Induction of pluripotency in mouse somatic cells with lineage specifiers.

The reprogramming factors that induce pluripotency have been identified primarily from embryonic stem cell (ESC)-enriched, pluripotency-associated factors. Here, we report that, during mouse somatic cell reprogramming, pluripotency can be induced with lineage specifiers that are pluripotency rivals to suppress ESC identity, most of which are not enriched in ESCs. We found that OCT4 and SOX2, the core regulators of pluripotency, can be replaced by lineage specifiers that are involved in mesendodermal (ME) specification and in ectodermal (ECT) specification, respectively. OCT4 and its substitutes attenuated the elevated expression of a group of ECT genes, whereas SOX2 and its substitutes curtailed a group of ME genes during reprogramming. Surprisingly, the two counteracting lineage specifiers can synergistically induce pluripotency in the absence of both OCT4 and SOX2. Our study suggests a "seesaw model" in which a balance that is established using pluripotency factors and/or counteracting lineage specifiers can facilitate reprogramming.

Large-volume fully automated cell reconstruction generates a cell atlas of plant tissues.

The geometric shape and arrangement of individual cells play a role in shaping organ functions. However, analyzing multicellular features and exploring their connectomes in centimeter-scale plant organs remain challenging. Here, we established a set of frameworks named Large-Volume Fully Automated Cell Reconstruction (LVACR), enabling the exploration of three-dimensional (3D) cytological features and cellular connectivity in plant tissues. Through benchmark testing, our framework demonstrated superior efficiency in cell segmentation and aggregation, successfully addressing the inherent challenges posed by light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) imaging. Using LVACR, we successfully established a cell atlas of different plant tissues. Cellular morphology analysis revealed differences of cell clusters and shapes in between different poplar (P. simonii Carr. and P. canadensis Moench.) seeds, whereas topological analysis revealed that they maintained conserved cellular connectivity. Furthermore, LVACR spatiotemporally demonstrated an initial burst of cell proliferation, accompanied by morphological transformations at an early stage in developing the shoot apical meristem. During subsequent development, cell differentiation produced anisotropic features, thereby resulting in various cell shapes. Overall, our findings provided valuable insights into the precise spatial arrangement and cellular behavior of multicellular organisms, thus enhancing our understanding of the complex processes underlying plant growth and differentiation.

4D label-free proteomics analysis of oxygen-induced retinopathy with or without anti-VEGF treatment.

Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) animal model is widely used for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) researches. The purpose of this study was to identify proteins and related pathways of OIR with or without anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment, for use as biomarkers in diagnosing and treating ROP. Nine samples were subjected to proteomic analysis. Retina specimens were collected from 3 OIR mice, 3 OIR mice with anti-VEGF treatment and 3 normal mice (control group). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis was performed using the 4D label-free technique. Statistically significant differentially expressed proteins, gene ontology (GO) terms, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway representations, InterPro (IPR) and protein interactions were analyzed. In total, 4585 unique proteins were identified as differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Enrichment analysis of the GO and KEGG indicated functional clusters related to peptide biosynthetic and metabolic process, cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process and nucleic acid binding in OIR group. For anti-VEGF treatment group, DEPs were clustered in DNA replication, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and Jak/STAT signaling pathway. Proteomic profiling is useful for the exploration of molecular mechanisms of OIR and mechanisms of anti-VEGF treatment. These findings may be useful for identification of novel biomarkers for ROP pathogenesis and treatment.

A novel registration method for long-serial section images of EM with a serial split technique based on unsupervised optical flow network.

MOTIVATION: The registration of serial section electron microscope images is a critical step in reconstructing biological tissue volumes, and it aims to eliminate complex nonlinear deformations from sectioning and replicate the correct neurite structure. However, due to the inherent properties of biological structures and the challenges posed by section preparation of biological tissues, achieving an accurate registration of serial sections remains a significant challenge. Conventional nonlinear registration techniques, which are effective in eliminating nonlinear deformation, can also eliminate the natural morphological variation of neurites across sections. Additionally, accumulation of registration errors alters the neurite structure. RESULTS: This article proposes a novel method for serial section registration that utilizes an unsupervised optical flow network to measure feature similarity rather than pixel similarity to eliminate nonlinear deformation and achieve pairwise registration between sections. The optical flow network is then employed to estimate and compensate for cumulative registration error, thereby allowing for the reconstruction of the structure of biological tissues. Based on the novel serial section registration method, a serial split technique is proposed for long-serial sections. Experimental results demonstrate that the state-of-the-art method proposed here effectively improves the spatial continuity of serial sections, leading to more accurate registration and improved reconstruction of the structure of biological tissues. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The source code and data are available at https://github.com/TongXin-CASIA/EFSR.

Probiotic Clostridium butyricum ameliorates cognitive impairment in obesity via the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Obesity is a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction and neurodegenerative disease, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The gut microbiota-brain axis is altered in obesity and linked to cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we targeted obesity-induced cognitive impairment by testing the impact of the probiotic Clostridium butyricum, which has previously shown beneficial effects on gut homeostasis and brain function. Firstly, we characterized and analyzed the gut microbial profiles of participants with obesity and the correlation between gut microbiota and cognitive scores. Then, using an obese mouse model induced by a Western-style diet (high-fat and fiber-deficient diet), the effects of Clostridium butyricum on the microbiota-gut-brain axis and hippocampal cognitive function were evaluated. Finally, fecal microbiota transplantation was performed to assess the functional link between Clostridium butyricum remodeling gut microbiota and hippocampal synaptic protein and cognitive behaviors. Our results showed that participants with obesity had gut microbiota dysbiosis characterized by an increase in phylum Proteobacteria and a decrease in Clostridium butyricum, which were closely associated with cognitive decline. In diet-induced obese mice, oral Clostridium butyricum supplementation significantly alleviated cognitive impairment, attenuated the deficit of hippocampal neurite outgrowth and synaptic ultrastructure, improved hippocampal transcriptome related to synapses and dendrites; a comparison of the effects of Clostridium butyricum in mice against human AD datasets revealed that many of the genes changes in AD were reversed by Clostridium butyricum; concurrently, Clostridium butyricum also prevented gut microbiota dysbiosis, colonic barrier impairment and inflammation, and attenuated endotoxemia. Importantly, fecal microbiota transplantation from donor-obese mice with Clostridium butyricum supplementation facilitated cognitive variables and colonic integrity compared with from donor obese mice, highlighting that Clostridium butyricum's impact on cognitive function is largely due to its ability to remodel gut microbiota. Our findings provide the first insights into the neuroprotective effects of Clostridium butyricum on obesity-associated cognitive impairments and neurodegeneration via the gut microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography assessments in the fellow eyes of those with central serous chorioretinopathy.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the vessel density (VD) of the retina and choriocapillaris (CC) layer and the structure of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in the fellow eyes of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) patients by using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS: This was a case-control study. Unilateral CSC patients and age-matched healthy subjects were recruited from the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University between July 2016 and July 2021. All eyes were divided into three groups: acute CSC (aCSC), chronic CSC (cCSC), and healthy controls. Both aCSC and cCSC were again divided into two subgroups: the affected eyes and the fellow eyes. In this study, all parameters of VD and FAZ were measured by self-software of OCTA. RESULTS: A total of 231 eyes of 137 subjects were included, with 47 aCSC patients, 47 cCSC patients, and 43 healthy controls. In the fellow eyes of CSC, the retinal VD was significantly lower (all P < 0.05), and the FAZ was significantly larger (all P < 0.05) in the cCSC group than in healthy controls, while no difference was detected in the CC layer. There was no significant difference between the aCSC group and healthy controls in all OCTA parameters. In the affected eyes of CSC, the superficial retinal vessel density (SRVD) was significantly higher (all P < 0.05) in healthy controls than in the aCSC and cCSC groups, while the deep retinal vessel density (DRVD) was significantly lower (all P < 0.05) and the FAZ was larger (all P < 0.05) in the cCSC group than in the aCSC group and healthy controls. A liner regression equation was established: Y (BCVA, best corrected visual acuity) = 3.692-0.036✱X1 (DRVD-Fovea)-0.031✱X2 (FD-300, vessel density around the 300 µm width of the FAZ), R2 = 0.427. CONCLUSION: Based on OCTA measurements, this study revealed that the retinal microvascular network was impaired even in the fellow eyes of those with cCSC, which should arouse attention to the observation of unilateral CSC.

No side effects on rabbit retina or vitreous microenvironment by nd:YAG laser vitreolysis.

BACKGROUND: To explore the safety of Neodymium:Yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser vitreolysis based on the histological examination of the retina and the alteration of vitreous cytokines in the rabbits. METHODS: Nine male New Zealand rabbits underwent Nd:YAG laser vitreolysis of 10 mJ x 500 pulses in the left eyes, while the right eyes were used as controls. Intraocular pressure, color fundus photography, and ultrasound B scan were measured before, as well as 1 day, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks after Nd:YAG laser vitreolysis. Three rabbits were euthanized 1 day, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks after treatment, respectively. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining were used to look for pathological changes in the retina. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilized to detect the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and some inflammatory cytokines, including interferon inducible protein 10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and interlenkin 6 (IL-6) in the vitreous humor. The ascorbic acid (AsA) and total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP) in the vitreous humor were also measured. RESULTS: Following Nd:YAG laser vitreolysis, the levels of VEGF, IP-10, MCP-1, IL6, AsA, and TRAP in the vitreous humor did not change substantially (P > 0.05). There were no detectable pathological changes in the retinal tissues, and no apoptotic signal was found. CONCLUSIONS: Rabbits tolerate Nd:YAG laser vitreolysis without observable impact on retinal tissue or the microenvironment of the vitreous.

Adjustable flanged technique for secondary implantation of four-point scleral­fixated posterior chamber intraocular lenses using two parallel 6-0 polyglactin sutures.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of using the adjustable flanged technique for secondary implantation of four-point scleral­fixated posterior chamber intraocular lenses with two parallel 6-0 polyglactin sutures. METHODS: Two parallel 6-0 polyglactin sutures were passed separately through the two haptics on the horizontal line of the 4-haptic IOL. The four externalized sutures were then trimmed and cauterized to form flanges. The best corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and complications in all patients were observed and recorded. RESULTS: The flanged technique using two parallel 6-0 polyglactin sutures was applied to 14 aphakic eyes. The average preoperative best corrected visual acuity was 1.00 ± 0.88 LogMAR (Snellen 20/200), which improved to 0.42 ± 0.38 LogMAR (Snellen 20/48) at the final follow-up (P = 0.004). None of the patients experienced vitreous hemorrhage, low intraocular pressure, or issues with exposed or broken sutures. CONCLUSION: The simplicity of the technique, along with its ability to accommodate adjustments post-implantation, allows for optimal positioning and reduces risks like IOL tilt or dislocation. Overall, this is a promising approach to secondary IOL implantation, with potential benefits for both patient outcomes and surgical efficiency.

An energy efficiency assessment of Yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser in vitro.

To study the effect range of the Nd:YAG laser through various levels of cloudy medium for targets with varying grayscale values in vitro. The coated paper cards with grayscale values of 0, 50, 100, and 150 were used as the laser's targets, which were struck straightly with varying energies using three burst modes (single pulse, double pulse, and triple pulse). Six filters (transmittances of 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90) were applied to simulate various levels of cloudy refractive medium. Image J software was used to measure the diameters and regions of the laser spots. The ranges of the Nd:YAG laser spots increased with energy in the same burst mode (P < 0.05). Under the same amount of energy, the ranges of the Nd:YAG laser spot increased with the grayscale value of the targets (P < 0.05). The greater the transmittance of the filters employed, the larger the range of the Nd: YAG laser spots produced. Assuming that the total pulse energy is identical, the effect ranges of multi-pulse burst modes were significantly larger than those of single-pulse burst mode (P < 0.05). The effect range of a Nd:YAG laser grows with increasing energy and the target's grayscale value. A cloudy refractive medium has a negative impact on the effect range of the Nd: YAG laser. The single pulse mode has the narrowest and safest efficiency range.

Role of MARK4 in methamphetamine-induced acute kidney injury. / MARK4在甲基苯丙胺诱导急性肾损伤中的作用.

OBJECTIVES: Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit psychoactive substance that can damage various organs, with the urinary system being one of its significant targets. This study aims to explore the role of microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 4 (MARK4) in METH-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). METHODS: A total of 10 healthy adult male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a control group and a METH group, 5 mice in each group. The METH group was administered METH (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, once daily for 3 consecutive days), while the control group received an equal volume of physiological saline. The mice were executed 24 hours after the final injection, and the success of the AKI model was detected by blood serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and renal HE staining. Proteins differentially expressed between kidney tissues with METH-induced AKI and normal kidney tissues were screened by proteomics techniques and subjected to gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and bioinformatics analysis. The accuracy of proteomic data was validated using Western blotting, and the expression levels of MARK4 and cleaved caspase-3 in mouse kidneys were measured. We further explored the role of MARK4 in METH-induced AKI. Firstly, a METH toxicity model was established in BUMPT cells to screen the appropriate concentration and time of METH treatment; the viability of BUMPT cells after METH treatment and the expression of cleaved caspase-3 were detected by interfering with MARK4 expression through inhibitors. RESULTS: The proteomic analysis of kidney tissues from METH and control groups screened for a total of 17 differentially expressed proteins, of which 11 were up-regulated and 6 were down-regulated (all P<0.05). The expression levels of MARK4 and cleaved caspase-3 were elevated in the kidneys of METH-treated mice (both P<0.05). The activity of BUMPT cells gradually decreased with increasing METH treatment concentration (all P<0.05), where the viability of BUMPT cells decreased to about 60% after METH treatment at 4 mmol/L. Compared with the control group, expression levels of MARK4 and cleaved caspase-3 were increased with higher METH concentrations and longer exposure times in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (all P<0.05). Inhibition of MARK4 expression improved METH-induced decrease in BUMPT cell activity, down-regulated the expression of cleaved caspase-3, and decreased the apoptosis of BUMPT cells induced by METH. CONCLUSIONS: MARK4 is highly expressed in a mouse model of METH-induced AKI, and MARK4 mediates METH-induced AKI by regulating cell apoptosis.

Patient-derived tumor organoids predict responses to irinotecan-based neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.

Adding irinotecan to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) increases the pathologic complete response (pCR) rate but brings more toxicities. Robust biomarkers to predict response to irinotecan-based nCRT are extremely necessary for selecting the right patients. Our previous study suggests that patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) sensitivity to chemoradiotherapy matches patient responses. In this study, we investigated whether PDTOs sensitivity to irinotecan can predict complete response (CR) and survival. Eligible patients receiving irinotecan-based nCRT between April 5, 2017 and December 11, 2020 were enrolled in the training cohort (n = 91) for response prediction and survival analysis. Patients receiving nCRT between February 21, 2021 and September 17, 2021 were included in the validation cohort (n = 27). Predictive performances of irinotecan organoid size ratio (OSR) for CR or pCR were evaluated. The irinotecan-sensitive groups had higher response rates compared with the insensitive groups (training cohort: 71.8% vs 24.4%, P < .0001; validation cohort, 81.8% vs 18.8%, P = .002). Moreover, the irinotecan-sensitive group had higher rates of 3-year disease-free survival (DFS: 71.6% vs 55.5%, P = .034) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS, 77.9% vs 57.2%, P = .015) than the irinotecan-insensitive group. 5-FU and irradiation sensitivities failed to predict 3-year DFS (5-FU: 65.4% vs 61.9%, P = .643; irradiation: 84.8% vs 57.8%; P = .072). Performances of irinotecan OSR to predict CR or pCR were good in the training cohort (CR: AUC = 0.828; 95% CI = 0.723-0.932; pCR: AUC = 0.864; 95% CI = 0.759-0.961). The validation showed robust predictive ability (CR: AUC = 0.796, 95% CI = 0.5974-0.9952; pCR: AUC = 0.917, 95% CI = 0.7921-1.0000). Irinotecan sensitivity in PDTOs was a predictive and prognostic factor in LARC.

Utility of Circulating Free DNA Fragmentomics in the Prediction of Pathological Response after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND: A "Watch and Wait" (W&W) approach has become an alternative to surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT). Precise prediction of pathological complete response (pCR) will improve patient selection for W&W. We investigated the utility of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragmentomics in predicting pCR. METHODS: We recruited 119 LARC patients and evaluated nCRT response by pCR status and pathological or MRI tumor regression grade (mrTRG). Plasma samples before, during, and after nCRT were applied to deep targeted-panel sequencing, with 103 patients having complete samples. cfDNA fragment and 5'-end motif profiles were used to construct elastic-net logistic regression models to predict non-pCR. Predictive performance was measured by area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity. RESULTS: In the training cohort, the model based on 5'-end motif profile plus mrTRG achieved the highest cross-validation AUC (0.92, 95% CI, 0.91-0.93). The AUC in a testing cohort was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.90-1.00). The models based on 5'-end motif profile alone or in combination with mrTRG both maintained good predictive ability for patients without detectable circulating tumor DNA (AUC 0.94, 95% CI, 0.93-0.95; AUC 0.95, 95% CI, 0.94-0.96). In an external validation cohort, the model trained with a local 5'-end motif profile obtained an AUC of 0.878 (95% CI, 0.801-0.956) in discriminating colorectal cancer from healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of a 5'-end motif profile with mrTRG has the potential to predict the response to nCRT, and therefore may improve the patient selection for a W&W approach.

EXCESSIVE GLIOSIS AFTER VITRECTOMY FOR THE HIGHLY MYOPIC MACULAR HOLE: A Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Study.

PURPOSE: To investigate different modes of foveal regeneration after the closure of idiopathic macular hole (IMH) or highly myopic macular hole (HMMH) by vitrectomy with internal limiting membranes peeling or flap techniques. METHODS: This retrospective observational study followed 47 IMH and 50 HMMH eyes for at least 6 months. Twenty four IMH and 25 HMMH eyes underwent internal limiting membrane peeling, whereas 23 IMH and 25 HMMH eyes received inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography was used to analyze macular hole closure, foveal microstructures, and excessive gliosis as a foveal "peak-like" protuberance. RESULTS: A single procedure closed all IMH (n = 47). For HMMH, the inverted group (n = 25, 100%) closed more macular hole than the peeling group (n = 14, 56.00%) (P < 0.001). Excessive gliosis only occurred in the inverted group, and there was a significant difference (P = 0.005) in incidence between IMH (three in 23 eyes, 13.04%) and HMMH (13 in 25 eyes, 52.00%). The axial length more than 29.985 mm enhanced the risk of excessive gliosis. CONCLUSION: The inverted internal limiting membrane flap efficiently treated refractory MHs but was prone to cause excessive gliosis in highly myopic eyes. Excessive elongation of the globe (axial length > 29.985 mm) was linked to excessive gliosis growth.

Vision degrading myodesopsia assessed with optos ultra-widefield scanning laser ophthalmoscope.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the diagnostic sensitivity of Optos imaging for vision degrading myodesopsia (VDM). METHODS: A total of 420 eyes from 345 patients with VDM were collected in this cross-sectional study. All eyes were classified as having posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) or not having PVD. The sensitivity of Optos imaging for the visibility of vitreous floaters was evaluated. The associated factors with the visibility of vitreous floaters on Optos images were analyzed in univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The mean age of all patients was 56.19 ± 13.89 years old, and 66.67% of patients were female. The vitreous floaters were visible on the ultrasound B scan in all eyes, but only in 47.62% of Optos images (55.29% in eyes with PVD and 15% in eyes without PVD). In the multiple binary logistic regression analysis, age (OR = 1.094, 95%CI = 1.063-1.125, P < 0.001), spherical equivalent (OR = 0.869, 95%CI = 0.791-0.955, P = 0.004) and the distance of the floaters from the retina (OR = 1.191, 95%CI = 1.059-1.339, P = 0.003) were significantly correlated with the visibility of vitreous floaters on Optos images. On Optos images, 25.71% of VDM eyes presented additional retinal abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: Optos imaging has a low sensitivity for vitreous floaters, particularly in eyes without PVD. On Optos imaging, floaters were more visible in older patients, eyes with greater myopia, and floaters that were further from the retina.

Short-term postoperative changes in the choroidal vascularity index in patients with a unilateral epiretinal membrane.

BACKGROUND: To investigate short-term choroidal structural and vascular changes after epiretinal membrane (ERM) surgery. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 65 patients with unilateral ERM underwent pars plana vitrectomy combined with cataract surgery and were examined one day before surgery and one week, one month, and three months after surgery. Choroidal thickness (CT) and choroidal vascular index (CVI) were evaluated using horizontal enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) scans and were further calculated using semi-automatic algorithms using MATLAB R2017a. RESULTS: Preoperatively, CVI was higher in eyes with ERM (61.70 ± 5.17%) than in fellow eyes (59.99 ± 5.26%). CVI increased significantly at one week after surgery (62.14 ± 5.02%) and decreased at 1 and 3 months after surgery (60.76 ± 4.97% and 60.4 ± 4.83%, respectively). The change was pronounced in the nasal region (p < 0.001) and central region (p < 0.05). CT in the temporal macula increased at 1 week (239.65 ± 72.98 µm) after surgery and decreased at 1 and 3 months after surgery (222.15 ± 71.91 µm and 222.33 ± 65.72 µm, respectively; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Short-term postoperative variations in the choroid have been demonstrated in eyes with ERM. This may be related to the release of macular traction. CVI assessment using EDI-OCT may be a useful tool for investigating choroidal structural changes accompanying ERM and postoperative period.

Screening of idiopathic epiretinal membrane using fundus images combined with blood oxygen saturation and vascular morphological features.

PURPOSE: To achieve an accurate diagnosis of idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) through analyzing retinal blood vessel oxygen saturation (SO2) and vascular morphological features in fundus images. METHODS: Dual-modal fundus camera was used to obtain color fundus image, 570-nm, and 610-nm images. As iERM affects the macular area, a macular-centered semicircle area as region of interest (MROI) was selected and analyzed SO2 and vascular morphologies in it. Eventually, random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) were as classifiers to diagnose iERM patients. RESULTS: The arterial and venous SO2 levels of the iERM group were significantly higher than that of the control group. There were significant differences in the vessel density and fractal dimension on the artery for vascular morphology, while the tortuosity had a significant difference in the vein. By feeding the SO2 and the vascular morphological features into classifiers, an accuracy of over 82% was obtained, which is significantly better than the two separate inputs for classification. CONCLUSION: Significant differences in SO2 and vascular morphologies between control and iERM groups confirmed that the occurrence of iERM may affect blood supply and vascular structures. Benefiting from the dual-modal fundus camera and machine learning models, accurate judgments can be made on fundus images. Extensive experiments proved the importance of blood vessel SO2 and vascular morphologies for diagnosis, which is of great significance for clinical screening.

Joint reconstruction of neuron and ultrastructure via connectivity consensus in electron microscope volumes.

BACKGROUND: Nanoscale connectomics, which aims to map the fine connections between neurons with synaptic-level detail, has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Currently, the automated reconstruction algorithms in electron microscope volumes are in great demand. Most existing reconstruction methodologies for cellular and subcellular structures are independent, and exploring the inter-relationships between structures will contribute to image analysis. The primary goal of this research is to construct a joint optimization framework to improve the accuracy and efficiency of neural structure reconstruction algorithms. RESULTS: In this investigation, we introduce the concept of connectivity consensus between cellular and subcellular structures based on biological domain knowledge for neural structure agglomeration problems. We propose a joint graph partitioning model for solving ultrastructural and neuronal connections to overcome the limitations of connectivity cues at different levels. The advantage of the optimization model is the simultaneous reconstruction of multiple structures in one optimization step. The experimental results on several public datasets demonstrate that the joint optimization model outperforms existing hierarchical agglomeration algorithms. CONCLUSIONS: We present a joint optimization model by connectivity consensus to solve the neural structure agglomeration problem and demonstrate its superiority to existing methods. The intention of introducing connectivity consensus between different structures is to build a suitable optimization model that makes the reconstruction goals more consistent with biological plausible and domain knowledge. This idea can inspire other researchers to optimize existing reconstruction algorithms and other areas of biological data analysis.

YY1 promotes pancreatic cancer cell proliferation by enhancing mitochondrial respiration.

KRAS-driven metabolic reprogramming is a known peculiarity features of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. However, the metabolic roles of other oncogenic genes, such as YY1, in PDAC development are still unclear. In this study, we observed significantly elevated expression of YY1 in human PDAC tissues, which positively correlated with a poor disease progression. Furthermore, in vitro studies confirmed that YY1 deletion inhibited PDAC cell proliferation and tumorigenicity. Moreover, YY1 deletion led to impaired mitochondrial RNA expression, which further inhibited mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex assembly and altered cellular nucleotide homeostasis. Mechanistically, the impairment of mitochondrial OXPHOS function reduced the generation of aspartate, an output of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), and resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation owing to unavailability of aspartate-associated nucleotides. Conversely, exogenous supplementation with aspartate fully restored PDAC cell proliferation. Our findings suggest that YY1 promotes PDAC cell proliferation by enhancing mitochondrial respiration and the TCA, which favors aspartate-associated nucleotide synthesis. Thus, targeting nucleotide biosynthesis is a promising strategy for PDAC treatment.

Short-course radiotherapy combined with CAPOX and Toripalimab for the total neoadjuvant therapy of locally advanced rectal cancer: a randomized, prospective, multicentre, double-arm, phase II trial (TORCH).

BACKGROUND: For patients with locally advanced (T3-4/N +) rectal cancer (LARC), the standard treatment is neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy combined with total mesorectal resection, which greatly decreases local recurrence but does not improve overall survival. For patients who achieve a complete clinical response (cCR) after nCRT, a "Watch & Wait" (W&W) approach can be received to improve quality of life. Currently, total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) has been demonstrated to increase the complete response rate and achieve early control of distant metastasis. Recent studies have shown promising synergistic effects of the combination of immunotherapy (PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies) and radiotherapy. Thus, for LARC patients, the combination of immunotherapy and TNT is likely to further improve the rate of complete response and prognosis. The disparities between induction therapy and consolidation therapy need to be investigated. METHODS: TORCH is a randomized, prospective, multicentre, double-arm, phase II trial of short-course radiotherapy (SCRT) combined with chemotherapy and immunotherapy in LARC. 130 LARC patients will be treated with the TNT approach and assigned to the consolidation arm and induction arm. The consolidation arm will receive SCRT, followed by 6 cycles of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (CAPOX) and Toripalimab. The induction arm will first receive 2 cycles of CAPOX and Toripalimab, then receive SCRT, followed by 4 cycles of CAPOX and Toripalimab. Both groups will receive curative surgery or the W&W strategy. The primary endpoint is the complete response rate (rate of pCR plus cCR). The secondary endpoints include the grade 3-4 acute adverse effects rate, 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate, 3-year local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) rate, 3-year OS rate, rate of surgical complications and quality of life (QoL) scores. The "pick the winner" method is used to investigate the better treatment regimen. The trial was opened on 13th April 2021, and the first patient was recruited on 6th May 2021. DISCUSSION: TORCH will investigate whether SCRT combined with chemotherapy and Toripalimab can achieve better complete response rates, good tolerance and prognosis in LARC patients. This is the first clinical trial to compare the efficacy of induced immunotherapy and consolidative immunotherapy based on the TNT strategy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial Registration Number and Date of Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04518280 , August 15, 2020.