The Elephant in the Room: Racial Microaggressions and Implicit Bias in Surgical Training.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the association between race, experience of microaggressions, and implicit bias in surgical training. BACKGROUND: There is persistent underrepresentation of specific racial and ethnic groups in the field of surgery. Prior research has demonstrated significant sex differences among those who experience microaggressions during training. However, little research has been conducted on the association between race and experiences of microaggressions and implicit bias among surgical trainees. METHODS: A 46-item survey was distributed to general surgery residents and residents of surgical subspecialties through the Association of Program Directors in Surgery listserv and social media platforms. The questions included general information/demographic data and information about experiencing, witnessing, and responding to microaggressions during surgical training. The primary outcome was the prevalence of microaggressions during surgical training by self-disclosed race. Secondary outcomes were predictors of and adverse effects of microaggressions. RESULTS: A total of 1624 resident responses were obtained. General surgery residents comprised 825 (50.8%) responses. The female-to-male ratio was nearly equal (815:809). The majority of respondents identified as non-Hispanic White (63.4%), of which 5.3% of residents identified as non-Hispanic Black, and 9.5% identified as Hispanic. Notably, 91.9% of non-Hispanic Black residents (n=79) experienced microaggressions. After adjustment for other demographics, non-Hispanic Black residents were more likely than non-Hispanic White residents to experience microaggressions [odds ratio (OR): 8.81, P <0.001]. Similar findings were observed among Asian/Pacific Islanders (OR: 5.77, P <0.001) and Hispanic residents (OR: 3.35, P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Race plays an important role in experiencing microaggressions and implicit bias. As the future of our specialty relies on the well-being of the pipeline, it is crucial that training programs and institutions are proactive in developing formal methods to address the bias experienced by residents.

Prophylactic Antibiotic Duration and Infectious Complications in Pancreatoduodenectomy Patients With Biliary Stents: Opportunity for De-escalation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare infectious complications in pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) patients with biliary stents treated with short, medium, or long durations of prophylactic antibiotics. BACKGROUND: Pre-existing biliary stents have historically been associated with higher infection risk after PD. Patients are administered prophylactic antibiotics, but the optimal duration remains unknown. METHODS: This single-institution retrospective cohort study included consecutive PD patients from October 2016 to April 2022. Antibiotics were continued past the operative dose per surgeon discretion. Infection rates were compared by short (≤24 h), medium (>24 but ≤96 h), and long (>96 h) duration antibiotics. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to evaluate associations with a primary composite outcome of wound infection, organ-space infection, sepsis, or cholangitis. RESULTS: Among 542 PD patients, 310 patients (57%) had biliary stents. The composite outcome occurred in 28% (34/122) short, 25% (27/108) medium, and 29% (23/80) long-duration ( P =0.824) antibiotic patients. There were no differences in other infection rates or mortality. On multivariable analysis, antibiotic duration was not associated with infection rate. Only postoperative pancreatic fistula (odds ratio 33.1, P <0.001) and male sex (odds ratio 1.9, P =0.028) were associated with the composite outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Among 310 PD patients with biliary stents, long-duration prophylactic antibiotics were associated with similar composite infection rates to short and medium durations but were used almost twice as often in high-risk patients. These findings may represent an opportunity to de-escalate antibiotic coverage and promote risk-stratified antibiotic stewardship in stented patients by aligning antibiotic duration with risk-stratified pancreatectomy clinical pathways.

Trends Over Time in Recurrence Patterns and Survival Outcomes after Neoadjuvant Therapy and Surgery for Pancreatic Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine if advances in neoadjuvant therapy affected recurrence patterns and survival outcomes after pancreatectomy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). BACKGROUND: Data are limited on how modern multimodality therapy affects PDAC recurrence and post-recurrence survival. METHODS: Patients who received neoadjuvant therapy followed by curative-intent pancreatectomy for PDAC during 1998-2018 were identified. Treatments, recurrence sites and timing, and survival were compared between patients who completed neoadjuvant therapy and pancreatectomy in 1998-2004, 2005-2011, and 2012-2018. RESULTS: The study included 727 patients (203, 251, and 273 in the 1998-2004, 2005-2011, and 2012-2018 cohorts, respectively). Use of neoadjuvant induction chemotherapy increased over time, and regimens changed over time, with >80% of patients treated in 2012-2018 receiving FOLFIRINOX or gemcitabine with nab-paclitaxel. Overall, recurrence sites and incidence (67.5%, 66.1%, and 65.9%) remained stable, and 85% of recurrences occurred within 2 years of surgery. However, compared to earlier cohorts, the 2012-2018 cohort had lower conditional risk of recurrence in postoperative year 1 and higher risk in postoperative year 2. Overall survival increased over time (median, 30.6, 33.6, and 48.7 mo, P < 0.005), driven by improved post-recurrence overall survival (median, 7.8, 12.5, and 12.6 mo; 3-year rate, 7%, 10%, and 20%; P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: We observed changes in neoadjuvant therapy regimens over time and an associated shift in the conditional risk of recurrence from postoperative year 1 to postoperative year 2, although recurrence remained common. Overall survival and post-recurrence survival remarkably improved over time, reflecting improved multimodality regimens for recurrent disease.

Unspoken Truths: Mental Health Among Academic Surgeons.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the current state of mental health within the surgical workforce in the United States. BACKGROUND: Mental illness and suicide is a growing concern in the medical community; however, the current state is largely unknown. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of the academic surgery community assessing mental health, medical error, and suicidal ideation. The odds of suicidal ideation adjusting for sex, prior mental health diagnosis, and validated scales screening for depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and alcohol use disorder were assessed. RESULTS: Of 622 participating medical students, trainees, and surgeons (estimated response rate=11.4%-14.0%), 26.1% (141/539) reported a previous mental health diagnosis. In all, 15.9% (83/523) of respondents screened positive for current depression, 18.4% (98/533) for anxiety, 11.0% (56/510) for alcohol use disorder, and 17.3% (36/208) for PTSD. Medical error was associated with depression (30.7% vs. 13.3%, P <0.001), anxiety (31.6% vs. 16.2%, P =0.001), PTSD (12.8% vs. 5.6%, P =0.018), and hazardous alcohol consumption (18.7% vs. 9.7%, P =0.022). Overall, 13.2% (73/551) of respondents reported suicidal ideation in the past year and 9.6% (51/533) in the past 2 weeks. On adjusted analysis, a previous history of a mental health disorder (aOR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.04-3.65, P =0.033) and screening positive for depression (aOR: 4.30, 95% CI: 2.21-8.29, P <0.001) or PTSD (aOR: 3.93, 95% CI: 1.61-9.44, P =0.002) were associated with increased odds of suicidal ideation over the past 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly 1 in 7 respondents reported suicidal ideation in the past year. Mental illness and suicidal ideation are significant problems among the surgical workforce in the United States.

High Community-Level Social Vulnerability is Associated with Worse Recurrence-Free Survival (RFS) After Resection of Extremity and Truncal Soft Tissue Sarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Although social vulnerability has been associated with worse postoperative and oncologic outcomes in other cancer types, these effects have not been characterized in patients with soft tissue sarcoma. This study evaluated the association of social vulnerability and oncologic outcomes. METHODS: The authors conducted a single-institution cohort study of adult patients with primary and locally recurrent extremity or truncal soft tissue sarcoma undergoing resection between January 2016 and December 2021. The social vulnerability index (SVI) was measured on a low (SVI 1-39%, least vulnerable) to high (60-100%, most vulnerable) SVI scale. The association of SVI with overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard regression. RESULTS: The study identified 577 patients. The median SVI was 44 (interquartile range [IQR], 19-67), with 195 patients categorized as high SVI and 265 patients as low SVI. The median age, tumor size, histologic subtype, grade, comorbidities, stage, follow-up time, and perioperative chemotherapy and radiation utilization were similar between the high and low SVI cohorts. The patients with high SVI had worse OS (p = 0.07) and RFS (p = 0.016) than the patients with low SVI. High SVI was independently associated with shorter RFS in the multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-2.54) but not with OS (HR, 1.47; 95% CI 0.84-2.56). CONCLUSION: High community-level social vulnerability appears to be independently associated with worse RFS for patients undergoing resection of extremity and truncal soft tissue sarcoma. The effect of patient and community-level social risk factors should be considered in the treatment of patients with extremity sarcoma.

Racial Differences in Stage IV Colorectal Cancer Molecular Profiling and Mutation Rates.

INTRODUCTION: Despite advances in colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment, racial disparities persist. The primary aims of the study were to: evaluate differences in molecular testing rates over time by race; and measure the incidence of tumor mutations by race in patients with metastatic CRC. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed of all adult patients with stage IV CRC (2008-2018) identified within the cancer registry of a large regional health system. Demographic/clinical characteristics were collected through primary data abstraction of the electronic health record. Molecular profiling results were obtained directly from Caris Molecular Intelligence and electronic health record. RESULTS: Three hundred eighty-three patients were included: 40.5% (n = 155) were Black and 59.5% (n = 228) were White. Significant increases were observed in microsatellite instability (MSI), KRAS, and BRAF testing rates during the study period (P < 0.0001). The odds of testing over time increased more significantly in Black compared to White patients for MSI testing (White: odds ratio [OR] 1.26 [95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-1.41], Black: OR 1.69 [95% CI 1.41-2.02], P = 0.005) and BRAF testing (White: OR 1.42 [95% CI 1.26-1.62], Black: OR 1.89 [95% CI 1.51-2.36], P = 0.027). An increase in KRAS testing over time was observed for both cohorts and was independent of race (P = 0.58). Mutation rates did not differ by race: KRAS (Black 55.8% versus White 45.6%, P = 0.13) and BRAF (Black 4.8% versus White 10.0%, P = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: Within a large regional health system, molecular testing rates in patients with metastatic CRC increased significantly following National Comprehensive Cancer Network guideline changes for both Black and White patients. Black and White patients who underwent molecular testing had similar rates of MSI, KRAS, and BRAF mutations.

Prevalence, trends, and characteristics of trials investigating local therapy in contemporary phase 3 clinical cancer research.

BACKGROUND: Although most patients with cancer are treated with local therapy (LT), the proportion of late-phase clinical trials investigating local therapeutic interventions is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion, characteristics, and trends of phase 3 cancer clinical trials assessing the therapeutic value of LT over time. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional analysis of interventional randomized controlled trials in oncology published from 2002 through 2020 and registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. Trends and characteristics of LT trials were compared to all other trials. RESULTS: Of 1877 trials screened, 794 trials enrolling 584,347 patients met inclusion criteria. A total of 27 trials (3%) included a primary randomization assessing LT compared with 767 trials (97%) investigating systemic therapy or supportive care. Annual increase in the number of LT trials (slope [m] = 0.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15-0.39; p < .001) was outpaced by the increase of trials testing systemic therapy or supportive care (m = 7.57; 95% CI, 6.03-9.11; p < .001). LT trials were more often sponsored by cooperative groups (22 of 27 [81%] vs. 211 of 767 [28%]; p < .001) and less often sponsored by industry (5 of 27 [19%] vs. 609 of 767 [79%]; p < .001). LT trials were more likely to use overall survival as primary end point compared to other trials (13 of 27 [48%] vs. 199 of 767 [26%]; p = .01). CONCLUSIONS: In contemporary late-phase oncology research, LT trials are increasingly under-represented, under-funded, and evaluate more challenging end points compared to other modalities. These findings strongly argue for greater resource allocation and funding mechanisms for LT clinical trials. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Most people who have cancer receive treatments directed at the site of their cancer, such as surgery or radiation. We do not know, however, how many trials test surgery or radiation compared to drug treatments (that go all over the body). We reviewed trials testing the most researched strategies (phase 3) completed between 2002 and 2020. Only 27 trials tested local treatments like surgery or radiation compared to 767 trials testing other treatments. Our study has important implications for funding research and understanding cancer research priorities.

Microaggressions and Implicit Bias in Surgical Training: An Undocumented but Pervasive Phenomenon.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence, nature, and source of microaggressions experienced by surgical residents during training. SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND DATA: The role of microaggressions in contributing to workplace culture, individual performance, and professional satisfaction has become an increasingly studied topic across various fields. Little is known about the prevalence and impact of microaggressions during surgical training. METHODS: A 46-item survey distributed to current surgical residents in training programs across the United States via the Association of Program Directors in Surgery listserv and social media platforms between January and May 2020. Survey questions explored the frequency and extent of events of experiencing, witnessing, and responding to microaggressions in the workplace. The primary outcome was the occurrence of microaggressions experienced by surgical residents. Secondary outcomes included the nature, impact, and responses to these events. RESULTS: A total of 1624 responses were collected, with an equal distribution by self-identified gender (female, n = 815; male, n = 809). The majority of trainees considered themselves heterosexual (n = 1490, 91.7%) and White (n = 1131, 69.6%). A majority (72.2%, n = 1173) of respondents reported experiencing microaggressions, most commonly from patients (64.1%), followed by staff (57.5%), faculty (45.3%), and co-residents (38.8%). Only a small proportion (n = 109, 7.0%) of residents reported these events to graduate medical education office/program director. Nearly one third (30.8%) of residents said they experienced retaliation due to reporting of micro-aggressions. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this large, national survey of general surgery and surgical subspecialty trainees, microaggressions appear to be pervasive in surgical training. Microaggressions are rarely reported to program leadership, and when reported, can result in retaliation.

Patient-reported Adverse Events During Neoadjuvant Therapy in a Phase 2 Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer Clinical Trial (Alliance A021501).

OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate symptomatic adverse event (AE) rates among patients with pancreatic cancer receiving neoadjuvant therapy on clinical trial (A021501) using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE). BACKGROUND: To date, pancreatic cancer clinical trials have measured AEs using standard physician reporting [Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE)]. Patient-reported symptomatic AEs have been incompletely characterized. METHODS: A021501 (December 31, 2016-January 1, 2019) randomized patients with borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma to 8 doses of mFOLFIRINOX (Arm 1) or 7 doses of mFOLFIRINOX+hypofractionated radiotherapy (Arm 2), followed by pancreatectomy and adjuvant FOLFOX6. Patients completed PRO-CTCAE assessments at baseline, on day 1 of each chemotherapy cycle, and daily during radiotherapy. RESULTS: Of 126 patients, 96 (76%) initiated treatment and completed a baseline plus at least 1 postbaseline PRO-CTCAE assessment. Diarrhea and fatigue were the only symptomatic grade 3 or higher AEs identified in at least 10% of patients using CTCAE. At least 10% of all patients reported an adjusted PRO-CTCAE composite grade 3 AE during neoadjuvant treatment for 10 of 15 items: anxiety (10%), bloating of abdomen (16%), decreased appetite (18%), diarrhea (13%), dry mouth (21%), fatigue (36%), nausea (18%), generalized pain (16%), abdominal pain (21%), and problems tasting (32%). Decreased appetite was higher in Arm 2 than in Arm 1 ( P =0.0497); no other differences between study arms were observed. CONCLUSION: Symptomatic AEs during neoadjuvant therapy were common and were reported more frequently by patients using PRO-CTCAE than were recorded by clinicians using standard CTCAE.

Classification of Post-Pancreatectomy Readmissions and Opportunities for Targeted Mitigation Strategies.

OBJECTIVE: Within a learning health system paradigm, this study sought to evaluate reasons for readmission to identify opportunities for improvement. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Post-pancreatectomy readmission rates have remained constant despite improved index hospitalization metrics. METHODS: We performed a single-institution case-control study of consecutive pancreatectomy patients (October 2016 - April 2022). Complications were prospectively graded in biweekly faculty and advanced practice provider meetings. We analyzed risk factors during index hospitalization and categorized indications for 90-day readmissions. RESULTS: A total of 835 patients, median age 65 years and 51% (427/835) males, underwent 64% (534/835) pancreatoduodenectomies, 34% (280/835) distal pancreatectomies, and 3% (21/835) other resections. 24% (204/835) of patients were readmitted. Primary indication for readmission was technical in 51% (105/204), infectious in 17% (35/204), and medical/metabolic in 31% (64/204) of patients. Procedures were required in 77% (81/105) and 60% (21/35) of technical and infectious readmissions, respectively, while 66% (42/64) of medical/metabolic readmissions were managed non-invasively. During the index hospitalization, benign pathology (OR 1.8, P=0.049), biochemical pancreatic leak (OR 2.3, P=0.001), bile/gastric/chyle leak (OR 6.4, P=0.001), organ-space infection (OR 3.4, P=0.007), undrained fluid on imaging (OR 2.4, P=0.045), and increasing white blood cell count (OR 1.7, P=0.045) were independently associated with odds of readmission. CONCLUSIONS: Most readmissions following pancreatectomy were technical in origin. Patients with complications during index hospitalization, increasing white blood cell count, or undrained fluid before discharge were at highest risk for readmission. Pre-discharge risk-stratification of readmission risk factors and augmentation of in-clinic resources may be strategies to reduce readmission rates.

Association of Rural Residence and Receipt of Guideline-Concordant Care for Locoregional Colon Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Incidence and mortality rates of colon cancer (CC) are higher in rural populations. This study aimed to determine whether rural residence is associated with differences in guideline-concordant care for patients with locoregional CC. METHODS: Patients with stages I-III CC from 2006 to 2016 were identified in the National Cancer Database. Guideline-concordant care (GCC) was defined as resection with negative margins, adequate nodal harvest, and receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with high-risk stage II or III disease. Multivariable logistic regression (MVR) was performed to evaluate the association between rural residence and the odds of receiving GCC. Effect modification was evaluated using a two-way interaction for rurality by insurance status. RESULTS: Of 320,719 identified patients, 6191 (2%) were rural. The rural patients had lower income and lower educational status than the urban patients and were more often Medicare-insured (p < 0.001). The rural patients traveled farther (44.5 vs. 7.5 miles; p < 0.001), although time to surgery was similar (8 vs. 9 days). The two cohorts had similar resection rates (98.8% vs. 98.0%), margin positivity (5.4% vs. 4.8%), adequate lymphadenectomy (80.9% vs. 83.0%), adjuvant chemotherapy (stage III: 69.2% vs. 68.7%), and receipt of GCC (66.5% vs. 68.3%). In the MVR, the odds of receiving GCC did not differ between the rural and urban patients (odds ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.94-1.05%). Insurance status did not differentially influence the receipt of GCC by the rural versus the urban patients (interaction: p = 0.83). CONCLUSIONS: Rural and urban patients with locoregional CC are equally likely to receive GCC, suggesting that differences in cancer care delivery may not explain rural-urban disparities.

A Mixed-Methods Study to Evaluate the Feasibility and Acceptability of Implementing an Electronic Health Record Social Determinants of Health Screening Instrument into Routine Clinical Oncology Practice.

BACKGROUND: Routine screening for social determinants of health (SDOH) in the outpatient oncology setting is uncommon. The primary goal of this study was to prospectively evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of implementing an electronic health record (EHR) SDOH screening instrument into routine, clinical, oncology practice. METHODS: Adult patients with newly diagnosed gastrointestinal cancer presenting to a regional cancer center (November 2020 to July 2021) were eligible. Based on the consolidated framework for implementation research, feasibility measures included screening completion, median clinic visit time, and acceptability by the inter-professional care team and patients as measured by semistructured, qualitative interviews and surveys. Secondary outcomes included SDOH needs identified. RESULTS: Of 137 eligible patients, 112 (81.8%) were screened for SDOH. Demographics of the cohort included: 41.1% black (n = 46), 48.2% rural (n = 54), 4.5% uninsured (n = 5), and 6.3% Medicaid-insured (n = 7) patients. Median visit time was 97 min (95% CI 70-107 min) before and 100 min after implementation (95% CI 75-119 min; p = 0.95). In total, 95.5% (n = 107) reported at least one SDOH need. Clinicians (7/10) reported that SDOH screening was not disruptive and were supportive of ongoing use. Patients (10/10) found the screening acceptable. Screening staff (5/5) reported workflow barriers. Patients and staff also recommended revision of specific instrument questions. CONCLUSIONS: Routine collection of SDOH in an outpatient oncology setting using an EHR instrument is feasible and does not result in increased visit time for patients or clinicians. However, staff perceptions of clinic workflow disruption were reported. Further investigation to determine whether standardized SDOH assessment can improve cancer care delivery and outcomes is ongoing.

Racial Disparity in Pathologic Response following Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Resected Pancreatic Cancer: A Multi-Institutional Analysis from the Central Pancreatic Consortium.

BACKGROUND: Major pathologic response (MPR) following neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients undergoing resection is associated with improved survival. We sought to determine whether racial disparities exist in MPR rates following NAT in patients with PDAC undergoing resection. METHODS: Patients with potentially operable PDAC receiving at least 2 cycles of neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX or gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel ± radiation followed by pancreatectomy (2010-2019) at 7 high-volume centers were reviewed. Self-reported race was dichotomized as Black and non-Black, and multivariable models evaluated the association between race and MPR (i.e., pathologic complete response [pCR] or near-pCR). Cox regression evaluated the association between race and disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Results of 486 patients who underwent resection following NAT (mFOLFIRINOX 56%, gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel 25%, radiation 29%), 67 (13.8%) patients were Black. Black patients had lower CA19-9 at diagnosis (median 67 vs. 204 U/mL; P = 0.003) and were more likely to undergo mild/moderate chemotherapy dose modification (40 vs. 20%; P = 0.005) versus non-Black patients. Black patients had significantly lower rates of MPR compared with non-Black patients (13.4 vs. 25.8%; P = 0.039). Black race was independently associated with worse MPR (OR 0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.10-0.69) while controlling for NAT duration, CA19-9 dynamics, and chemotherapy modifications. There was no significant difference in DFS or OS between Black and non-Black cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Black patients undergoing pancreatectomy appear less likely to experience MPR following NAT. The contribution of biologic and nonbiologic factors to reduced chemosensitivity in Black patients warrants further investigation.

Laparoscopic transverse abdominis plane block: how I do it and a cost efficiency analysis.

PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy and efficiency of laparoscopic transverse abdominis plane block (Lap-TAP) in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy and gastrectomy compared to those of ultrasound-guided TAP (US-TAP). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the records of patients who underwent open or minimally invasive (MIS) pancreatoduodenectomy and major gastrectomy with the use of Lap-TAP or US-TAP at our institution between November 1, 2018, and September 30, 2021. We compared the estimated time and cost associated with Lap-TAP and US-TAP. We also compared postoperative opioid use and pain scores between patients who underwent open laparotomy with these TAPs. RESULTS: A total of 194 patients were included. Overall, 114 patients (59%) underwent pancreatectomy, and 80 patients (41%) underwent gastrectomy. Additionally, 138 patients (71%) underwent an open procedure, and 56 patients (29%) underwent MIS. A total of 102 patients (53%) underwent US-TAP, and 92 (47%) underwent Lap-TAP. The median time to skin incision was significantly shorter in the Lap-TAP group (US-TAP, 59 min vs. Lap-TAP, 45 min; P < 0.001), resulting in an estimated reduction in operation cost by $602. Pain scores and postoperative opioid use were similar between Lap-TAP and US-TAP among open surgery patients, indicating equivalent pain control between Lap-TAP and US-TAP. CONCLUSION: Lap-TAP was equally effective in pain control as US-TAP after pancreatectomy and gastrectomy, and Lap-TAP can reduce operation time and cost. Lap-TAP is considered the preferred approach for MIS pancreatectomy and gastrectomy, which occasionally needs conversion to laparotomy.

Piperacillin-Tazobactam Compared With Cefoxitin as Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Pancreatoduodenectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Despite improvements in perioperative mortality, the incidence of postoperative surgical site infection (SSI) remains high after pancreatoduodenectomy. The effect of broad-spectrum antimicrobial surgical prophylaxis in reducing SSI is poorly understood. Objective: To define the effect of broad-spectrum perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis on postoperative SSI incidence compared with standard care antibiotics. Design, Setting, and Participants: Pragmatic, open-label, multicenter, randomized phase 3 clinical trial at 26 hospitals across the US and Canada. Participants were enrolled between November 2017 and August 2021, with follow-up through December 2021. Adults undergoing open pancreatoduodenectomy for any indication were eligible. Individuals were excluded if they had allergies to study medications, active infections, chronic steroid use, significant kidney dysfunction, or were pregnant or breastfeeding. Participants were block randomized in a 1:1 ratio and stratified by the presence of a preoperative biliary stent. Participants, investigators, and statisticians analyzing trial data were unblinded to treatment assignment. Intervention: The intervention group received piperacillin-tazobactam (3.375 or 4 g intravenously) as perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis, while the control group received cefoxitin (2 g intravenously; standard care). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was development of postoperative SSI within 30 days. Secondary end points included 30-day mortality, development of clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula, and sepsis. All data were collected as part of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Results: The trial was terminated at an interim analysis on the basis of a predefined stopping rule. Of 778 participants (378 in the piperacillin-tazobactam group [median age, 66.8 y; 233 {61.6%} men] and 400 in the cefoxitin group [median age, 68.0 y; 223 {55.8%} men]), the percentage with SSI at 30 days was lower in the perioperative piperacillin-tazobactam vs cefoxitin group (19.8% vs 32.8%; absolute difference, -13.0% [95% CI, -19.1% to -6.9%]; P < .001). Participants treated with piperacillin-tazobactam, vs cefoxitin, had lower rates of postoperative sepsis (4.2% vs 7.5%; difference, -3.3% [95% CI, -6.6% to 0.0%]; P = .02) and clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula (12.7% vs 19.0%; difference, -6.3% [95% CI, -11.4% to -1.2%]; P = .03). Mortality rates at 30 days were 1.3% (5/378) among participants treated with piperacillin-tazobactam and 2.5% (10/400) among those receiving cefoxitin (difference, -1.2% [95% CI, -3.1% to 0.7%]; P = .32). Conclusions and Relevance: In participants undergoing open pancreatoduodenectomy, use of piperacillin-tazobactam as perioperative prophylaxis reduced postoperative SSI, pancreatic fistula, and multiple downstream sequelae of SSI. The findings support the use of piperacillin-tazobactam as standard care for open pancreatoduodenectomy. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03269994.

Correction: Association of race and health insurance in treatment disparities of colon cancer: A retrospective analysis utilizing a national population database in the United States.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003842.].

Association of Medicaid expansion with racial disparities in cancer stage at presentation.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the independent association of Medicaid expansion on stage of presentation among patients of Black and White race with colorectal (CRC), breast, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: A cohort study of patients with CRC, breast cancer, or NSCLC (2009-2017) in the National Cancer Database was performed. Difference-in-differences (DID) analysis was used to compare changes in tumor stage at diagnosis between Medicaid expansion (MES) and non-expansion states (non-MES) before and after expansion. Predictive margins were calculated by race, year, and insurance status to account for effect heterogeneity. Stage migration was determined by measuring the combined proportional increase in stage I and decrease in stage IV disease at diagnosis. RESULTS: Black patients gained less Medicaid coverage than White patients (6.0% vs 13.1%, p < 0.001) after expansion. Among Black and White patients, there was a shift towards increased early-stage diagnosis (DID 3.5% and 3.5%, respectively; p < 0.001) and decreased late-stage diagnosis (DID White: -3.5%; Black -2.5%; p < 0.001) in MES compared to non-MES following expansion. Overall stage migration was greater for White compared to Black patients with CRC (10.3% vs. 5.1%) and NSCLC (8.1% vs. 6.7%) after expansion. Stage migration effects in patients with breast cancer were similar by race (White 4.8% vs. Black 4.5%). CONCLUSION: An increased proportion of Black and White patients residing in Medicaid expansion states presented with earlier stage cancer following Medicaid expansion. However, because the proportion of Black patients is higher in non-expansion states, national racial disparities in cancer stage at presentation appear worse following Medicaid expansion.

Racial and ethnic differences in patient ratings of colorectal and non-small-cell lung cancer care: A SEER-CAHPS study.

PURPOSE: Although significant racial and ethnic disparities exist in colorectal and lung cancer treatment and survival, racial differences in patient-reported experience of care are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in patient-reported ratings of colorectal and non-small-cell lung cancer care by race/ethnicity. METHODS: Medicare beneficiaries with AJCC stage I-IV colorectal and non-small-cell lung cancer (2003-2013) who completed a Medicare Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers (CAHPS) survey within 5 years of cancer diagnosis were identified in the linked SEER-CAHPS dataset. Scores were compared by race/ethnicity, defined as White, Black, or any other race/ethnicity. RESULTS: Of the 2,621 identified patients, 161 (6.1%) were Black, 2,279 (87.0%) White, and 181 (6.9%) any other race/ethnicity. Compared to White patients, Black patients were younger, had lower educational level, and had higher census tract poverty indicator (p < 0.001). Black patients rated their ability to get care quickly significantly lower than White patients (63.5 (SE 3.38) vs. 71.4 (SE 2.12), p < 0.01), as did patients of any other race/ethnicity (LS mean 66.2 (SE 2.89), p = 0.02). Patients of any other race/ethnicity reported their ability to get needed care significantly lower than White patients (LS mean 81.9 (SE 2.46) vs. 86.7 (SE 1.75), p = 0.02); however, there was no difference in ability to get needed care between Black and White patients. CONCLUSION: Patient ratings for getting care quickly were lower in non-White patients, indicating racial disparities in perceived timeliness of care.

Changes in the Proportion of Patients Presenting With Early Stage Colon Cancer Over Time Among Medicaid Expansion and Nonexpansion States: A Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act mandated preventive screening coverage and provided support to participating states for Medicaid coverage. The association of Medicaid expansion with colon cancer stage at diagnosis is unknown. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine whether the proportion of patients diagnosed with early stage colon cancer changed over time within states that expanded Medicaid compared with nonexpansion states. DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional cohort study. SETTING: This study evaluated multicenter registry data from the National Cancer Database (2006-2016). PATIENTS: There were 25,462 uninsured or Medicaid-insured patients with newly diagnosed colon cancer who resided in 2014 Medicaid expansion or nonexpansion states. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: This study assessed the annual proportion of patients with early stage (I-II) versus late stage (III-IV) colon cancer. RESULTS: A total of 10,289 patients were identified in expansion states and 15,173 patients in nonexpansion states. Cohorts were similar in age (median 55 years) and sex (46.7% female). A greater proportion of patients in nonexpansion states were Black (33.4% vs 24.0%) and resided in a zip code with median income <$38,000 (39.7% vs 28.2%) and lower educational status (37.4% vs 28.1%). In 2006, the proportions of patients with early stage colon cancer in expansion and nonexpansion cohorts were similar (33.2% vs 32.5%). The proportion of patients with early stage colon cancer within nonexpansion states declined by 0.8% per year after 2014, whereas the proportion within expansion states increased by 0.9% per year after 2014 ( p < 0.05). By 2016, the absolute difference in the propensity-adjusted proportion of early stage colon cancer was 8.8% (39.7% vs 30.9%, p < 0.001). LIMITATIONS: National Cancer Database data are obtained only from Commission on Cancer-accredited sites and are not population based. CONCLUSIONS: After Medicaid expansion in 2014, the proportion of patients diagnosed and treated at Commission on Cancer-accredited facilities with early stage colon cancer increased within expansion states and decreased in nonexpansion states. Increase in insurance coverage may have facilitated earlier diagnosis among patients in expansion states. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B804 . CAMBIOS EN LA PROPORCIN DE PACIENTES QUE PRESENTAN CNCER DE COLON EN ESTADIO TEMPRANA A LO LARGO DEL TIEMPO ENTRE LOS ESTADOS DE EXPANSIN Y NO EXPANSIN DE MEDICAID UN ESTUDIO TRANSVERSAL: ANTECEDENTES:La Ley del Cuidado de Salud a Bajo Precio del 2010 ordenó la cobertura de exámenes preventivos y brindó apoyo a los estados participantes para la cobertura de Medicaid. Se desconoce la asociación de la expansión de Medicaid con el estadio del cáncer de colon en el momento del diagnóstico.OBJETIVO:Determinar si la proporción de pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de colon en estadio temprano cambió con el tiempo dentro de los estados que expandieron Medicaid en comparación con los estados sin expansión.DISEÑO:Estudio de cohorte transversal.ENTORNO CLINICO:Datos de registro multicéntrico de la Base de datos nacional de cáncer (2006-2016).PACIENTES:Había 25,462 pacientes sin seguro o asegurados por Medicaid con cáncer de colon recién diagnosticado. Exposición: Residencia en estados de expansión o no expansión de Medicaid en el 2014.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:Proporción anual de pacientes con cáncer de colon en estadio temprano (I-II) versus tardío (III-IV).RESULTADOS:Se identificaron un total de 10.289 pacientes en estados de expansión y 15.173 pacientes en estados de no expansión. Las cohortes fueron similares en edad (mediana de 55 años) y sexo (46,7% mujeres). Una mayor proporción de pacientes en estados sin expansión eran de raza negra (33,4% vs 24,0%) y residían en un código postal con ingresos medios <$38 000 (39,7% vs 28,2%) y un nivel educativo más bajo (37,4% vs 28,1%). En el 2006, las proporciones de pacientes con cáncer de colon en estadio temprano en cohortes en expansión y sin expansión fueron similares (33,2% vs 32,5%). La proporción de pacientes con estadio temprano dentro de los estados sin expansión disminuyó en un 0,8% por año después del 2014, mientras que la proporción dentro de los estados de expansión aumentó en un 0,9% por año después del 2014 (p <0,05). Para el 2016, la diferencia absoluta en la proporción ajustada por propensión de cáncer de colon en estadio temprano fue de 8.8% (39.7% vs 30.9%, p <0.001).LIMITACIONES:Los datos de la Base de datos nacional de cáncer se obtienen únicamente de los sitios acreditados por la Comisión de cáncer y no se basan en la población.CONCLUSIONES:Después de la expansión de Medicaid en el 2014, la proporción de pacientes diagnosticados y tratados en instalaciones acreditadas por la Comisión de Cáncer en pacientes con cáncer de colon en estadio temprano aumentó dentro de los estados de expansión y disminuyó en los estados de no expansión. El aumento de la cobertura del seguro puede haber facilitado un diagnóstico más temprano entre los pacientes en estados de expansión. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B804 . (Traducción- Dr. Francisco M. Abarca-Rendon ).

Pancreas cancer trials for early stage disease: Surgeons leading therapeutic cooperative group trials.

Surgeon-led clinical trials have defined the standard of care for locoregional pancreatic cancer to date. The infrastructure and collaborative nature of cooperative oncology groups offer many advantages, such as providing an ideal mechanism through which multidisciplinary pancreatic cancer trials are performed. As key members of the treatment team, surgeons bring experience and expertise to the design of surgical and multidisciplinary trials and are uniquely poised to be leaders of future pancreatic cancer trials.