Microbiome Composition in Microscopic Colitis: A Systematic Review.

Believed to be a rare cause of chronic diarrhoea, microscopic colitis (MC) is a condition with rising incidence. Many prevalent risk factors and the unknown pathogenesis of MC rationalise the need for studies on microbiota composition. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase were searched. Eight case-control studies were included. The risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Clinical details on the study population and MC were poor. The most consistent result among the studies was a decreased Akkermansia genus in faecal samples. Other results were inconsistent due to the different taxonomic levels of the outcomes. Possible changes in different taxa were observed in patients who suffered from MC compared to healthy controls. The alpha diversity compared between MC and the diarrhoea control may suggest potential similarities. The beta diversity in MC compared to healthy and diarrhoeal populations showed no significant outcomes. The microbiome composition in MC possibly differed from the healthy control, but no agreement regarding taxa was made. It might be relevant to focus on possible factors influencing the microbiome composition and its relationship with other diarrhoeal diseases.

Dietary Macronutrient Composition in Relation to Circulating HDL and Non-HDL Cholesterol: A Federated Individual-Level Analysis of Cross-Sectional Data from Adolescents and Adults in 8 European Studies.

BACKGROUND: Associations between increased dietary fat and decreased carbohydrate intake with circulating HDL and non-HDL cholesterol have not been conclusively determined. OBJECTIVE: We assessed these relations in 8 European observational human studies participating in the European Nutritional Phenotype Assessment and Data Sharing Initiative (ENPADASI) using harmonized data. METHODS: Dietary macronutrient intake was recorded using study-specific dietary assessment tools. Main outcome measures were lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations: HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) and non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL). A cross-sectional analysis on 5919 participants (54% female) aged 13-80 y was undertaken using the statistical platform DataSHIELD that allows remote/federated nondisclosive analysis of individual-level data. Generalized linear models (GLM) were fitted to assess associations between replacing 5% of energy from carbohydrates with equivalent energy from total fats, SFAs, MUFAs, or PUFAs with circulating HDL cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol. GLM were adjusted for study source, age, sex, smoking status, alcohol intake and BMI. RESULTS: The replacement of 5% of energy from carbohydrates with total fats or MUFAs was statistically significantly associated with 0.67 mg/dL (95% CI: 0.40, 0.94) or 0.99 mg/dL (95% CI: 0.37, 1.60) higher HDL cholesterol, respectively, but not with non-HDL cholesterol concentrations. The replacement of 5% of energy from carbohydrates with SFAs or PUFAs was not associated with HDL cholesterol, but SFAs were statistically significantly associated with 1.94 mg/dL (95% CI: 0.08, 3.79) higher non-HDL cholesterol, and PUFAs with -3.91 mg/dL (95% CI: -6.98, -0.84) lower non-HDL cholesterol concentrations. A statistically significant interaction by sex for the association of replacing carbohydrates with MUFAs and non-HDL cholesterol was observed, showing a statistically significant inverse association in males and no statistically significant association in females. We observed no statistically significant interaction by age. CONCLUSIONS: The replacement of dietary carbohydrates with fats had favorable effects on lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in European adolescents and adults when fats were consumed as MUFAs or PUFAs but not as SFAs.

Noncoeliac wheat sensitivity and diet.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Noncoeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) can be suspected after exclusion of coeliac disease and wheat allergy. However, poorly understood pathogenesis of the NCGS, lack of gold standard for diagnosis and agreement in the definition for the NCGS condition, open the space for future investigation. This review aims to give an overview on the diagnosis and effective diet composition in the treatment of NCGS symptoms. RECENT FINDINGS: It appears that a diet low in fermentable oligo, di, and monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) and gluten-free diet play a prominent role in the strategy of NCGS management. Considering available evidence with respect to diagnostic tools, it is challenging to prepare a standard guideline for NCGS diagnosis and treatment with clear cut-offs for symptom reduction/improvement that could directly be translated into test results. Nutritional support, including the use of pre/probiotics, has to be tailored to the individual situation of NCGS patients. SUMMARY: The exclusion of such components of wheat as amylase/trypsin inhibitors, wheat-germ agglutinins, or free of FODMAPs diet can reduce clinical symptoms of NCGS. The further investigation on microbiota changes may strengthen the knowledge in this area, where the major challenge is to develop biomarkers for NCGS investigation.

Gaussian graphical models identified food intake networks and risk of type 2 diabetes, CVD, and cancer in the EPIC-Potsdam study.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the previously identified Gaussian graphical models' (GGM) food intake networks and risk of major chronic diseases as well as intermediate biomarkers in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam cohort. METHODS: In this cohort analysis of 10,880 men and 13,340 women, adherence to the previously identified sex-specific GGM networks as well as principal component analysis identified patterns was investigated in relation to risk of major chronic diseases, using Cox-proportional hazard models. Associations of the patterns with intermediate biomarkers were cross-sectionally analyzed using multiple linear regressions. RESULTS: Results showed that higher adherence to the GGM Western-type pattern was associated with increased risk (Hazard Ratio: 1.55; 95% CI 1.13-2.15; P trend = 0.004) of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in women, whereas adherence to a high-fat dairy (HFD) pattern was associated with lower risk of T2D both in men (0.69; 95% CI 0.54-0.89; P trend < 0.001) and women (0.71; 95% CI: 0.53, 0.96; P trend = 0.09). Among PCA patterns, HFD pattern was associated with lower risk of T2D (0.74; 95% CI 0.58-0.95; P trend < 0.001) in men and bread and sausage pattern was associated with higher risk of T2D (1.79; 95% CI 1.29-2.48; P trend < 0.001) in women. Moreover, The GGM-HFD pattern was positively associated with HDL-C in men and inversely associated with C-reactive protein in women. CONCLUSION: Overall, these results show that GGM-identified networks reflect dietary patterns, which could also be related to risk of chronic diseases.

Joint Data Analysis in Nutritional Epidemiology: Identification of Observational Studies and Minimal Requirements.

Background: Joint data analysis from multiple nutrition studies may improve the ability to answer complex questions regarding the role of nutritional status and diet in health and disease. Objective: The objective was to identify nutritional observational studies from partners participating in the European Nutritional Phenotype Assessment and Data Sharing Initiative (ENPADASI) Consortium, as well as minimal requirements for joint data analysis. Methods: A predefined template containing information on study design, exposure measurements (dietary intake, alcohol and tobacco consumption, physical activity, sedentary behavior, anthropometric measures, and sociodemographic and health status), main health-related outcomes, and laboratory measurements (traditional and omics biomarkers) was developed and circulated to those European research groups participating in the ENPADASI under the strategic research area of "diet-related chronic diseases." Information about raw data disposition and metadata sharing was requested. A set of minimal requirements was abstracted from the gathered information. Results: Studies (12 cohort, 12 cross-sectional, and 2 case-control) were identified. Two studies recruited children only and the rest recruited adults. All studies included dietary intake data. Twenty studies collected blood samples. Data on traditional biomarkers were available for 20 studies, of which 17 measured lipoproteins, glucose, and insulin and 13 measured inflammatory biomarkers. Metabolomics, proteomics, and genomics or transcriptomics data were available in 5, 3, and 12 studies, respectively. Although the study authors were willing to share metadata, most refused, were hesitant, or had legal or ethical issues related to sharing raw data. Forty-one descriptors of minimal requirements for the study data were identified to facilitate data integration. Conclusions: Combining study data sets will enable sufficiently powered, refined investigations to increase the knowledge and understanding of the relation between food, nutrition, and human health. Furthermore, the minimal requirements for study data may encourage more efficient secondary usage of existing data and provide sufficient information for researchers to draft future multicenter research proposals in nutrition.

Measurement of availability and accessibility of food among youth: a systematic review of methodological studies.

BACKGROUND: Comprehensive and psychometrically tested measures of availability and accessibility of food are needed in order to explore availability and accessibility as determinants and predictors of dietary behaviors. The main aim of this systematic review was to update the evidence regarding the psychometric properties of measures of food availability and accessibility among youth. A secondary objective was to assess how availability and accessibility were conceptualized in the included studies. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted using Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and Web of Science. Methodological studies published between January 2010 and March 2016 and reporting on at least one psychometric property of a measure of availability and/or accessibility of food among youth were included. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality. Existing criteria were used to interpret reliability and validity parameters. RESULTS: A total of 20 studies were included. While 16 studies included measures of food availability, three included measures of both availability and accessibility; one study included a measure of accessibility only. Different conceptualizations of availability and accessibility were used across the studies. The measures aimed at assessing availability and/or accessibility in the home environment (n = 11), the school (n = 4), stores (n = 3), childcare/early care and education services (n = 2) and restaurants (n = 1). Most studies followed systematic steps in the development of the measures. The most common psychometrics tested for these measures were test-retest reliability and criterion validity. The majority of the measures had satisfactory evidence of reliability and/or validity. None of the included studies assessed the responsiveness of the measures. CONCLUSIONS: The review identified several measures of food availability or accessibility among youth with satisfactory evidence of reliability and/or validity. Findings indicate a need for more studies including measures of accessibility and addressing its conceptualization. More testing of some of the identified measures in different population groups is also warranted, as is the development of more measures of food availability and accessibility in the broader environment such as the neighborhood food environment.

Body weight changes in patients undergoing chemotherapy for ovarian cancer influence progression-free and overall survival.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether body weight changes in patients undergoing chemotherapy for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) influence progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). METHODS: An analysis of 190 patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer after first-line chemotherapy was conducted. Changes in body weight were assessed by comparing measurements at baseline to those of the third and sixth cycles of chemotherapy. PFS and OS were calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox model. RESULTS: Significant reduction in body weight in advanced EOC was observed with no changes in early EOC. Significant differences in PFS were observed in advanced EOC patients that lost more than 5 % of their body weight (6 months), maintained weight (13 months), or gained more than 5 % of their body weight (15 months). Similarly, significant differences in OS were noted in advanced EOC at the following time points: 24.3, 42.4, and 66.2 months. No effect was reported for early EOC patients. The multivariate Cox analysis showed significant body weight changes from the first to the sixth chemotherapy cycle for PFS (HR = 0.97; 95 % CI 0.95-0.99) and OS (HR = 0.94; 95 % CI 0.91-0.97) as well as from the first to the third chemotherapy cycle for OS (HR = 0.93; 95 % CI 0.88-0.98). CONCLUSIONS: Body weight changes can be recognized as a prognostic factor for PFS and OS in advanced EOC patients undergoing chemotherapy. Weight loss is associated with poorer survival while weight gain improved outcomes.

Clinical Utility of Berlin Questionnaire in Comparison to Polysomnography in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

The aim of this study was to assess the utility of the Berlin questionnaire (BQ) in adult patients at high risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The study consisted of 64 patients recruited for the polysomnography diagnostics of sleep respiratory disturbances. The anthropometric assessment included body weight, height, and body mass index (BMI), all related to the risk of OSA. The BQ consisted of the following three categories: 1 - snoring, 2 - daytime somnolence, and 3 - hypertension. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were evaluated. Likelihood ratio was used to assess the diagnostic accuracy. We found that patients were, on average obese; the mean BMI amounted to 31.9 ± 6.0 kg/m2. Polysomnography identified OSA in 73.4% of patients (AHI >5), where the BQ categorized 87.5% of patients at high risk of OSA. Sensitivity of the BQ was 87.2%, specificity 11.8%, PPV 73.2%, and NPV 25.0%. Diagnostic accuracy assessed by the likelihood ratio had a value of 1.00. The BQ had a false discovery rate of 31.2% and misclassification rate of 32.8%. We conclude that the BQ is a sensitive tool that should be used in clinical settings in which the benefit of high sensitivity outweighs the disadvantage of low specificity.

Small Airway Obstruction in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Potential Parameters for Early Detection.

The impulse oscillometry (IOS) is recognized as a complementary method to spirometry in the diagnostics of obstructive pulmonary disorders. The IOS enables to measure total respiratory resistance (R5) and proximal respiratory resistance (R20), with the R5-R20 difference reflecting small airway resistance. This study seeks to evaluate the usefulness of R5-R20, maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF), and forced expiratory volume in 3 s/forced vital capacity ratio (FEV3/FVC), in the assessment of small airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). One hundred and six COPD patients and 43 control subjects, aged over 55, were investigated. Spirometry and IOS were used to assess pulmonary function. Sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) were evaluated. The findings demonstrate significant reductions in FEV3/FVC and MMEF, and an increase in R5-R20 difference in COPD patients; the changes that depended on the severity of airway obstruction. The sensitivity of R5-R20 in reflecting the MMEF was 84%, specificity 44.2%, PPV 72.4%, and NPV 61.3%. We conclude that the R5-R20 difference is superior to spirometry in the assessment of small bronchi obstruction. A high sensitivity of R5-R20 in reflecting the MMEF makes the IOS method particularly useful for detection of mild lung injury, while a high specificity of the spirometric FEV3/FVC ratio makes it useful to exclude obstruction of small airways. Both methods are thus complimentary.

Link between diet and chemotherapy related gastrointestinal side effects.

AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate an association between food products consumption, dietary intake and the incidence of selected gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and constipation) in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty six women receiving chemotherapy for ovarian cancer were eligible for the study. Anthropometrical measurements were assessed. The dietary intake was evaluated by 24-hours food records. The association between the consumption of selected food products and gastrointestinal symptoms incidences was assessed by modified semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire including 77-different food items that was developed and applied in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. RESULTS: BMI values indicated 9%, 45%, 30% and 16% of patients as underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese respectively. Only 23% and 32% of patients never experienced nausea and constipation when 43% and 45% never experienced vomiting and diarrhea. Nausea was promoted by oils, constipation by chocolate and chocolate products and diarrhea by dairy products, stone fruit and apple. Significant inverse correlations were found between vomiting and the intake of energy, fat, protein, carbohydrates, B groups vitamins, vitamin D, phosphorus and zinc. The difference in energy intake between marginal values of vomiting incidence exceeded 400 kcal. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary intake as well as specific food products influence on gastrointestinal side effect of chemotherapy in cancer patients. The dietary approach based on either exclusion or limited intake of selected food products and improvement of diet could reduce and prevent chemotherapy induced gastrointestinal symptoms therefore should be taken under consideration in clinical practice.

Obesity and Liver Cancer.

Obesity and related metabolic disorders have become globally prevalent posing a challenge for the chronically damaged liver and predisposing the development and progression of cancer. The rising phenomenon of "obesity epidemic" may provide means for understanding why liver cancer is one of the few malignancies with rising incidence in developed countries over the last decades. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes is an increasingly recognized trigger for liver cancer in Western populations characterized by low prevalence of established risk factors for liver cancer such as viral hepatitis and hepatotoxin exposure. Accumulating evidence has established an association between higher body mass index as an indicator of general obesity and higher risk of primary liver cancer. The associations are stronger in men, in patients with underlying liver disease and in white ethnic groups. Abdominal obesity, weight gain in adult life and metabolic factors related to visceral fat accumulation were also suggested as important risk factors for liver cancer; however, more studies are needed to evaluate these associations. The association of obesity and metabolic parameters with liver cancer survival remains controversial. It is unclear which exact mechanisms could provide links between obesity and liver cancer risk. Recent evidence has implicated several molecular pathways in obesity-associated liver cancer. These include insulin resistance leading to increased levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factors, chronic inflammation, adipose tissue remodeling, pro-inflammatory cytokine and adipokine secretion, and altered gut microbiota. These mechanisms coincide with inflammatory and metabolic processes occurring in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease predisposing cancer development and progression. In the context of the current evidence, better understanding of the role of obesity and related metabolic factors may help in improving current strategies for liver cancer prevention.

The effect of vitamin D supplementation on selected inflammatory biomarkers in obese and overweight subjects: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: The objective of this systematic review was to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on selected inflammatory biomarkers in obese and overweight subjects. METHODS: The search process was based on the selection of publications (DB-RCT and RCT) listed in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, the Cochrane Library and Embase. To assess the study quality, a nine-point scoring system according to the Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used, and a high-quality study was defined by a threshold of ≥7 points. Thirteen randomized controlled trials were included. The analysed population consisted of 1955 overweight and obese subjects. The mean age ranged from 13.6 to 71.7 years. Changes in the concentration of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were assessed. To combine individual study results, a meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS: The baseline levels of 25(OH)D suggested vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency in the analysed population. The vitamin D supplementation did not influence on CRP (std. mean differences -0.11; 95 % CI -0.27-0.04; p = 0.15), TNF-α (std. mean differences -0.13; 95 % CI -0.38-0.12; p = 0.31) and IL-6 concentrations (std. mean differences 0.1; 95 % CI -0.43-0.63; p = 0.71). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis suggests that supplementation with vitamin D does not have a significant influence on changes in the concentration of selected inflammatory biomarkers in the obese and overweight subjects.

Quality of life, depression and dietary intake in Obstructive Sleep Apnea patients.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the association between depression, quality of life and dietary intake in newly diagnosed Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) patients. METHODS: From 153 eligible patients suffering from sleep disturbances, 64 met inclusion and exclusion criteria. The polysomnography was used for OSA diagnosis. The quality of life (QOL) was assessed by WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire, self-reported chronotype by morningness-eveningness questionnaire and level of depression by Beck's Depression Inventory. Blood pressure and parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism were assessed by routine methods. The dietary intake was evaluated by 24-hr dietary recalls. RESULTS: Significantly negative associations were found between depression inventory and QOL. Better QOL for physical health and social relationships was observed in the "definitely morning" chronotype. The "morning type" of patients was positively related to the intake of fat, monounsaturated fatty acids and vitamin B12. Correlations between QOL and diastolic blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol, TG, fasting glucose, as well as protein and vitamin B6 intake were found. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, both chornotype and depression influence QOL in OSA patients where morning type is associated with better physical health and social relationships and increase in depression index deteriorate physical health, psychological and social relationship QOL domains. QOL as well as depression and chornotype are also influenced by selected cardio-metabolic factors and dietary intake.

Dietary intake variability in the cycle of cytotoxic chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the dietary intake at different time points of the chemotherapeutic cycle. METHODS: Fifty-five ovarian cancer patients receiving at least 2 cycles of chemotherapy were deemed eligible for this study, of which 41 participants completed the study. Anthropometrical measurements and Subjective Global Assessment were used to estimate nutritional status. The dietary intake was evaluated by 3-day food records: 3 days prior to, the day of, and the following day after chemotherapy. RESULTS: Mean energy intake was the lowest on the day of chemotherapy and the highest 3 days before treatment (mean difference, 413.8 kcal; p < 0.001). Similarly, some vitamins and macro- and micronutrients (K, Ca, vit D, folate, vit C) failed to reach 50 % of the recommended dietary allowances. When dividing patients into BMI categories, the energy intake per kilogram of body weight, in the normal-weight patients, was statistically higher than that in overweight and obese subjects (23.6 vs. 20.9 vs. 12.3 kcal, respectively; p = 0.0015). Similarly, the statistically significant differences were observed by the intake of fats (0.80 vs. 0.69 vs. 0.39 g, p = 0.0283) and carbohydrates (3.52 vs. 3.05 vs. 1.71 g, p = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS: Dietary intake varies in the cycle of chemotherapy, with the lowest intake at the day of cytotoxic treatment and the highest before the next chemotherapy. Further studies evaluating dietary intake in patients undergoing chemotherapy should include in the protocol the exact time point of dietary assessment. The intake of energy, fats, and carbohydrates differs significantly across BMI categories.

Dietary habits changes and quality of life in patients undergoing chemotherapy for epithelial ovarian cancer.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary habit changes in patients undergoing chemotherapy for epithelial ovarian cancer. METHODS: Sixty one patients undergoing chemotherapy for epithelial ovarian cancer were enrolled to the study and 44 completed. The dietary intake was evaluated by 7-day food records, and the changes in dietary intake and food-preparing methods were estimated based on a 101-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Nutritional status was checked with the use of body weight and height, waist and hip circumferences, skinfolds and subjective global assessment tool. Quality of life was measured with the use of EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-OV28. RESULTS: Despite high average body mass index (BMI) (26.7-28.0 kg/m(2)), malnutrition risk was observed in 43.7 and 10.7 % of patients receiving first-line and subsequent-line chemotherapy, respectively (p < 0.001). Dietary intake and quality of life did not differ between the studied groups. A lot of dietary habits changes were observed. Women undergoing subsequent-line chemotherapy consumed more frequently rye bread, pasta, buttermilk, vegetable, fruit, oils, nuts, and juices. Women undergoing first-line chemotherapy consumed more milk, cottage cheese, cream, eggs, fish and seafood, meat offal, salty snacks, and jam. Additionally, women undergoing subsequent-line chemotherapy more often applied cooking in water (p < 0.0001) and baking (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Women undergoing chemotherapy for ovarian cancer change their dietary habits in a pro healthy direction, and these changes are more expressed in patients undergoing subsequent-line chemotherapy.

Natural Killer Cells as a Further Insight into the Course of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

The role of natural killer (NK) cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogenesis has been discussed but is not yet clearly understood. This current study aimed to evaluate the associations between immunophenotypes, degrees of maturity, and the expression level of functional receptors of NK cells in the lung environment present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and an attempt was made to determine their relationship in the course and progression of COPD. A total of 15 COPD patients and 14 healthy smokers were included. The clinical parameters of COPD were evaluated. In both groups, NK cells using monoclonal antibodies directly conjugated with fluorochromes in flow cytometry were assessed in the peripheral blood. Additionally, NK cells using the same method were assessed in BALF in the COPD subgroup. The blood's NK cells differed from the estimated group's maturity and receptor expression. Functional receptors CD158b+, CD314+, and CD336+ expressed by NK cells were significantly interlinked with age, RV, TLC, 6MWT, smoking, and the number of exacerbations. These results confirm the essential role of NK cells in COPD pathogenesis. Additionally, the relationship between clinical parameters and NK cell expression may indicate its participation in the disease progression and exacerbation and allow for a better understanding of NK cell biology in COPD.

Influence of Androgen Deprivation Therapy on the Development of Sarcopenia in Patients with Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review.

The changes in body composition during androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in patients suffering from prostate cancer (PCa) are recognized by professionals more often as biomarker for effective treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of ADT on the sarcopenia development in PCa. The following databases were used: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus databases. Out of 2183 studies, 7 were included in this review. The fixed-effect model was used in the meta-analysis. A significant increase in SATI (Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Index) of 0.32 (95% CI: 0.13-0.51) p = 0.001, decrease in SMI (Skeletal Muscle Index) of -0.38 (95% CI: -0.57 to -0.19) p < 0.0001, and SMD (Skeletal Muscle Density) of -0.46 (95% CI: -0.69 to -0.24) p < 0.0001 were observed. No statistical association was visible between ADT and changes in BMI (Body Mass Index), 0.05 (95% CI: -0.18-0.28), p = 0.686, and VATI (Visceral Adipose Tissue Index): 0.17 (95% CI: -0.02 to 0.37), p = 0.074. In conclusion, the ADT significantly contributes to the body composition changes and sarcopenia development.

Effects of Nutritional Interventions on Intestinal Microbiota.

The gut microbiota is considered a new probable factor strongly connected with pathogenesis of many civilization's diseases [...].

Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer Influences Body Composition Increasing Risk of Sarcopenia.

Computed tomography (CT) scans used in treatment response assessment in prostate cancer (PCa) patients are a useful tool for nutritional status evaluation. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional status, including sarcopenia development based on CT scans, in PCa patients and its association with progression-free survival (PFS). Sixty-four PCa patients were included (group 1: 34 patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with docetaxel due to newly diagnosed, hormone-sensitive, metastatic PCa and group 2: 30 patients with castration-resistant metastatic PCa continuing ADT therapy with enzalutamide or abiraterone acetate). Nutritional status was evaluated with anthropometrical parameters, Nutritional Risk Score (NRS), and CT scans at the L3 vertebrae. Survival analyses were performed. According to NRS, nutritional status was significantly related to PFS. In both groups, there was a significant reduction in muscle tissue (total muscle tissue and skeletal muscle index). A significant increase in the distribution of adipose tissue (subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, subcutaneous adipose tissue index, and visceral adipose tissue index) in group one was observed. Sarcopenia was diagnosed in patients but with no influence on PFS. Significant reduction in muscle mass and increase in fat mass was observed in patients treated for PCa with no impact on PFS. The NRS was related to PFS in PCa patients and associated with body composition, assessed by CT after the castration therapy. Long-term castration combined with abiraterone therapy with prednisone or enzalutamide significantly influenced muscle tissue and may lead to sarcopenia development.

The Automatic Algorithm of the Auto-CPAP Device as a Tool for the Assessment of the Treatment Efficacy of CPAP in Patients with Moderate and Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common sleep-related breathing disorder where precise treatment assessment is of high importance. We aimed to validate an automatic algorithm of the auto-CPAP device and reveal polygraph usefulness in the OSAS diagnosis and treatment of outpatients. One hundred patients with moderate OSAS, severe OSAS, and excessive daytime sleepiness qualified for CPAP treatment were included. The study was conducted in three stages. The first stage included a minimum 6-hour polysomnographic examination to select moderate and severe OSAS. The second stage involved an auto-CPAP treatment lasting at least 4 h with simultaneous polygraph recording. The third stage was a titration of at least 4 h with auto-CPAP. The Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) and oxygen desaturation index (ODI) were calculated under auto-CPAP treatment, simultaneously using polygraph (stage two), and as a result of treatment with auto-CPAP (stage three). The mean AHI was 40.0 ± 20.9 for OSAS. Auto-CPAP treatment was effective in 97.5%. The mean residual AHI was 8.6 ± 4.8; there was no significant difference between the AHI CPAP, and the AHI polygraph values were assessed with an accuracy of 3.94/h. The sensitivity and specificity of calculated cut point 8.2 event/hour were: 55% and 82%, respectively. The calculated AUC for the AHI CPAP parameter was 0.633. Presented data confirmed that the automatic algorithm of auto-CPAP is a good tool for the assessment of the treatment efficacy of CPAP in patients, i.e., home setting, with a moderate or severe stage OSAS-presented high sleepiness.