Wartime penetrating skull base trauma with unpredictable internal fragment ricochet and migration: illustrative case.

BACKGROUND: Transnasal transsphenoidal penetrating craniocerebral injury is very rare even in wartime. Cases with good outcomes are even less common. OBSERVATIONS: A 20-year-old male sustained multiple fragment wounds to his head and face from a landmine explosion. One metal fragment entered his right nostril, traversed the nasal septum and anterior sphenoid sinus, and ricocheted superiorly off the clivus. The fragment then traveled almost to the surface of the left parietal lobe. Subsequently, under its own weight, it migrated back down its original track. The patient suffered cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, pneumocephalus, and right-sided hemiparesis. Digital subtraction angiography was followed by microscopic transnasal skull base reconstruction supplemented by external lumbar drainage. Follow-up brain computed tomogrpahy showed further metallic fragment migration through the ventricular system. The fragment was removed through a transcortical approach. The patient's neurological examination and brain magnetic resonance imaging results demonstrated good recovery. LESSONS: The absence of external signs of deep injuries does not exclude the presence of a penetrating craniocerebral injury. Metal fragments may undergo ricochet and internal migration in both the brain parenchyma and the ventricular system. Timely diagnosis including three-dimensional reconstruction of a projectile's trajectory may facilitate appropriate surgical planning in complex cases. Intraventricular fragment migration may necessitate microsurgical removal. https://thejns.org/doi/10.3171/CASE24128.

Incidence and management of traumatic vertebral artery injuries: wartime experience in Ukraine.

OBJECTIVE: Modern combat-related vertebral artery (VA) injuries are increasingly being diagnosed, but the management of such injuries remains controversial. The authors report the frequency and characteristics of combat-related penetrating VA injuries and the indications for endovascular treatment, as well as analyze their treatment outcomes. METHODS: A 1-year prospective study was completed at a civilian medical center in Dnipro, Ukraine, in all patients with VA injuries sustained during the Russian invasion in the 1st year of war. The authors evaluated the location, type, and severity of the VA injuries and concomitant injuries, as well as the type of intervention and outcomes at 1 month. RESULTS: In total, 279 wounded patients underwent cerebral angiography and 30 (10.8%) patients had VA injuries. All patients were male. There were 28 soldiers and 2 civilians with a mean age of 37.5 years. Four (13.3%) patients had Bissl grade I injuries, 4 (13.3%) had grade II injuries, 4 (13.3%) had grade III injuries (pseudoaneurysm), and 18 (60.0%) had grade IV injuries (occlusion). Four (13.3%) patients underwent emergency open surgical intervention. Fourteen (46.7%) patients underwent endovascular intervention. There was a significant relationship between the anatomical level of the VA injury and surgical intervention (p < 0.05). Endovascular intervention was correlated with the severity of vascular injury to the VA, with 12.5% of the patients receiving intervention for grade I and II lesions and 59.1% receiving intervention for grade III and IV lesions (p < 0.05). The overall mortality in the study group was 6.7% (n = 2), and both died of ischemic complications. CONCLUSIONS: In modern armed conflicts, VA injuries are much more common than reported for previous wars. With the available modern endovascular technology, cerebral angiography is warranted for suspected VA injury and allows for both the diagnosis and treatment of these injuries. Whether endovascular intervention is performed depends on the level and severity of VA injury, severity of concomitant injuries, and presence of collateral circulation.

Early Challenges in the Implementation of Automated CranialRebuild Freeware for Generation of Patient-Specific Cranial Implant Using Additive Manufacturing: A Pilot Project in Review.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a significant global health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where access to medical resources is limited. Decompressive craniectomy (DHC) is a common procedure to alleviate elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) following TBI, but the cost of subsequent cranioplasty can be prohibitive, especially in resource-constrained settings. We describe challenges encountered during the beta-testing phase of CranialRebuild 1.0, an automated software program tasked with creating patient-specific cranial implants (PSCIs) from CT images. Two pilot clinical teams in the Philippines and Ukraine tested the software, providing feedback on its functionality and challenges encountered. The constructive feedback from the Philippine and Ukrainian teams highlighted challenges related to CT scan parameters, DICOM file arrays, software limitations, and the need for further software improvements. CranialRebuild 1.0 shows promise in addressing the need for affordable PSCIs in LMICs. Challenges and improvement suggestions identified throughout the beta-testing phase will shape the development of CranialRebuild 2.0, with the aim of enhancing its functionality and usability. Further research is needed to validate the software's efficacy in a clinical setting and assess its cost-effectiveness.

Mortality and Functional Outcome Predictors in Combat-Related Penetrating Brain Injury Treatment in a Specialty Civilian Medical Facility.

INTRODUCTION: The combined use of new types of weapons and new types of personal protective equipment has led to changes in the occurrence, nature, and severity of penetrating brain wounds. The availability of modern equipment, methods of treatment, and trained medical personnel in a civilian hospital, as well as advanced specialty medical care, has improved treatment outcomes. There have been a limited number of publications regarding analysis and predictors of treatment outcomes in patients with combat-related penetrating brain injury in contemporary armed conflicts. The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of surgical treatment of patients with penetrating brain injury and to identify significant outcome predictors in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective analysis of penetrating brain injury in patients who were admitted to Mechnikov Dnipropetrovsk Regional Clinical Hospital, Ukraine, from May 9, 2014, to December 31, 2017. All wounds were sustained during local armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine. The primary outcomes of interest were mortality rate at 1 month and Glasgow Outcome Scale score at 12 months after the injury. RESULTS: In total, 184 patients were identified with combat-related brain injury; of those, 121 patients with penetrating brain injury were included in our study. All patients were male soldiers with a mean age of 34.1 years (standard deviation [SD], 9.1 years). Mean admission Glasgow Coma Scale score was 10 (SD, 4), and mean admission Injury Severity Score was 27.7 (SD, 7.6). Mortality within 1 month was 20.7%, and intracranial purulent-septic complications were diagnosed in 11.6% of the patients. Overall, 65.3% of the patients had favorable outcome (good recovery or moderate disability) based on Glasgow Outcome Scale score at 12 months after the injury. The following were predictors of mortality or poor functional outcome at 1 year after the injury: low Glasgow Coma Scale score on admission, gunshot wound to the head, dural venous sinuses wound, presence of intracerebral hematomas, intraventricular and subarachnoid hemorrhage accompanied by lateral or axial dislocation, and presence of intracranial purulent-septic complications. CONCLUSIONS: Generally, combat-related penetrating brain injuries had satisfactory treatment outcomes. Treatment outcomes in this study were comparable to those previously reported by other authors in military populations and significantly better than outcomes of peacetime penetrating brain injury treatment.

Successful Surgical Treatment of Severe Perforating Diametric Craniocerebral Gunshot Wound Sustained during Combat: A Case Report.

Many researchers classify perforating diametric craniocerebral gunshot wounds as fatal because mortality exceeds 96% and the majority of patients with such injuries die before hospitalization. A 23-year-old Ukrainian male soldier was admitted to a regional hospital with a severe perforating craniocerebral wound in a comatose state (Glasgow Coma Scale score, 5). Following brain helical computed tomography, the patient underwent primary treatment of the cerebral wound with primary duraplasty and inflow/outflow drainage. After 18 days of treatment in the intensive care unit, he was transferred to a military hospital for further rehabilitation. This report details our unusual case of successful treatment of a perforating diametric craniocerebral gunshot wound.

Successful surgical treatment of a patient with combined gunshot shrapnel injuries in the heart and brain complicated by middle cerebral artery pseudoaneurysm.

Successful step-by-step treatment of a combined gunshot shrapnel injury of the brain, damaging the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) branches, and penetrating myocardium injury is discussed. Open brain and heart surgeries were performed. A left MCA pseudoaneurysm was formed postoperatively. Endovascular exclusion of the left MCA pseudoaneurysm was performed using detachable micro coils. Finally, plastic reconstruction of the posttraumatic cranial vault defect was performed using a dynamic titanium plate. Treatment of severe combined gunshot shrapnel brain injury with formation of MCA pseudoaneurysm and a penetrating myocardium injury requires a multimodal approach involving related specialists (neurosurgeon, cardiosurgeon and interventional radiologist).