Permianibacter fluminis sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater stream.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated as IMCC34836T, was isolated from a freshwater stream. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain IMCC34836T was most closely related to Permianibacter aggregans HW001T (of the family Pseudomonadaceae) with 95.6 % sequence similarity and formed a robust clade with P. aggregans HW001T. The draft genome sequence of strain IMCC34836T was 4.4 Mbp in size with 59.1 mol% DNA G+C content. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain IMCC34836T and P. aggregans HW001T were 71.2 and 22.0 %, respectively, indicating that the new strain represents a novel species. The strain contained iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c) and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1 ω9c and/or C16 : 1 10-methyl) as the major fatty acids and harboured phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminophospholipids and three unidentified lipids as major polar lipids. The isoprenoid quinone detected in the strain was ubiquinone-8. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, strain IMCC34836T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Permianibacter, for which the name Permianibacter fluminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IMCC34836T (=KACC 21755T=NBRC 114416T).

Uliginosibacterium aquaticum sp. nov., Isolated from a Freshwater Lake.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, rod-shaped bacterium motile by a polar flagellum, designated IMCC34675T, was isolated from Chungju Lake, an artificial freshwater reservoir in Republic of Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain IMCC34675T belongs to the genus Uliginosibacterium, sharing ≤ 97.1% sequence similarities with the type strains of the genus. Whole genome sequencing of strain IMCC34675T revealed a 4.1 Mbp of genome size with 62.4% of the DNA G + C content. The IMCC34675T genome shared 73.3% of average nucleotide identity and 19.9% of digital DNA-DNA hybridization values to the genome of Uliginosibacterium gangwonense DSM 18521T, the type species of the genus. The major fatty acids of strain IMCC34675T were summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1ω6c and/or C16:1ω7c) and C16:0. The respiratory quinone detected in the strains was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminophospholipid, one aminolipid, and five unidentified lipids. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characterization, strain IMCC34675T was considered to represent a novel species within the genus Uliginosibacterium, for which the name Uliginosibacterium aquaticum sp. nov. is proposed with IMCC34675T (= KACC 21758T = NBRC 114418T) as the type strain.

Ferrimonas sediminicola sp. nov. and Ferrimonas aestuarii sp. nov., Fe(III)-reducing bacteria isolated from marine environments.

Two Gram-stain-negative, Fe(III)-reducing, facultatively anaerobic, motile via a single polar flagellum, rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated IMCC35001T and IMCC35002T, were isolated from tidal flat sediment and seawater, respectively. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that IMCC35001T and IMCC35002T shared 96.6 % sequence similarity and were most closely related to Ferrimonas futtsuensis FUT3661T (98.6 %) and Ferrimonas kyonanensis Asr22-7T (96.8 %), respectively. Draft genome sequences of IMCC35001T and IMCC35002T revealed 4.0 and 4.8 Mbp of genome size with 61.0 and 51.8 mol% of DNA G+C content, respectively. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the two strains were 73.1 and 19.8 %, respectively, indicating that they are separate species. The two genomes showed ≤84.4 % ANI and ≤27.8 % dDDH to other species of the genus Ferrimonas, suggesting that the two strains each represent novel species. The two strains contained both menaquinone (MK-7) and ubiquinones (Q-7 and Q-8). Major fatty acids of strain IMCC35001T were iso-C15 : 0, C18 : 1 ω9c, C17 : 1 ω8c and C16 : 0 and those of strain IMCC35002 T were C18 : 1 ω9c, C16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c). Major polar lipids in both strains were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, unidentified phospholipid, unidentified aminophospholipid and unidentified lipids. The two strains reduced Fe(III) citrate, Fe(III) oxyhydroxide, Mn(IV) oxide and sodium selenate but did not reduce sodium sulfate. They were also differentiated by several phenotypic characteristics. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic data, IMCC35001T and IMCC35002T were considered to represent each novel species in the genus Ferrimonas, for which the names Ferrimonas sediminicola sp. nov. (IMCC35001T=KACC 21161T=NBRC 113699T) and Ferrimonas aestuarii (IMCC35002T=KACC 21162T=NBRC 113700T) sp. nov. are proposed.

Leeia aquatica sp. nov., isolated from freshwater.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, obligately aerobic, motile by a single polar flagellum, chemoheterotrophic bacterium, designated strain IMCC25680T, was isolated from surface water in Chungju Lake, Republic of Korea. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain IMCC25680T was most closely related to Leeia oryzae HW7T with 95.5% sequence similarity and formed a robust clade with L. oryzae HW7T. Whole genome sequencing showed that strain IMCC25680T had a genome 3.6 Mbp long with 60.7 mol% DNA G+C content. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain IMCC25680T and L. oryzae HW7T were 72.4% and 18.5%, respectively, indicating that the novel strain represents a novel species of the genus Leeia. The major cellular fatty acids of strain IMCC25680T were iso-C16:0 and summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c). The respiratory quinone detected in the strain was ubiquinone-8. The major polar lipids were found to be phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified polar lipids. On the basis of the phylogenetic and phenotypic characterization, strain IMCC25680T was considered to represent a novel species within the genus Leeia, for which the name Leeia aquatica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IMCC25680T (=KACC 19487T =NBRC 113132T).

Sphingobacterium chungjuense sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater lake.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, non-flagellated, chemoheterotrophic bacterium, designated strain IMCC25678T, was isolated from an artificial freshwater reservoir, Chungju Lake, in the Republic of Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain IMCC25678T belongs to the genus Sphingobacterium with ≤98.7 % sequence similarities to Sphingobacterium species. Whole genome sequencing of strain IMCC25678T revealed a 3.9 Mbp genome size with a DNA G+C content of 42.2 mol%. The IMCC25678T genome shared ≤89.7 % average nucleotide identity and ≤21.4 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization values with closely related species of the genus Sphingobacterium, indicating that the strain represents a novel species. Summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c), iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH were found to be the predominant cellular fatty acid constituents in the strain. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phosphoglycolipid, one unidentified sphingolipid and three unidentified polar lipids. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, strain IMCC25678T was considered to represent a novel species within the genus Sphingobacterium, for which the name Sphingobacterium chungjuense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IMCC25678T (=KACC 19485T=NBRC 113130T).

Sphingorhabdus lacus sp. nov. and Sphingorhabdus profundilacus sp. nov., isolated from freshwater environments.

Two Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile bacteria, designated IMCC1753T and IMCC26285T, were isolated from a shallow eutrophic pond and a deep oligotrophic lake, respectively. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the two strains shared 99.8 % sequence similarity and were most closely related to Sphingorhabdus contaminans JC216T(98.7-98.8 %). The whole genome sequences of strains IMCC1753T and IMCC26285T were 3.5 and 2.9 Mbp in size with 56.6 and 55.5 mol% DNA G+C content, respectively. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the two strains were 82.2 and 25.8 %, respectively, indicating that they are separate species. The two strains showed ≤98.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities and ≤82.2 % ANI and ≤28.7 % dDDH values to closely related species of the genus Sphingorhabdus, indicating that the two strains each represent novel species. Major fatty acid constituents of strain IMCC1753T were C17 : 1 ω6c, C17 : 1 ω8c and summed features 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c) and 8 (C18 : 1 ω6c and/or C18 : 1 ω7c); those of strain IMCC26285T were summed features 3 and 8. The predominant isoprenoid quinone detected in both strains was ubiquinone-10 and the most abundant polyamine was spermidine. Both strains contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and sphingoglycolipid as major polar lipids. On the basis of the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, strains IMCC1753T and IMCC26285T were considered to represent two distinct novel species in the genus Sphingorhabdus, for which the names Sphingorhabdus lacus (IMCC1753T=KCTC 52480T=KACC 18985T=NBRC 112442T) and Sphingorhabdus profundilacus (IMCC26285T=KCTC 52479T=KACC 18986T=NBRC 112454T) are proposed, respectively.

Halioglobus maricola sp. nov., isolated from coastal seawater.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, non-flagellated, chemoheterotrophic bacterium, designated IMCC14385T, was isolated from surface seawater of the East Sea, Republic of Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that IMCC14385T represented a member of the genus Halioglobus sharing 94.6-97.8 % similarities with species of the genus. Whole-genome sequencing of IMCC14385T revealed a genome size of 4.3 Mbp and DNA G+C content of 56.7 mol%. The genome of IMCC14385T shared an average nucleotide identity of 76.6 % and digital DNA-DNA hybridization value of 21.6 % with the genome of Halioglobus japonicus KCTC 23429T. The genome encoded the complete poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis pathway. The strain contained summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) and C17 : 1 ω8c as the predominant cellular fatty acids as well as ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) as the respiratory quinone. The polar lipids detected in the strain were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, five unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminolipid, an unidentified aminophospholipid and four unidentified lipids. On the basis of taxonomic data obtained in this study, it is suggested that IMCC14385T represents a novel species of the genus Halioglobus, for which the name Halioglobus maricola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IMCC14385T (=KCTC 72520T=NBRC 114072T).

Rhodoferax lacus sp. nov., isolated from a large freshwater lake.

A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, motile with a single polar flagellum and rod-shaped bacterium as a bacterial host of podovirus P26218, designated IMCC26218T, was isolated from Lake Soyang, South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain IMCC26218T belonged to the genus Rhodoferax of the family Comamonadaceae and shared 97.7-99.0 % sequence similarities with Rhodoferax species. The draft whole genome sequence of strain IMCC26218T was ca. 4.9 Mbp in size with the DNA G+C content of 62.3 mol%. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridisation (dDDH) values between strain IMCC26218T and other Rhodoferax were 74.0-77.3 % and 19.5-21.0 %, respectively, showing that the strain represents a new Rhodoferax species. The strain contained summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c) and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids and phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified phospholipids, two unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified lipids as major polar lipids. The predominant isoprenoid quinone of the strain was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). On the basis of the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, strain IMCC26218T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Rhodoferax, for which the name Rhodoferax lacus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IMCC26218T (=KACC 18983T=NBRC 112709T).

Flavobacterium hydrophilum sp. nov. and Flavobacterium cheongpyeongense sp. nov., isolated from freshwater.

Two Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, yellow-pigmented bacterial strains, designated IMCC34758T and IMCC34759T, were isolated from freshwater. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the two strains formed a distinct clade within the genus Flavobacterium and they shared 97.9 % sequence similarity. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values (dDDH) between the two strains were 85.5 and 30.2 %, respectively, indicating that they are separate species. The two strains showed ≤98.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, 80.6-81.3 % of ANI and 24.7-25.1 % of dDDH values to closely related species of the genus Flavobacterium, indicating that the two strains each represent novel Flavobacteriumspecies. The respiratory quinone detected in both strains was menaquinone-6 (MK-6). The major polar lipids of the two strains were phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid, an unidentified aminophospholipid and an unidentified polar lipid. The DNA G+C contents of strains IMCC34758T and IMCC34759T were 34.0 and 34.1 mol%, respectively. The major fatty acids of the two strains were very similar to each other, comprising iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, anteiso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c). Phenotypic characteristics including enzyme activities and carbon source utilization differentiated the two strains from other Flavobacteriumspecies. Based on these results, strains IMCC34758T and IMCC34759T were considered to represent novel species in the genus Flavobacterium, for which the names Flavobacterium hydrophilum (IMCC34758T=KACC 19591T=NBRC 113423T) and Flavobacterium cheongpyeongense (IMCC34759T=KACC 19592T=NBRC 113424T) are proposed, respectively.

Pelagibacterium sediminicola sp. nov., isolated from tidal flat sediment.

A Gram-stain-negative, obligately aerobic, cream-coloured, non-gliding, motile with a single polar flagellum and rod-shaped bacterium, designated IMCC34151T, was isolated from tidal flat sediment of the Yellow Sea, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain IMCC34151T belonged to the genus Pelagibacterium of the family Hyphomicrobiaceae and shared 94.7-96.8 % sequence similarities to Pelagibacterium species. Whole-genome sequencing of strain IMCC34151T revealed a genome size of 3.2 Mbp and a DNA G+C content of 62.6 mol%. The strain contained summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c), C19 : 0cyclo ω8c and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids and ubiquinone-10 (Q-10) as the major respiratory quinone. The polar lipids detected in the strain were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified glycolipids and 12 unidentified lipids. On the basis of its phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, strain IMCC34151T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Pelagibacterium, for which the name Pelagibacteriumsediminicola sp. nov. (type strain IMCC34151T =KACC 19595T=NBRC 113420T) is proposed.

Nibricoccus aquaticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new genus of the family Opitutaceae isolated from hyporheic freshwater.

A yellow-coloured, Gram-strain-negative, non-motile, cocci-shaped, strictly aerobic bacterium, designated HZ-65T, was isolated from hyporheic freshwater in the Republic of Korea. Strain HZ-65T grew at 15-37 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), pH 5.5-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and 0-0.5 % NaCl (w/v; optimum at 0 % NaCl). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene showed that strain HZ-65T is a member of family Opitutaceae and is closely related to Opitutus terrae PB90-1T (94.0 % similarity), Cephaloticoccus primus CAG34T (93.0 %), and Cephaloticoccus capnophilus CV41T (92.7 %), while the similarities to other Opitutaceae-type strains were lower than 90.0 %. The DNA G+C content was 62.2 mol% and the quinone present was menaquinone-7. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C14 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, and iso-C16 : 0, representing 70 % of the total fatty acids. The major polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. Analysis of the HZ-65T genome revealed the presence of 300 genes that are involved in carbohydrate-active enzymes, which indicates the metabolic potential to degrade polysaccharides. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, genetic, and phylogenetic properties suggest that strain HZ-65T represents a novel species in a new genus within the family Opitutaceae, for which the name Nibricoccus aquaticus gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain of Nibricoccus aquaticus is HZ-65T (KACC 19333T=NBRC 112907T).

Rubritalea profundi sp. nov., isolated from deep-seawater and emended description of the genus Rubritalea in the phylum Verrucomicrobia.

A Gram-stain-negative, short-rod, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile and red-pigmented bacterium, designated SAORIC-165T, was isolated from a deep-seawater sample collected from the Pacific Ocean. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain SAORIC-165T was most closely related to Rubritalea marina Pol012T (95.7 % sequence similarity) and formed a robust phylogenetic clade with other species of the genus Rubritalea in the phylum Verrucomicrobia. Optimal growth of strain SAORIC-165T was observed at 10 °C, pH 7.0 and in the presence of 2.0-3.5 % (w/v) NaCl. The DNA G+C content of strain SAORIC-165T was 50.7 mol% and MK-9 was the predominant isoprenoid quinone. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c), iso-C14 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0 and C14 : 0. The major polar lipids constituted phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and unidentified phospholipids and aminolipids. On the basis of the taxonomic data obtained in this study, it was concluded that strain SAORIC-165T represented a novel species of the genus Rubritalea, for which the name Rubritalea profundi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Rubritalea profundi is SAORIC-165T (=NBRC 110691T=KCTC 52460T).

Flavobacterium lacicola sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater lake.

A bacterial strain, designated IMCC25901T, was isolated from a freshwater lake, Soyang, in the Republic of Korea. The strain was Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, orange-coloured and short rod-shaped. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain IMCC25901T was most closely related to Flavobacterium yonginense HMD1001T (97.0 %) and formed a robust phylogenetic clade with other species of the genus Flavobacterium. Growth of strain IMCC25901T was observed at 10-30 °C (optimum, 20 °C), pH 6-8 (optimum, pH 7) and 0-1.0 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %). The DNA G+C content of strain IMCC25901T was 34.2 mol%. The major fatty acid constituents of the strain were anteiso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and iso-C15 : 0. Cells of strain IMCC25901T contained phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified lipids. The isoprenoid quinone detected in the strain was MK-6. On the basis of the taxonomic data obtained in this study, it was concluded that strain IMCC25901T represented a novel species in the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium lacicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Flavobacterium lacicola is IMCC25901T (=KCTC 52571T=NBRC 112883T).

Winogradskyella aurantiaca sp. nov., isolated from seawater.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, motile-by-gliding, orange-coloured bacterial strain, designated strain IMCC20180T, was isolated from seawater collected off the coast of the East Sea in the Republic of Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain IMCC20180T was most closely related to Winogradskyellaporiferorum UST030701-295T (95.7 % sequence similarity) and formed a robust phylogenetic clade with other Winogradskyella species, indicating that the strain was affiliated with the genus Winogradskyella. Growth of strain IMCC20180T was observed at 20-30 °C (optimum, 25 °C), pH 7.0-9.0 (pH 8.0) and with 1.0-3.5 % NaCl (3.0 %, w/v). The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. Major fatty acid constituents were iso-C15 : 1 G, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c), iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C16 : 0 3-OH. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, four unknown aminolipids and five unknown lipids. The estimated genome size and the DNA G+C content of strain IMCC20180T were 3.1 Mb and 37.7 %, respectively. Based on 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, physiological and chemotaxonomic characterization, strain IMCC20180T represented a novel species in the genus Winogradskyella, for which the name Winogradskyellaaurantiaca sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IMCC20180T (=KACC 18883T=KCTC 52240T=JCM 31383T).

Deinococcus lacus sp. nov., a gamma radiation-resistant bacterium isolated from an artificial freshwater pond.

A Gram-stain-negative, pink-coloured, non-motile and gamma radiation-resistant bacterium, designated strain IMCC1711T, was isolated from a freshwater sample collected from an artificial pond (Inkyong Pond). The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain IMCC1711T was most closely related to Deinococcus piscis 3axT (94.2 %) and formed a robust phylogenetic clade with other species of the genus Deinococcus. Optimal growth of strain MCC1711T was observed at 25 °C and pH 7.0 without NaCl. Strain IMCC1711T exhibited high resistance to gamma radiation. The DNA G+C content of strain IMCC1711T was 59.1 mol% and MK-8 was the predominant isoprenoid quinone. Major fatty acid constituents of the strain were C17 : 1ω8c, C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and C15 : 1ω6c. The major polar lipids constituted phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phosphoglycolipid and two unidentified glycolipids. On the basis of taxonomic data obtained in this study, it was concluded that strain IMCC1711T represented a novel species of the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcus lacus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Deinococcus lacus is IMCC1711T (KCTC 52494T=KACC 18979T=NBRC 112440T).

Lacihabitans lacunae sp. nov., isolated from a lagoon.

A non-motile, orange-pigmented bacterium, designated strain HME7103T, was isolated from lagoon water in the Republic of Korea. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain HME7103T formed a lineage within the genus Lacihabitans and family Cytophagaceae. Strain HME7103T was closely related to Lacihabitans soyangensis HME6675T (95.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The major fatty acids of strain HME7103T were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and iso-C15 : 0. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polyamine was spermidine. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, one unidentified aminophospholipid and three unidentified polar lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain HME7103T was 40.6 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain HME7103T represents a novel species within the genus Lacihabitans, for which the name Lacihabitans lacunae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HME7103T (=KCTC 23619T=CECT 7956T).

Rubrivirga profundi sp. nov., isolated from deep-sea water, and emended description of the genus Rubrivirga.

A Gram-staining-negative, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile and pale-red-pigmented bacterium, designated SAORIC-476T, was isolated from deep-sea water from the Pacific Ocean. 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that strain SAORIC-476T was most closely related to Rubrivirga marinaSAORIC-28T (96.8 % similarity) and formed a robust phylogenetic clade with Rubrivirga marinaof the family Rhodothermaceae. Optimal growth of strain SAORIC-476T was observed at 25 °C, pH 7.5 and in the presence of 3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The DNA G+C content of strain SAORIC-476T was 66.2 mol%, and the sole isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or 10-methyl C16 : 0), iso-C17 : 0, C17 : 1ω8c and iso-C15 : 0. The major polar lipids constituted phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, three unknown phospholipids and four unknown polar lipids. On the basis of taxonomic data obtained in this study, it was concluded that strain SAORIC-476T represents a novel species of the genus Rubrivirga, for which the name Rubrivirga profundi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Rubrivirga profundi is SAORIC-476T (=NBRC 110607T=KACC 18401T).

Emticiciafontis sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater pond.

A bacterial strain, designated IMCC1731T, was isolated from an eutrophic freshwater pond and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cellular growth occurred at pH 6-9 (optimum, pH 8.0), at 10-30 °C (optimum, 25 °C) and with 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain IMCC1731T belonged to the genus Emticicia in the family Cytophagaceae and was most closely related to Emticicia ginsengisoli Gsoil 085T (98.1 %) followed by Emticicia paludis HMF3850T (95.0 %), Emticicia oligotrophica DSM 17448T (94.7 %), Emticicia aquatica HMF2925T (94.4 %) and Emticicia sediminis JBR12T (94.0 %). The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain IMCC1731T and E. ginsengisoli Gsoil 085T was 47±4 %. The DNA G+C content of strain IMCC1731T was 37.7 mol%. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and iso-C15 : 0. Based on the physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, DNA-DNA relatedness and 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, stain IMCC1731T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Emticicia, for which the name Emticicia fontis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IMCC1731T (=KCTC 52248T=JCM 31373T).

Lentisphaera profundi sp. nov., isolated from deep-sea water.

A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, non-motile, coccus-shaped bacterium, designated SAORIC-696T, was isolated from deep-sea water at a depth of 1700 m in the western North Pacific Ocean. Optimal growth of strain SAORIC-696T was observed at 15 °C, pH 7.0 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain SAORIC-696T formed a robust phylogenetic clade with members of the genus Lentisphaera. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed that strain SAORIC-696T was most closely related to Lentisphaera marina (98.0 % similarity) and Lentisphaera araneosa (97.3 %). The DNA-DNA relatedness between SAORIC-696T and two species of the genus Lentisphaera was only 27-42 %. The DNA G+C content of strain SAORIC-696T was 43.1 mol% and predominant cellular fatty acids were C16 : 1ω9c (36.8 %), C14 : 0 (22.5 %) and C14 : 0 3-OH and/or iso-C16 : 1 I (10.8 %). Strain SAORIC-696T contained MK-7 as the only respiratory quinone. On the basis of taxonomic data collected in this study, it was concluded that strain SAORIC-696T represents a novel species of the genus Lentisphaera, for which the name Lentisphaera profundi sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain SAORIC-696T ( = NBRC 110692T = KCTC 42681T).

Aurantivirga profunda gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from deep-seawater, a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, proteorhodopsin-containing, orange, rod-shaped bacterium, designated SAORIC-234T, was isolated from deep seawater in the Pacific Ocean. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the strain could be affiliated with the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes and shared less than 94.6 % similarity with other species of the family with validly published names. The phenotypic characteristics of this novel isolate, such as growth properties and enzyme activities, could be differentiated from those of other species. The strain was non-motile, oxidase-positive and catalase-negative. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was determined to be 34.8 mol% and menaquinone-6 (MK-6) was the predominant isoprenoid quinone. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C16 : 0 3-OH, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH. The major polar lipids comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, three unknown aminolipids and three unknown lipids. On the basis of the taxonomic data collected in this study, it was concluded that strain SAORIC-234T represents a novel genus and species in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Aurantivirga profunda gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species, Aurantivirga profunda sp. nov., is SAORIC-234T ( = NBRC 110606T = KACC 18400T).