendo la combinación inactividad física y consumo irregular de frutas, legumbres y verduras la más prevalente (23%). Las oportunidades de acumular dos o más factores de riesgo comportamentales aumentaron con la edad. La presencia de factores de riesgo comportamentales, así como la simultaneidad de estos es bastante elevada entre los adolescentes de la zona rural del Municipio de Pelotas, evidenciando que ellos están expuestos al desarrollo de DCV. Son necesarias intervenciones preventivas para la ocurrencia simultánea de estos factores.

Design of a digital and self-reported food frequency questionnaire to estimate food consumption in adolescents and young adults: birth cohorts at Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. / Desenho de um questionário de frequência alimentar digital autoaplicado para avaliar o consumo alimentar de adolescentes e adultos jovens: coortes de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul.

PURPOSE: Methodological paper aiming to describe the development of a digital and self-reported food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), created to the 1982 and 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohorts. METHODS: The instrument was created based on FFQs previously applied to subjects belonging to both cohorts in the 2004 and 2008 follow-ups. The FFQ was developed including 88 foods and/or meals where frequencies were clustered from a minimum of never or once/month to a maximum of greater than or equal to 5 times/day. The closed options related to portions were based on a 24-hour recall previously asked to a subsample from the 1993 cohort. Three options for portions were created: equal to, less than or greater than. Equal to portion was described based on the 50 percentile of each food consumed reported in a 24-hour recall. Photographs of portions related to the 50 percentile for each food were also included in the software. RESULTS: This digital FFQ included food and meals based on the needs of current researches. The layout of the software was attractive to the staff members as well as to the cohort members. The responding time was 12 minutes and the software allowed several individuals to use it at the same time. Moreover, this instrument dismissed interviewers and double data entry. CONCLUSION: It is recommended the use of the same strategy in other studies, adapted to different contexts and situations.

[Quality of the diet of 18-year-old adolescents belonging to the birth cohort of 1993 in Pelotas in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]. / Qualidade da dieta de jovens aos 18 anos de idade, pertencentes à coorte de nascimentos de 1993 da cidade de Pelotas (RS), Brasil.

The scope of this article is to describe the quality of the diet of adolescents according to sociodemographic and behavioral factors. It involved a cross-sectional study with 3,959 eighteen-year-old adolescents belonging to the birth cohort of 1993 in Pelotas in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Dietary intake was assessed using a semi quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire with a recall period of 12 months. The diet quality was assessed using the Diet Quality Index Revised (DQI-R). This index ranges from 0 to 100 points and the higher the score, the better the diet quality. The overall DQI-R mean score was 62.4 points (DP). The lowest rates were observed for dark green and orange vegetables (3.0), total vegetables (3.4) and dairy products (3.6). Non-Caucasian adolescents (63.1), from families in which the heads of the household had less schooling (63.6) and belonging to the lowest quintile of the asset index (64.7) had higher average scores in the DQI-R. Lower averages were found among adolescents who smoked (58.5) and who consumed alcoholic beverages (56.0). This study showed that diet quality of the adolescents assessed deserve attention, especially with regard to the intake of vegetables, milk and dairy products.

[Diet quality of preschool children aged 2 to 5 years living in the urban area of Pelotas, Brazil]. / Qualidade da dieta de pré-escolares de 2 a 5 anos residentes na área urbana da cidade de Pelotas, RS.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the dietary quality of preschool children in the urban area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. METHODS: Dietary quality was measured according to the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), adapted to Brazil. Food consumption was obtained using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). The index score was obtained by a score, ranging from 0 to 100, distributed in 13 food groups that characterize different components of a healthy diet. The better the quality of the diet, the closer the score is to 100. RESULTS: Dietary was evaluated in 556 preschoolers. The mean HEI score value was 74.4 points, indicating that diets need improvement. The mean scores were significantly higher among girls and in children from families with income between one and less than three minimum wages. CONCLUSIONS: The children showed vegetable consumption below the recommended level, while the food group of oils and fats, as well as the group of sugars, candies, chocolates and snacks were consumed in excess. It is important to reinforce guidelines to promote healthier eating habits, which may persist later in life.

[Meat consumption by adults in southern Brazil: a population-based study]. / Consumo de carnes por adultos do sul do Brasil: um estudo de base populacional.

This paper is the result of a cross-sectional population-based study that evaluated individuals aged 20 or more living in the urban area of Pelotas in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and sought to describe the frequency of meat consumption and the habit of eating meat with an excess of fat. It evaluated the consumption over the past year of red meat (including bone, steak and ground beef), white meats (chicken and fish) and viscera and processed meats. Of the 2,730 people interviewed, 99.1% (CI95% 98.7 - 99.5) consumed some type of meat over the past year, while around 32% reported daily consumption. The prevalence of consumption of red meat (99.3% CI95% 98.9 - 99.6) and white meat (99.4% CI95% 99.1 - 99.7) was similar. Chicken was the meat most consumed by interviewees (98.0% CI95% 97.4 - 98.5), while viscera were the least consumed (59.1% CI95% 56.4 - 61.7). The processed meats consumed by 85.5% (CI95% 83.7 - 87.2) of the respondents, presented the highest prevalence of daily consumption (16.6%). Meats with excess of fat were consumed by 52.3% (CI95% 49.8 - 54.8) of adults, especially men and people of lower education and economic status.

Fetal, neonatal, and post-neonatal mortality in the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort and associated factors / Mortalidade fetal, neonatal e pós-neonatal e fatores associados na coorte de nascimentos de 2015 de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Mortalidad fetal, neonatal y postneonatal en la cohorte de nacimientos en Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2015, y sus factores asociados

This study aimed to describe fetal, neonatal, and post-neonatal mortality and associated factors in participants of the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort. The child mortality sub-study followed up all deaths in the first year of life. Data were collected on intrauterine fetal deaths (weight ≥ 500g and/or gestational age ≥ 20 weeks), neonatal deaths (< 28 days of life), and post-neonatal deaths (from 28 days to the end of the first year of life). Descriptive analyses using the Pearson chi-square test and a multinomial logistic regression to estimate the risk of fetal, neonatal, and post-neonatal deaths compared to live infants in the cohort (reference group) were performed. Data from 4,329 eligible births were collected, of which 54 died during the fetal period. Of the 4,275 eligible live births, 59 died in the first year of life. An association between fetal, neonatal, and post-neonatal deaths (OR = 15.60, 7.63, and 5.51 respectively) was found, as well as less than six prenatal consultations. Compared to live infants, fetal deaths were more likely to occur in non-white mothers, and neonatal deaths were 14.09 times more likely to occur in a preterm gestational age (< 37 weeks). Compared to live infants, infants that were born in a C-section delivery had 3.71 increased odds of post-neonatal death. Additionally, neonatal deaths were 102.37 times more likely to have a low Apgar score on the fifth minute after birth. These findings show the need for early interventions during pregnancy, ensuring access to adequate prenatal care.

O estudo teve como objetivo descrever a mortalidade fetal, neonatal e pós-neonatal e fatores associados em participantes da coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas, Brasil, de 2015. O sub-estudo sobre mortalidade infantil acompanhou todos os óbitos no primeiro ano de vida. Foram coletados os dados sobre natimortos (com peso ao nascer ≥ 500g e/ou idade gestacional ≥ 20 semanas), óbitos neonatais (< 28 dias de vida) e óbitos pós-neonatais (entre 28 dias e o final do primeiro ano de vida). Foram realizadas análises descritivas com o teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson e regressão logística multinominal para estimar o risco de morte fetal, neonatal e pós-neonatal, comparado com as crianças vivas na coorte (grupo de referência). Foram coletados os dados de 4.329 nascimentos elegíveis, dos quais 54 natimortos. Dos 4.275 nascidos vivos elegíveis, 59 faleceram no primeiro ano de vida. A análise mostrou uma associação entre morte fetal, neonatal e pós-neonatal (OR = 15,60, 7,63 e 5,51, respectivamente) e menos de seis consultas de pré-natal. Quando comparados aos nascidos vivos, os natimortos apresentaram maior probabilidade de ter mãe não-branca, e o óbito neonatal mostrou probabilidade 14,09 vezes maior de ocorrer com prematuridade (idade gestacional < 37 semanas). Crianças nascidas por cesariana mostraram probabilidade 3,71 vezes maior de óbito pós-neonatal. Além disso, os óbitos neonatais mostraram probabilidade 102,37 maior de Apgar baixo no quinto minuto. Os achados mostram a necessidade de intervenções precoces durante a gravidez para poder garantir uma assistência pré-natal adequada.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir la mortalidad fetal, neonatal y postneonatal, así como sus factores asociados, en participantes de una cohorte de nacimientos en Pelotas, Brasil, durante 2015. La mortalidad infantil se siguió mediante un sub-estudio de todas las muertes durante el primer año de vida. Se recogieron datos de muertes intrauterinas fetales (peso al nacer ≥ 500g y/o edad gestacional ≥ 20 semanas), muertes neonatales (< 28 días de vida), y muertes postneonatales (desde los 28 días hasta el primer año de vida). Se usaron análisis descriptivos usando el test chi-cuadrado de Pearson y se realizó una regresión logística multinomial para estimar el riesgo de las muertes fetales, neonatales y postneonatales, comparadas con los niños vivos en la cohorte (grupo de referencia). Se recogieron datos de 4.329 nacimientos elegibles de los que 54 murieron durante el periodo fetal. De los 4.275 nacimientos vivos elegibles, 59 murieron durante el primer año de vida. Se estableció una asociación entre las muertes fetales, neonatales y postneonatales (OR = 15,60; 7,63 y 5,51, respectivamente) y contar con menos de seis consultas prenatales. Cuando se comparan con los niños vivos, las muertes fetales tenían una probabilidad mayor si contaban con una madre que no fuera blanca, además, había más de 14,09 veces más probabilidades de que se produjeran con una edad gestacional pretérmino (< 37 semanas). Cuando lo comparamos con los niños vivos, los niños que nacieron en la sección de partos por cesárea tuvieron una oportunidad 3,71 superior de muerte postneonatal. Asimismo, las muertes neonatales fueron 102,37 veces más propensas de tener un bajo Apgar en el quinto minuto tras el nacimiento. Estos resultados mostraron la necesidad de intervenciones tempranas durante el embarazo, asegurando el acceso a un cuidado prenatal adecuado.

[Prevalence and factors associated with the consumption of fruit and vegetables by adolescents in public schools in Caruaru, Pernambuco state]. / Prevalência e fatores associados ao consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras entre adolescentes de escolas públicas de Caruaru, PE.

This is a cross-sectional school-based study that evaluated the prevalence and associated factors of the daily intake of fruit and vegetables by adolescents at public schools in Caruaru, Pernambuco. Poisson regression with a hierarchical model, including sociodemographic variables in the first hierarchical level, behavioral variables in the second and diet-related variables in the third was used to assess the factors associated with fruit and vegetable intake. The results showed that of the 600 adolescents interviewed, 10% reported never eating fruit and 30.7% mentioned not eating vegetables. Prevalence of fruit intake was 32.9% and vegetables 29.0%. Only 6.5% reported eating both kinds of food daily. Merely the daily vegetable intake showed a significant difference according to sex (higher among girls). Daily fruit intake was 63% higher among adolescents living in urban areas. Not consuming alcohol was associated with higher fruit intake, though not to vegetable intake. Daily intake of fruits and vegetables was 2.4 times higher among adolescents who consumed rice and beans daily. Daily fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents in Caruaru is below the recommendations, and was associated with gender, residence area, consumption of alcoholic beverages and consumption of rice and beans.

[Early nutritional determinants of fat-free mass in early adulthood: a systematic review]. / Determinantes nutricionais precoces da massa livre de gordura no início da vida adulta: revisão sistemática da literatura.

Early childhood nutritional factors can play a crucial role in the development of body composition in later phases of life. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify studies on the association between early nutritional determinants and fat-free mass in adulthood. The PubMed and Virtual Health Library electronic databases were used. Nine articles were included after a peer review of the 576 references initially found, published from 2003 to 2009, with healthy subjects and longitudinal analysis. Birth weight and birth length and variations across childhood were strong predictors of fat-free mass at later ages. The studies showed that higher birth weight and greater weight gain in early childhood were associated with greater fat-free mass in adulthood. However, the available data are limited and inconclusive in relation to eating in early childhood as a predictor of fat-free mass at later ages.