RESUMEN
The concepts of class, race, and ethnicity figure prominently in health services research in Britain. Occupational class has been employed for nearly a century to investigate social inequalities in health and access to care. More recently, researchers have identified differences in health status and utilization between ethnic groups. This article examines how these constructs are defined in Britain and identifies some key research associated with them. It also draws attention to the considerable problems in using class and ethnicity to stratify the population. The authors conclude that a new approach that directly measures individuals' material and social resources needs to be developed.
Asunto(s)
Etnicidad , Estado de Salud , Pobreza , Grupos Raciales , Clase Social , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Grupos Minoritarios , Factores Socioeconómicos , Reino Unido/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
This paper addresses the extent to which equity of treatment is received by people of different ethnic groups from the British National Health Service. Using data from the General Household Surveys of 1984-91 it examines the use of general practitioner, outpatient services using three different methods to adjust for need and for other possible confounding variables. The results do not suggest there is any gross pattern of inequity between ethnic groups, except perhaps with respect to the Chinese population which displays consistently low levels of utilisation. However, while use of GP services by minority ethnic groups is in general as high or higher than the white population, use of outpatient service is low. Some of the results also suggest that there may be important ethnic differences underlying the broader finding of equity. For example, females of Pakistani origin report low levels of GP use. More generally, excess use of GP services among several minority ethnic groups appears to be associated with need, while people from most minority ethnic groups who do not report illness display especially low use of outpatient services relative to the corresponding group in the white population. The paper examines the implications of these findings.
Asunto(s)
Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Medicina Estatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Preescolar , Comparación Transcultural , Femenino , Asignación de Recursos para la Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Investigación sobre Servicios de Salud , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Derivación y Consulta/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores Socioeconómicos , Reino Unido/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess whether equity is achieved in use of general practitioner, outpatient, and inpatient services by children and young people according to their ethnic group and socioeconomic background. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of the British general household survey, 1991-94. SUBJECTS: 20 473 children and young people aged between 0 and 19 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Consultations with a general practitioner within a two week period, outpatient attendances within a three month period, and inpatient stays during the past year. RESULTS: There were no significant class differences in the use of health services by children and young people, and there was little evidence of variation in use of health services according to housing tenure and parental work status. South Asian children and young people used general practitioner services more than any other ethnic group after controlling for socioeconomic background and perceived health status, but the use of hospital outpatient and inpatient services was significantly lower for children and young people from all minority ethnic groups compared with the white population. CONCLUSIONS: Our results differ from previous studies, which have reported significant class differences in use of health services for other age groups. We found no evidence that children and young people's use of health services varied according to their socioeconomic status, suggesting that equity has been achieved. A child or young person's ethnic origin, however, was clearly associated with use of general practitioner and hospital services, which could imply that children and young people from minority ethnic groups receive a poorer quality of health care than other children and young people.
Asunto(s)
Servicios de Salud del Adolescente/estadística & datos numéricos , Servicios de Salud del Niño/estadística & datos numéricos , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria/estadística & datos numéricos , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Clase Social , Adolescente , África/etnología , Atención Ambulatoria/estadística & datos numéricos , Asia/etnología , Niño , Preescolar , Encuestas de Atención de la Salud , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud/etnología , Reino Unido/epidemiología , Revisión de Utilización de Recursos , Indias Occidentales/etnologíaRESUMEN
If the government wishes to promote minor surgery in general practice as an alternative to hospital care, it must demonstrate a much greater commitment to the task, argue Chris Smaje, Sean Boyle and Rosemary Beardow.