Improving anxiety regulation in patients with breast cancer at the beginning of the survivorship period: a randomized clinical trial comparing the benefits of single-component and multiple-component group interventions.

OBJECTIVE: To compare in a multicenter randomized controlled trial the benefits in terms of anxiety regulation of a 15-session single-component group intervention (SGI) based on support with those of a 15-session multiple-component structured manualized group intervention (MGI) combining support with cognitive-behavioral and hypnosis components. METHODS: Patients with nonmetastatic breast cancer were randomly assigned at the beginning of the survivorship period to the SGI (n = 83) or MGI (n = 87). Anxiety regulation was assessed, before and after group interventions, through an anxiety regulation task designed to assess their ability to regulate anxiety psychologically (anxiety levels) and physiologically (heart rates). Questionnaires were used to assess psychological distress, everyday anxiety regulation, and fear of recurrence. Group allocation was computer generated and concealed till baseline completion. RESULTS: Compared with patients in the SGI group (n = 77), patients attending the MGI group (n = 82) showed significantly reduced anxiety after a self-relaxation exercise (P = .006) and after exposure to anxiety triggers (P = .013) and reduced heart rates at different time points throughout the task (P = .001 to P = .047). The MGI participants also reported better everyday anxiety regulation (P = .005), greater use of fear of recurrence-related coping strategies (P = .022), and greater reduction in fear of recurrence-related psychological distress (P = .017) compared with the SGI group. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that an MGI combining support with cognitive-behavioral techniques and hypnosis is more effective than an SGI based only on support in improving anxiety regulation in patients with breast cancer.

Factors associated with self-perceived burden to the primary caregiver in older patients with hematologic malignancies: an exploratory study.

OBJECTIVE: Although cancer patients frequently experience self-perceived burden to others, this perception has not been enough studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of self-perceived burden to the primary caregiver (SPB-PC) and associated factors in an older patient population with hematologic malignancies at the time of chemotherapy initiation. METHODS: In total, 166 consecutive patients with hematologic malignancies aged ≥65 years were recruited at the time of chemotherapy initiation. Patients' SPB-PC was assessed using a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS). Characteristics potentially associated with SPB-PC, including sociodemographic and medical characteristics, physical functioning status (Karnofsky performance score, activities of daily living (ADL)/instrumental ADL), symptoms (fatigue, pain, nausea, quality of life), psychological distress (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)), perceived cognitive function (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Cognitive (FACT-Cog) Scale), and patients'/primary caregivers' personal relationship characteristics (family tie, support), were assessed. RESULTS: Thirty-five percent of patients reported moderate to severe SPB-PC (VAS ≥ 50 mm). Patients' SPB-PC was associated with lower Karnofsky performance (ß = -0.135, p = 0.058) and ADL (ß = -0.148, p = 0.037) scores, and higher HADS (ß = 0.283, p < 0.001) and FACT-Cog perceived cognitive impairments subscale (ß = 0.211, p = 0.004) scores. The proportion of explained variance was 23.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Health care professionals should be aware that about one third of older cancer patients experience moderate to severe SPB-PC at the time of chemotherapy initiation. They should adapt their support of patients who report such a feeling. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Cognitive compensatory processes of older, clinically fit patients with hematologic malignancies undergoing chemotherapy: A longitudinal cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the well-known negative impacts of cancer and anticancer therapies on cognitive performance, little is known about the cognitive compensatory processes of older patients with cancer. This study was designed to investigate the cognitive compensatory processes of older, clinically fit patients with hematologic malignancies undergoing chemotherapy. METHODS: We assessed 89 consecutive patients (age ≥ 65 y) without severe cognitive impairment and 89 age-, sex-, and education level-matched healthy controls. Cognitive compensatory processes were investigated by (1) comparing cognitive performance of patients and healthy controls in novel (first exposure to cognitive tasks) and non-novel (second exposure to the same cognitive tasks) contexts, and (2) assessing psychological factors that may facilitate or inhibit cognitive performance, such as motivation, psychological distress, and perceived cognitive performance. We assessed cognitive performance with the Trail-Making, Digit Span and FCSR-IR tests, psychological distress with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and perceived cognitive performance with the FACT-Cog questionnaire. RESULTS: In novel and non-novel contexts, average cognitive performances of healthy controls were higher than those of patients and were associated with motivation. Cognitive performance of patients was not associated with investigated psychological factors in the novel context but was associated with motivation and psychological distress in the non-novel context. CONCLUSIONS: Older, clinically fit patients with hematologic malignancies undergoing chemotherapy demonstrated lower cognitive compensatory processes compared to healthy controls. Reducing distress and increasing motivation may improve cognitive compensatory processes of patients in non-novel contexts.

Use and Selection of Sleeping Sites by Proboscis Monkeys, Nasalislarvatus, along the Kinabatangan River, Sabah, Malaysia.

The choice of a sleeping site is crucial for primates and may influence their survival. In this study, we investigated several tree characteristics influencing the sleeping site selection by proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) along Kinabatangan River, in Sabah, Malaysia. We identified 81 sleeping trees used by one-male and all-male social groups from November 2011 to January 2012. We recorded 15 variables for each tree. Within sleeping sites, sleeping trees were taller, had a larger trunk, with larger and higher first branches than surrounding trees. The crown contained more mature leaves, ripe and unripe fruits but had vines less often than surrounding trees. In addition, in this study, we also focused on a larger scale, considering sleeping and non-sleeping sites. Multivariate analyses highlighted a combination of 6 variables that revealed the significance of sleeping trees as well as surrounding trees in the selection process. During our boat surveys, we observed that adult females and young individuals stayed higher in the canopy than adult males. This pattern may be driven by their increased vulnerability to predation. Finally, we suggest that the selection of particular sleeping tree features (i.e. tall, high first branch) by proboscis monkeys is mostly influenced by antipredation strategies.

Improving communication in cancer pain management nursing: a randomized controlled study assessing the efficacy of a communication skills training program.

PURPOSE: Effective communication is needed for optimal cancer pain management. This study assessed the efficacy of a general communication skills training program for oncology nurses on communication about pain management. METHODS: A total of 115 nurses were randomly assigned to a training group (TG) or control group (CG). The assessment included the recording of interviews with a simulated cancer patient at baseline for both groups and after training (TG) or 3 months after baseline (CG). Two psychologists rated the content of interview transcripts to assess cancer pain management communication. Group-by-time effects were measured using a generalized estimating equation. RESULTS: Trained nurses asked the simulated patient more questions about emotions associated with pain (relative rate [RR] = 4.28, p = 0.049) and cognitions associated with pain treatment (RR = 3.23, p < 0.001) and used less paternalistic statements about cancer pain management (RR = 0.40, p = 0.006) compared with untrained nurses. CONCLUSIONS: The general communication skills training program improved only a few of the communication strategies needed for optimal cancer pain management in nursing. General communication skills training programs should be consolidated using specific modules focusing on communication skills related to cancer pain management.

The ability of informal primary caregivers to accurately report cancer patients' difficulties.

BACKGROUND: In cancer care, informal primary caregivers provide healthcare professionals with key information regarding patient difficulties. The aim of this study was to assess their ability to report cancer patients' physical, psychological, and social difficulties. METHODS: We recruited 208 consecutive patients and their informal primary caregivers in 10 oncology units. Patients reported their difficulties on the CAncer Rehabilitation Evaluation System (CARES-P), whereas caregivers reported their perception of patient difficulties on an adapted CARES questionnaire (CARES-C). On the basis of CARES-P and CARES-C questionnaire answers, correct report rates were defined by the percentage of difficulties reported at least 'a little' by patients and by caregivers. False report rates were defined by the percentage of difficulties not reported at least 'a little' by patients and reported by caregivers. Patients and their caregivers also provided their distress levels (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and coping strategies. RESULTS: Caregivers correctly reported 67% of physical, 69% of psychological, and 40% of social difficulties experienced in patients. Caregivers falsely reported 28% of physical, 37% of psychological, and 22% of social difficulties not experienced by patients. Significant correlations were found between all correct and false reported rates. Patient and caregiver characteristics were weakly associated with caregivers' correct and false reports. CONCLUSIONS: Family primary caregivers correctly reported approximately two thirds of physical and psychological patients' difficulties; however, they had less accurate reports of patients' social difficulties. Correct report rates increased the probability of false report rates. Healthcare professionals should carefully evaluate the accuracy of a primary informal caregiver's report in regards to patient experiences.

Desire for formal psychological support among caregivers of patients with cancer: prevalence and implications for screening their needs.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of desire for formal psychological support of primary caregivers of patients with cancer and to identify caregivers' and patients' socio-demographic and psychological characteristics as well as patients' disease-related characteristics associated with this desire. METHODS: This is a multicenter, cross-sectional study assessing desire for formal psychological support among consecutive primary caregivers of patients with cancer. Patients and caregivers completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and reported their desire for formal psychological support. RESULTS: Two-hundred and eighty-two patient-caregiver dyads were assessed. Forty percent of patients had breast cancer, 16% had a hematologic cancer, 12% had a gastrointestinal cancer, and 32% had another solid tumor. Nineteen percent of caregivers reported desiring formal support, and 54% experienced moderate to high levels of distress. Regression analysis showed that caregivers' desire for formal support was negatively associated with caregivers' age (Exp(B) = 0.95; p < 0.001) and education levels (Exp(B) = 0.35; p = 0.032) and positively with caregivers' level of distress (Exp(B) = 1.08; p < 0.001) and with patients' desire for formal psychological support (Exp(B) = 2.54; p = 0.008). These variables only predicted 25% of caregivers who desire formal support. CONCLUSIONS: One out of five caregivers desires formal psychological support although one out of two caregivers experiences significant levels of distress. The weak association between caregivers' desire for formal support and distress emphasizes the need to implement systematic screenings of both their distress and their desire for formal psychological support in oncology.

A randomized controlled trial assessing behavioral, cognitive, emotional and physiological changes resulting from a communication skills training in physicians caring for cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: This randomized study assesses behavioral, cognitive, emotional and physiological changes resulting from a communication skills training (CST) for physicians caring for cancer patients. METHODS: Medical specialists (N = 90) were randomly assigned in groups to complete a manualized 30-h CST or to a waiting list. Assessments included behavioral (communication skills), cognitive (self-efficacy, sense of mastery), emotional (perceived stress) and physiological (heart rate) measures. Assessments were made at baseline (both groups), after CST program (training group), and four months after (waiting list group). All assessments were conducted before, during, and after a complex communication task with an advanced-stage cancer simulated patient (SP). RESULTS: Trained physicians had higher levels of communication skills (from RR=1.32; p = .003 to RR=41.33; p < .001), self-efficacy (F=9.3; p = .003), sense of mastery (F=167.9; p < .001) and heart rate during the SP encounter (from F=7.4; p = .008 to F=4; p = .050) and same levels of perceived stress (F=3.1; p = .080). CONCLUSION: A learner-centered, skills-focused and practice-oriented manualized 30-h CST induced multilevel changes indicating physician engagement in a learning process. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Trainers should consider the CST multilevel benefits (behavioral, cognitive, emotional and physiological) before, during and after a complex communication simulated task as an innovative way to assess the efficacy of a communication skills learning process.

Cancer patients' desire for psychological support: prevalence and implications for screening patients' psychological needs.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate cancer patients' desire for psychological support and to identify patients' sociodemographic, disease-related and psychological factors associated with this desire. METHODS: The study is part of a multicenter, cross-sectional study assessing cancer patients' needs and desire for psychological support. Patients completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Ways of Coping Checklist, the Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System and reported their desire for psychological support. RESULTS: Among the 381 included patients, women (26%) desired psychological support significantly more often than men (11%) (p<0.001). Patients' desire for psychological support was associated with being younger (OR=0.94; p<0.001 for women and OR=0.93; p=0.007 for men) and having a support-seeking coping (OR=1.10; p=0.010 for women and OR=1.36; p=0.003 for men). Other contextual factors such as difficulties encountered and treatment modalities were diversely associated with women and men's desire for psychological support. Neither women's, nor men's psychological distress was associated with their desire for psychological support. CONCLUSIONS: One female cancer patient out of four and one male cancer patient out of ten desire psychological support. Results emphasize the need to screen not only for cancer patients' distress but also for their desire for psychological support. This will allow implementing psychological interventions according to patients' needs and desire.

Insight on variables leading to burnout in cancer physicians.

Although communication skills training programs have been recommended to reduce physicians' burnout, few studies have investigated their efficacy. This study assessed the impact of two training programs on cancer physicians' burnout. Especially, it identified some variables leading to burnout in order to develop effective interventions. Burnout was assessed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory. No statistically significant impact of training programs on burnout was observed. The amount of clinical workload and the overuse of some facilitative communication skills were associated with cancer physicians' burnout. The content of such programs must be redefined to reduce burnout.

Predictors and correlates of burnout in residents working with cancer patients.

There are few studies which have investigated variables associated with the development of burnout among residents working with cancer patients. The aim of this study is to identify variables leading to residents' burnout in order to develop effective interventions. Burnout was assessed with Maslach Burnout Inventory. Person- (i.e., emotional-focused coping) and work-related (i.e., changes in lack of organizational support index) variables explain 28% of the variance in changes in emotional exhaustion. Training programs may be improved by adding specific modules for residents, about problem-focused coping in interviewing patients, and for supervisors, about effective team management.

How does physicians' decisional conflict influence their ability to address treatment outcomes in a decision-making encounter with an advanced-stage cancer simulated patient? A descriptive study.

OBJECTIVES: This descriptive study assesses how physicians' decisional conflict influences their ability to address treatment outcomes (TOs) in a decision-making encounter with an advanced-stage cancer simulated patient (SP). METHODS: Physicians (N = 138) performed a decision-making encounter with the SP trained to ask for TOs information. The physicians' decisional conflict regarding patients' cancer treatments in general was assessed with the General Decisional Conflict Scale (Gen-DCS). The physicians' decisional conflict regarding the SP's cancer treatments was assessed with the Specific Decisional Conflict Scale (Spe-DCS). Physicians' ability to address TOs during the encounter was assessed with an interaction analysis system: the Multi-Dimensional Analysis of Patient Outcome Predictions (MD.POP). Weekly time spent with cancer patients was assessed with a questionnaire. RESULTS: Physicians' Spe-DCS (ß = -.21 ; p = .014) and weekly time spent with cancer patients (ß = .22 ; p = .008) predicted the number of TOs addressed during the encounter. Spe-DCS scores predicted nearly all MD.POP dimensions (r = -.18 ; p = .040 to r = -.30 to p < .001) whereas Gen-DCS scores predicted nearly none MD.POP dimensions. CONCLUSION: Physicians' specific decisional conflict interferes with their ability to address TOs in a decision-making encounter with an advanced-stage cancer SP. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Physicians should be trained to address TOs according to patient preferences, despite their own decisional conflict.

Impact of life-threatening risk information on the evolution of patients' anxiety and risk recall: the specific context of informed consent for experimental stem cell transplant.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines risk recall and evolution of patients' anxiety after transmission of life-threatening risk information in an informed consent procedure for experimental HSCT. METHODS: Informed consent interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Patient risk recall was obtained through comparing information provided in the interview to information recalled by patients following the interview. The evolution of patients' anxiety was assessed through comparing patients' post- to patients' pre-interview anxiety using the STAI-State. Physicians' communication skills and risk framing were analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty patients were included. Patients recalled on average 4 risks (S.D.=1.6) out of 9 different risks transmitted (S.D.=2) which corresponds to a recall rate of 44% (S.D.=15.5). Patients' anxiety remained on average stable (Mean=0.4; S.D.=9.1). Linear regression analysis showed that risk recall was predicted positively by the number of risks transmitted (B=.30; P=.032) and by patients' problem-focused coping (B=.21; P=.008). The evolution of anxiety was predicted positively by the number of times benefits were transmitted (B=.83; P=.003) and negatively by the level of anxiety before the interview (B=-.50; P=.001). CONCLUSION: Results show the limits of patients' risk recall in the context of informed consent for a life-threatening procedure. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: This study highlights the necessity to develop strategies allowing tailoring of risk transmission to every patient's needs.

Factors influencing physicians' detection of cancer patients' and relatives' distress: can a communication skills training program improve physicians' detection?

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the impact on physicians' detection of patients' and relatives' distress of six 3-h consolidation workshops (CW) following a 2.5-day communication skills basic training (BT) program and to investigate factors associated with detection of distress. METHODS: Physicians, after BT, were randomized to CW or to a waiting list. Physicians' detection of patients' and relatives' distress was measured through differences between physicians' ratings of patients' and relatives' distress (VAS) and patients' and relatives' self-reported distress (HADS). Communication skills were analysed according to the CRCWEM. RESULTS: Mixed-effects modelling of physicians' detection of patients' distress showed a positive group by time effect in favour of physicians in the CW group. Detection of patients' distress was associated negatively with patients' distress, positively with physicians' concurrent use of psychological assessment and supportive skills, and negatively with general assessment skills. Mixed-effects modelling of physicians' detection of relatives' distress showed no significant group by time effect. Detection of relatives' distress was associated negatively with relatives' distress and with general assessment skills. CONCLUSION: CW following a 2.5-day BT are needed to improve physicians' detection of patients' distress in three-person interviews. Results indicate the need to further improve physicians' detection of relatives' distress.

Factors that influence cancer patients' and relatives' anxiety following a three-person medical consultation: impact of a communication skills training program for physicians.

BACKGROUND: No study has yet assessed the impact of physicians' skills acquisition after a communication skills training program on changes in patients' and relatives' anxiety following a three-person medical consultation. This study aimed at comparing, in a randomized study, the impact, on patients' and relatives' anxiety, of a basic communication skills training program and the same program consolidated by consolidation workshops and at investigating physicians' communication variables associated with patients' and relatives' anxiety. METHODS: Consultations with a cancer patient and a relative were recorded and analyzed by the Cancer Research Campaign Workshop Evaluation Manual. Patients' and relatives' anxiety were assessed with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State. RESULTS: No statistically significant change over time and between groups was observed. Mixed-effects modeling of changes in patients' and relatives' anxiety showed that decreases in both patients' and relatives' anxiety were linked with patients' and relatives' self-reported distress (p = 0.031 and 0.005), and that increases in both patients' and relatives' anxiety were linked with physicians' breaking bad news (p = 0.028 and 0.005). CONCLUSION: No impact of the training program was observed. Results indicate the need to further study communication skills which may help reduce patients' and relatives' anxiety especially when breaking bad news.

Development of the Multi-Dimensional Analysis of Patient Outcome Predictions (MD.POP) during medical encounters.

OBJECTIVE: Our first objective was to develop the Multi-Dimensional analysis of Patient Outcome Predictions (MD.POP), an interaction analysis system that assesses how HCPs discuss precisely and exclusively patient outcomes during medical encounters. The second objective was to study its interrater reliability. METHOD: The MD.POP was developed by consensus meetings. Forty simulated medical encounters between physicians and an actress portraying a patient were analysed. Interrater reliability analysis was conducted on 20 of those simulated encounters. RESULTS: The MD.POP includes six dimensions: object, framing, value, domain, probability and form of POP. The coding method includes four steps: 1) transcription of the encounter, 2) POP identification, 3) POP dimension coding and 4) POP scoring. Descriptive analyses show that the MD.POP is able to describe verbal expressions addressing the patient's outcomes. Statistical analyses show excellent interrater reliability (Cohen's Kappa ranging from 0.92 to 0.94). CONCLUSION: The MD.POP is a reliable interaction analysis system that assesses how HCPs discuss patient medical, psychological or social outcomes during medical encounters. PRACTICAL IMPLICATION: The MD.POP provides a measure for researchers to study how HCPs communicate with patients about potential outcomes. Results of such studies will allow to provide recommendations to improve HCP's communication about patients' outcomes.

Development of the LaComm 1.0, A French medical communication analysis software: A study assessing its sensitivity to change.

OBJECTIVE: To test and compare the sensitivity to change of a communication analysis software, the LaComm 1.0, to the CRCWEM's using data from a randomized study assessing the efficacy of a communication skills training program designed for nurses. METHODS: The program assessment included the recording of two-person simulated interviews at baseline and after training or 3 months later. Interview transcripts were analyzed using the CRCWEM and the LaComm 1.0 tools. RESULTS: One hundred and nine oncology nurses (mainly graduated or certified) were included in the study. The CRCWEM detected 5 changes out of 13 expected changes (38%) (e.g., more open directive questions after training) and the LaComm 1.0, 4 changes out of 7 expected changes (57%) (e.g., more empathic statements after training). For open directive question, the effect sizes of the group-by-time changes were slightly different between tools (CRCWEM: Cohen's d=0.97; LaComm 1.0: Cohen's d=0.67). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the LaComm 1.0 is sensitive to change. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The LaComm 1.0 is a valid method to assess training effectiveness in French. The use of the Lacomm 1.0 in future French communication skills training programs will allow comparisons of studies.

Predictors of physicians' communication performance in a decision-making encounter with a simulated advanced-stage cancer patient: A longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVES: Physicians' characteristics that influence their communication performance (CP) in decision-making encounters have been rarely studied. In this longitudinal study, predictors of physicians' CP were investigated with a simulated advanced-stage cancer patient. METHODS: Physicians (n=85) performed a decision-making encounter with a simulated patient (SP). Their CP was calculated by analyzing encounter transcripts with validated interaction analysis systems. Potential specific psychological predictors were physicians' empathy towards the SP (Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy, JSPE) and their decisional conflict about the treatment (Decisional Conflict Scale, DCS). Potential general psychological predictors were physicians' empathy towards cancer patients (JSPE), their decisional conflict about cancer patients' treatments (DCS), and their affective reactions to uncertainty (Physicians' Reactions to Uncertainty, PRU). RESULTS: Physicians' CP was predicted by their decisional conflict about the SP's treatment (DCS) (ß=0.41; p< 0.001) and their affective reactions to uncertainty regarding cancer treatments (PRU) (ß=-0.31; p=0.003). CONCLUSION: During encounters with advanced-stage cancer patients, physicians' awareness of uncertainty about which treatments to consider may facilitate their communication performance, whereas physicians' affective reactions to uncertainty may inhibit their performance. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Physicians' decisional conflict and reactions to uncertainty should be addressed in communication skills training programs.

Vulnerabilities in Older Patients when Cancer Treatment is Initiated: Does a Cognitive Impairment Impact the Two-Year Survival?

INTRODUCTION: Dementia is a known predictor of shorter survival times in older cancer patients. However, no empirical evidence is available to determine how much a cognitive impairment shortens survival in older patients when cancer treatment is initiated. PURPOSE: To longitudinally investigate how much a cognitive impairment detected at the initiation of cancer treatment influences survival of older patients during a two-year follow-up duration and to compare the predictive value of a cognitive impairment on patients survival with the predictive value of other vulnerabilities associated with older age. METHODS: Three hundred and fifty-seven consecutive patients (≥65 years old) admitted for breast, prostate, or colorectal cancer surgeries were prospectively recruited. A cognitive impairment was assessed with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA<26). Socio-demographic, disease-related, and geriatric vulnerabilities were assessed using validated tools. Univariate and subsequent multivariate Cox proportional hazards models stratified for diagnosis (breast/prostate cancer versus colorectal cancer) and disease status (metastatic versus non-metastatic) were used. RESULTS: A cognitive impairment was detected in 46% (n = 163) of patients. Survival was significantly influenced by a cognitive impairment (HR = 6.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.07-18.09; p = 0.001), a loss in instrumental autonomy (IADL ≤7) (HR = 3.06; 95% CI = 1.31-7.11; p = 0.009) and fatigue (Mob-T<5) (HR = 5.98; 95% CI = 2.47-14.44; p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: During the two years following cancer treatment initiation, older patients with a cognitive impairment were up to six times more likely to die than patients without. Older patients should be screened for cognitive impairments at cancer treatment initiation to enable interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality. Further studies should address processes underlying the relationship between cognitive impairments and an increased risk of dying in older cancer patients.

Is it possible to improve communication around radiotherapy delivery: A randomized study to assess the efficacy of team training?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a 38-h communication skills training program designed for multidisciplinary radiotherapy teams. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four radiotherapy teams were randomly assigned to a training program or to a waiting list. Assessments were scheduled at baseline (T1) and then after the training was completed or four months later (T2), respectively. Communication around radiotherapy delivery was assessed based on audio recordings of the first and last radiotherapy sessions in order to assess team members' communication skills and the expression of concerns by breast cancer patients (analyzed with content analysis software LaComm). RESULTS: 198 radiotherapy sessions were recorded. During the first radiotherapy sessions, members of the trained teams exhibited more assessment skills (p=0.048), provided more setting information (p<0.001), and used more social words (p=0.019) compared to the members of the untrained teams. During the last radiotherapy session, members of the trained teams used more assessment skills (p=0.004) and patients interacting with members of the trained teams expressed more sadness words (p=0.023). CONCLUSION: Training of multidisciplinary teams has the potential to transfer skills that affect the short exchanges that take place around radiotherapy delivery.