Routine Prescription of Opioids for Post-Vasectomy Pain Control Associated with Persistent Use.

PURPOSE: The AUA (American Urological Association) Position Statement on opioid use recommends using opioids only when necessary. We sought to determine if routine prescribing of opioids is necessary for pain control after vasectomy, and if an association exists with persistent use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients who underwent vasectomy in clinic between April 2017 and March 2018. Patients were stratified into 2 groups, including those initially prescribed opioids and those not receiving opioid prescriptions at the time of vasectomy. The initial pain medication regimen depended on the standard prescription practice of each provider. Encounters with a medical provider for scrotal pain within 30 days, subsequent opioid prescriptions and new persistent opioid prescriptions between 90 and 180 days were compared between the 2 groups using the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Between April 2017 and March 2018 a total of 228 patients underwent clinic vasectomy as performed by 8 urologists. At the time of vasectomy 102 patients received opioid prescriptions and 126 received no opioid prescriptions. There was no statistically significant difference between the opioid and nonopioid groups in encounters for scrotal pain (12.7% vs 18.4%, p = 0.279). The incidence of new persistent opioid use was 7.8% in the opioid cohort compared to 1.5% in the nonopioid cohort (p = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: Opioids, which do not appear to be necessary in men who undergo vasectomy, were associated with persistent use in 7.8% of patients at 3 to 6 months. In the face of an opioid epidemic urologists should take action to limit over prescription of opioids after vasectomy.

A prospective study of health-related quality of life outcomes among men treated for intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer: the impact of primary and secondary therapies.

INTRODUCTION: To assess the impact of primary and secondary therapies for high- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was initiated in 2007 at Center for Prostate Disease Research Multicenter National Database sites. Longitudinal patterns in HRQoL from baseline (pre-treatment) to 5 years post-diagnosis were examined for patients with high- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer, treated by radical prostatectomy (RP) or external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Change in HRQoL was modeled using linear regression models fit with generalized estimating equations. The probability of maintaining HRQoL was compared between patients receiving RP only versus RP with secondary treatment. RESULTS: Of 445 men with high- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer, 228 underwent RP and 143 had EBRT± androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Fifty received secondary therapy (EBRT and/or ADT or chemotherapy) after RP. RP patients showed a greater decline over time in sexual function and bother and urinary function compared to EBRT±ADT patients. Patients who had secondary therapy after RP were less likely to maintain their HRQoL compared to those who had RP alone. These differences were most pronounced for sexual and hormonal function. CONCLUSIONS: Prostate cancer patients experience significant declines in HRQoL after primary therapy. Additional secondary therapy after RP, in the form of EBRT and/or ADT, appears to be responsible for further deterioration in HRQoL outcomes.

Prospective Quality of Life in Men Choosing Active Surveillance Compared to Those Biopsied but not Diagnosed with Prostate Cancer.

PURPOSE: Active surveillance is an important alternative to definitive therapy for men with low risk prostate cancer. However, the impact of active surveillance on health related quality of life compared to that in men without cancer remains unknown. In this study we evaluated health related quality of life outcomes in men on active surveillance compared to men followed after negative prostate needle biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on men who were enrolled into the Center for Prostate Disease Research Multicenter National Database and underwent prostate needle biopsy for suspicion of prostate cancer between 2007 and 2014. Health related quality of life was assessed at biopsy (baseline) and annually for up to 3 years using SF-36 and EPIC questionnaires. Health related quality of life scores were modeled using generalized estimating equations, adjusting for baseline health related quality of life, and demographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Of the 1,204 men who met the initial eligibility criteria 420 had a negative prostate needle biopsy (noncancer comparison group). Among the 411 men diagnosed with low risk prostate cancer 89 were on active surveillance. Longitudinal analysis revealed that for most health related quality of life subscales there were no significant differences between the groups in adjusted health related quality of life score trends over time. CONCLUSIONS: In this study most health related quality of life outcomes in patients with low risk prostate cancer on active surveillance did not differ significantly from those of men without prostate cancer. A comparison group of men with a similar risk of prostate cancer detection is critical to clarify the psychological and physical impact of active surveillance.

Prospective quality-of-life outcomes for low-risk prostate cancer: Active surveillance versus radical prostatectomy.

BACKGROUND: For patients with low-risk prostate cancer (PCa), active surveillance (AS) may produce oncologic outcomes comparable to those achieved with radical prostatectomy (RP). Health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) outcomes are important to consider, yet few studies have examined HRQoL among patients with PCa who were managed with AS. In this study, the authors compared longitudinal HRQoL in a prospective, racially diverse, and contemporary cohort of patients who underwent RP or AS for low-risk PCa. METHODS: Beginning in 2007, HRQoL data from validated questionnaires (the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite and the 36-item RAND Medical Outcomes Study short-form survey) were collected by the Center for Prostate Disease Research in a multicenter national database. Patients aged ≤75 years who were diagnosed with low-risk PCa and elected RP or AS for initial disease management were followed for 3 years. Mean scores were estimated using generalized estimating equations adjusting for baseline HRQoL, demographic characteristics, and clinical patient characteristics. RESULTS: Of the patients with low-risk PCa, 228 underwent RP, and 77 underwent AS. Multivariable analysis revealed that patients in the RP group had significantly worse sexual function, sexual bother, and urinary function at all time points compared with patients in the AS group. Differences in mental health between groups were below the threshold for clinical significance at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, no differences in mental health outcomes were observed, but urinary and sexual HRQoL were worse for patients who underwent RP compared with those who underwent AS for up to 3 years. These data offer support for the management of low-risk PCa with AS as a means for postponing the morbidity associated with RP without concomitant declines in mental health.

Prostate cancer nomograms: a review of their use in cancer detection and treatment.

As prostate cancer treatment discussions have grown more complex, increasing numbers of nomograms to guide decision-making have been found in the literature. Such nomograms can influence every step in the prostate cancer therapeutic process, from determining the need for biopsy to the need for adjuvant therapy. With a properly counseled patient who is aware of the limitations of nomograms, such tools assist in the shared decision-making that characterizes modern informed consent.

Racial and Gender Diversity of Physicians Accepted to American Military Orthopaedic and Surgical Residencies: An 18-Year Analysis.

Orthopaedic surgery ranks among the least racially and gender diverse medical/surgical specialties. United States military surgeons train in military or military-funded residency positions to care for a markedly diverse population; however, the composition and diversity of these training programs have not been previously assessed. The purpose of this study was to analyze the trends of physician diversity in military orthopaedics in comparison with other surgical specialties over time. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study evaluating matriculation into first year of residency training in US military surgical training programs between 2002 and 2020. In total, 9,124 applicants were reviewed. We collected matriculant self-reported race/ethnicity and sex and the medical/specialty program. We considered under-represented minorities as those who reported their race as African American, Indian/Alaskan Native, and Native, other, or who reported ethnicity as Hispanic. We calculated changes in persons accepted to training positions over time and used linear regression to model trends in diversity among orthopaedic matriculating residents when compared with other surgical subspecialities over time. Results: Across all surgical subspecialities, the average change in percent women was 0.94% per year for the study period (p < 0.01). The average annual percent women entering orthopaedic surgery residency programs was 14% for the 18-year study period. Across all surgical subspecialties, the average change for accepted applicants from groups underrepresented in medicine (URiM) was 1.01% per year for the study period (p < 0.01). The average annual percent URiM entering orthopaedic surgery residency programs was 17% for the 18-year study period. The annual change of women and URiM entering military orthopaedic residencies was 0.10% and 1.52%, respectively. Conclusions: Despite statistically significant improvements, recruitment efforts as used to date fall far short of reversing sexual, racial, and ethnic disparities in military orthopaedic residencies. Orthopaedics has a lower representation of both women and physicians with minority backgrounds when compared with many surgical subspecialties. Additional interventions are still necessary to increase diversity for military orthopaedic surgeons.

Successful Resolution of Chronic Testicular Pain With an Impairment-Based Treatment Program: A Case Study With One-Year Follow-Up.

Chronic testicular pain is a condition commonly experienced by males. Potential causes of testicular pain can be pathology localized within the testicle or referred pain from surrounding tissues or spinal conditions. The diagnostic differential is extensive and can be seen as a diagnosis of exclusion after structural disorders specific to the testicle are ruled out. In approximately 50% of the cases, the cause of pain is undetermined. Patients with testicular and inguinal pain may undergo extensive workup that overlooks potential neuropathic and musculoskeletal causes remote to the testicle. This case study describes the application of a conservative treatment program targeting presumptive chronic genitofemoral and/or ilioinguinal nerve entrapment along the course of the inguinal canal for the treatment of chronic testicular pain. By combining sacroiliac joint osteopathic manipulation, iliopsoas stretching, and soft tissue mobilization utilizing a vacuum suction cup, the patient was symptom-free on the fourth visit after suffering from testicular pain for a year. At a one-year follow-up, the patient remains pain-free.

Impact of previous radiotherapy for prostate cancer on clinical outcomes of patients with bladder cancer.

PURPOSE: The impact of prostate cancer radiotherapy on the biological behavior of bladder cancer remains unclear. We compared the outcomes of patients with bladder cancer previously treated for prostate cancer with radiotherapy vs other treatment modalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 144 patients diagnosed with bladder cancer between January 1992 and June 2007 with a previous prostate cancer diagnosis. Clinicopathological data and outcomes were compared between patients with irradiated (brachytherapy and/or external beam radiation therapy 83) and nonirradiated (androgen deprivation therapy, radical prostatectomy and/or surveillance 61) disease. RESULTS: Median time between prostate and bladder cancer diagnoses was longer in the irradiated vs nonirradiated group (59 months, IQR 25 to 88, vs 24 months, IQR 2 to 87, p = 0.007). Patients in the irradiated group presented with higher tumor grade (high 92% vs 77%, p = 0.016) and had progression to higher stage disease (muscle invasive 70% vs 43%, p = 0.001) than those in the nonirradiated group. Of the patients undergoing cystectomy those previously treated with radiation had a numerically higher rate of nonorgan confined disease (75% vs 56% for nonirradiated, p = 0.1). Among all patients with bladder cancer 5-year cancer specific survival was 73% (95% CI 59-87) for irradiated vs 83% (95% CI 71-95) for nonirradiated (p = 0.07). Median followup was 53 months (IQR 24 to 75). CONCLUSIONS: More time elapsed between prostate and bladder cancer diagnoses for patients treated with radiation, and these patients also presented with more advanced disease. Future studies are needed to further establish clinical differences in bladder cancer between irradiated and nonirradiated cases, and whether biological differences exist.

Higher expression of the androgen-regulated gene PSA/HK3 mRNA in prostate cancer tissues predicts biochemical recurrence-free survival.

PURPOSE: Alterations of the androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signaling through numerous mechanisms are increasingly recognized in prostate cancer (CaP) progression. We hypothesized that the assessment of well-defined AR transcriptional targets (e.g., PSA/HK3 mRNA) in CaP tissues will provide in vivo readout of AR dysfunctions. Moreover, quantitative expression features of PSA/HK3 mRNA in prostate tumor cells may serve as a prognostic indicator of disease progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Paired benign and malignant epithelial cells (242 specimens) were obtained from laser capture microdissection of frozen OCT-embedded tissue sections prepared from radical prostatectomy specimens of 121 patients. Quantitative expression of PSA/HK3 mRNA in the matched malignant and benign cells was analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. RESULTS: CaP cells express significantly lower PSA/HK3 mRNA levels than matched benign cells (P = 0.0133). Moreover, low PSA/HK3 mRNA expression in malignant cells was associated with increased risk of biochemical recurrence (P = 0.0217), as well as with time to recurrence (P = 0.0371), in patients with intermediate preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen levels (2-10 ng/mL). The expression of androgen-dependent genes in clinical samples correlates with each other in patients with higher expression of PSA/HK3 mRNA but not in patients with lower expression of PSA/HK3 mRNA reflecting AR pathway dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Our study has unraveled a novel prognostic utility of quantitative measurements of PSA/HK3 mRNA reflecting AR transcriptional activity in CaP cells, which is independent of serum prostate-specific antigen. It also has potential in stratifying subsets of patients exhibiting progressive disease associated with dampened AR transcriptional functions who may be targeted by tailored therapeutic strategies.

Preoperative Albumin Is Predictive of Early Postoperative Morbidity and Mortality in Common Urologic Oncologic Surgeries.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple studies have linked preoperative nutrition status to postoperative outcomes. This relationship has been little studied in urology. We used a standardized, national, risk-adjusted surgical database to evaluate 30-day outcomes of patients undergoing common urologic oncologic procedures as they related to preoperative albumin. METHODS: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program is a risk-adjusted dataset analyzing preoperative risk factors, demographics, and 30-day outcomes. From 2005 through 2012, we identified a total of 17,805 patients who underwent prostatectomy, nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy, cystectomy, or transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). Hypoalbuminemic patients were compared with those with normal preoperative albumin, and 30-day outcomes were evaluated. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate odds ratios for mortality and complication rates. RESULTS: Evaluation of the cohort noted significantly increased overall morbidity, serious morbidity, and mortality in the hypoalbuminemic group (P < .01 for all procedures). Hypoalbuminemia was associated with a significantly higher 30-day mortality in major procedures such as cystectomy, and in smaller procedures such as TURBT (P < .01). Hypoalbuminemia was associated with a 6.4% 30-day mortality in the TURBT group compared with 0.6% in those with normal albumin (P < .0001). These findings remained significant after adjustment for other risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: The large sample size, standardized data definitions, and quality control measures of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database allow for in-depth analysis of subtle but significant differences in outcomes between groups. Serum albumin is a strong predictor of short-term postoperative complications in the urologic oncology patient.

A prospective study of health-related quality-of-life outcomes for patients with low-risk prostate cancer managed by active surveillance or radiation therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with low-risk prostate cancer (PCa) often have excellent oncologic outcomes. However, treatment with curative intent can lead to decrements in health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Patients treated with radical prostatectomy have been shown to suffer declines in urinary and sexual HRQoL as compared to those managed with active surveillance (AS). Similarly, patients treated with external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) are hypothesized to experience greater declines in bowel HRQoL. As health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) concerns are paramount when selecting among treatment options for low-risk PCa, this study examined HRQoL outcomes in men undergoing EBRT as compared to AS in a prospective, racially diverse cohort. METHODS: A prospective study of HRQoL in patients with PCa enrolled in the Center for Prostate Disease Research (CPDR) Multicenter National Database was initiated in 2007. The current study included patients diagnosed through April 2014. HRQoL was assessed with the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-36). Temporal changes in HRQoL were compared for patients with low-risk PCa managed on AS vs. EBRT at baseline, 1-, 2-, and 3 years post-PCa diagnosis. Longitudinal patterns were modeled using linear regression models fitted with generalized estimating equations (GEE), adjusting for baseline HRQoL, demographic, and clinical patient characteristics. RESULTS: Of the 499 eligible patients with low-risk PCa, 103 (21%) selected AS and 60 (12%) were treated with EBRT. Demographic characteristics of the treatment groups were similar, though a greater proportion of patients in the EBRT group were African American (P = 0.0003). At baseline, both treatment groups reported comparable HRQoL. EBRT patients experienced significantly worse bowel function and bother at 1 year (adjusted mean score: 87 vs. 95, P = 0.001 and 89 vs. 95, P = 0.008, respectively) and 2 years (87 vs. 93, P = 0.007 and 87 vs. 96, P = 0.002, respectively) compared to patients managed on AS. In contrast to those on AS, more than half the number of patients who received EBRT experienced a decline in bowel function (52% vs. 17%, p=0.003) and bother (52% vs. 15%, P = 0.002) from baseline to 1 year. Patients who received EBRT were significantly more likely to experience a decrease in more than one functional domain (urinary, sexual, bowel, or hormonal) at 1 year when compared with those on AS (60% vs. 28%, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Patients receiving EBRT for low-risk prostate cancer suffer declines in bowel HRQoL. These declines are not experienced by patients on AS, suggesting that management of low-risk prostate cancer with AS may offer a means for preserving HRQoL following prostate cancer diagnosis.

A unique presentation of appendicitis: F-18 FDG PET/CT.

A 27-year-old white man was diagnosed with a testicular, metastatic germ cell tumor. The patient was evaluated with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and coregistered computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) as well as a contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) of the abdomen and pelvis. Serologic tests were performed. At laparoscopic appendectomy, findings were consistent with acute suppurative appendicitis. This case exemplifies the relevance of incidental findings detected on FDG PET/CT.

Perioperative complications of radical retropubic prostatectomy.

The opinions and assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as reflective of the views of the US Army or the Department of Defense. Radical retropubic prostatectomy has long been considered one of the most difficult procedures in the urologist's armamentarium. Therefore, we performed a thorough review of recent literature regarding intraoperative and postoperative complications. The intent of this effort is to review established data regarding the most frequently seen complications and to highlight recent developments regarding the prevention or treatment of such complications.

Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma After a Childhood Hypospadias Repair With Bladder Mucosa Graft.

Bladder mucosa grafts were historically used for hypospadias surgical repairs, when preputial or penile skin was unavailable and in cases of prior failed hypospadias repairs. We present a case of advanced penile squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed 22 years after a childhood hypospadias repair with a free bladder mucosa graft.

Urologic and plastic surgical collaboration for continent diversion when urine leakage is complicated by pressure ulcers or obesity.

BACKGROUND: Patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction and urine leakage combined with pressure ulceration, fistulae, and/or obesity present a major surgical challenge. Given the urgent need to control urine leakage, suprapubic cystostomy or incontinent urinary diversion such as ileal conduit often are chosen for definitive intervention, despite the fact that continent urinary diversion generally is the preferred method of management for the motivated patient. DESIGN: Case series. METHOD: This article presents 4 patients in whom urine leakage was complicated by pressure ulcers, urethral erosion, and/or morbid obesity. Due to the complicated nature of their problems, these patients were managed in a collaborative fashion by the departments of urology, plastic surgery, and physiatry. Each of these patients underwent a combined surgical intervention that addressed issues of skin ulceration or morbid obesity and allowed for continent urinary diversion. RESULTS: After intervention, all 4 patients were independent in bladder management and were completely continent. CONCLUSION: This series demonstrates how collaboration between the urologist and plastic surgeon in evaluation and treatment planning allows for the formulation of surgical options that include continent urinary diversion.

A Military Transitional Year Professionalism Curriculum.

BACKGROUND: Development of professionalism is a critical component of a military transitional year residency. Little published research exists to guide programs in meeting this challenge. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: After significant concerns regarding resident professionalism were raised by Tripler Army Medical Center faculty, a novel transitional residency professionalism curriculum was conceived and implemented. Universal expectations of physician professionalism, as perceived by various stakeholders (patients, parents, faculty, and nurses), were explored using a small group, discussion-based curriculum. This was combined with a small group, discussion-based, lessons-learned project and a military-unique curriculum. RESULTS: Since implementation, the curriculum has had 100% satisfaction on the part of the faculty and 80% to 100% on the part of the residents, as measured by annual review surveys. Although resident professionalism scores on evaluations did not change significantly, the number of adverse actions because of professionalism lapses has decreased steadily in the 4 years since inception, and the program has been without any such actions for the past 18 months. CONCLUSIONS: Our novel transitional residency professionalism curriculum has been successful in a military residency program.

A case of scrotal venous malformation mimicking a failed varicocelectomy.

A 21-year-old man presented to interventional radiology department with several years of left scrotal pain, which exacerbated by prolonged standing and walking. The patient had undergone a left varicocelectomy at the age of 10, after which he had a persistent scrotal mass. As he grew older, the left scrotal mass continued to increase in size, and symptoms progressively worsened. Physical examination revealed a non-tender, firm left scrotal mass which remained unchanged in size after Valsalva manoeuvres. Initial ultrasound examination revealed an extratesticular, intrascrotal mass with minimal internal flow. MRI revealed a heterogeneously enhancing, low-flow venous malformation centred in the midscrotum involving multiple tissue planes. Two sessions of percutaneous sclerotherapy failed to relieve his pain. Three months after the second sclerotherapy, the patient underwent surgical resection. At the time of his postoperative visit, his left scrotal pain had significantly improved and pain with prolonged standing and walking had resolved completely.

Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy demonstrates less morbidity than open radical prostatectomy: an analysis of the American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database with a focus on surgical trainee involvement.

INTRODUCTION: Complication rates of open radical prostatectomies (ORPs) and laparoscopic radical prostatectomies (LRPs) performed by highly experienced surgeons in centers of excellence are well known. Using a standardized, national, risk-adjusted surgical database, we compared 30-day outcomes following ORP and LRP and analyzed how trainee involvement influenced outcomes. METHODS: The American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) is a risk-adjusted data collection analyzing preoperative risk factors, demographics, and 30-day postoperative outcomes. From 2005 to 2011, we identified 10,669 total prostatectomies. Of these, 2278 were ORP and 8391 were LRP. Data on trainee involvement were available on 63% of cases. RESULTS: Comparison of all 10,669 prostatectomies showed a decreased incidence of overall morbidity, serious morbidity, surgical site infections, mortality, wound disruption, urinary tract infection, bleeding, and sepsis or septic shock (p<0.05) for LRP compared with ORP. Trainee involvement was associated with a higher incidence of bleeding, overall and serious morbidity (p<0.001). This difference is isolated to postgraduate year (PGY) 6-10 trainees performing ORP (p<0.001). Overall and serious morbidity was equivalent between PGY groups 1-10 versus attending without trainee performing LRP and PGY groups 1-5 versus attending without trainee performing ORP. Operative times were shorter for ORP versus LRP by an average of 38 minutes (p<0.05), and in cases involving trainees, operative times decreased with trainee experience for both procedures. The length of stay was shorter for LRP compared with ORP (3.2 vs. 1.8 days, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The large sample size, standardized data definitions, and quality control measures of the ACS-NSQIP database allow for in-depth analysis of subtle, but significant differences in outcomes between groups. Trainee involvement in LRP appears safe to patients. However, the increased morbidity in ORP involving trainees may be mitigated by awareness, simulation laboratories, and standardized competency assessment.

Comparison of outcomes after minimally invasive versus open partial nephrectomy with respect to trainee involvement utilizing the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program.

PURPOSE: Complication rates of open partial nephrectomies (OPN) and minimally invasive partial nephrectomies (MIPN) have largely been reported by single and multi-institutional tertiary care centers. We sought to identify complication rates of these approaches and how they are influenced by trainee involvement utilizing an independent national surgical database. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) is a risk-adjusted data collection analyzing risk factors, demographics, and 30-day perioperative outcomes. From 2005 to 2010, we identified 1251 partial nephrectomies, of which 525 were MIPN and 726 were OPN. RESULTS: Analysis showed a decreased risk of overall morbidity, serious morbidity, and surgical site infections (SSIs); specifically superficial SSI, urinary tract infection, and bleeding (p<0.005) in MIPN than OPN. Resident and fellow versus attending only involvement was associated with increased rates of overall, serious, and nonserious morbidity, superficial and overall SSI, bleeding, and sepsis or septic shock (p<0.05). Postgraduate year (PGY) 6 residents and fellows had a significantly higher likelihood of nonserious morbidity, organ space and overall SSI, and sepsis or septic shock compared to PGY 1-5 residents. Length of stay, which was significantly shorter with MIPN than OPN (3.2 vs. 5.1 days; p<0.0001), however, was associated with longer operative times (185.7 vs. 209.7 minutes, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report utilizing ACS NSQIP to review surgical approaches as well as the impact of trainee involvement on clinical outcomes. The increased complication rates and cost of healthcare might be mitigated by awareness, investment in surgical simulation laboratories, and competency assessment.

Prostate cancer in men less than the age of 50: a comparison of race and outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To compare clinicopathologic features and survival outcomes for men 50 years of age in relation to other age groups stratified by race to further define prostate cancer (CaP) in young men. Controversy exists regarding the appropriate age to undergo CaP screening, outcomes for early intervention, and whether there is unique age-associated tumor biology. We compared clinicopathologic features and survival outcomes for men <50 years of age in relation to other age groups stratified by race to further define CaP in young men. METHODS: A multi-institutional review of 12,081 records of patients diagnosed with CaP from 1989-2009 was conducted. Patients were stratified by age group, race, and decade of treatment. Demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics were compared across age groups using chi-square tests and analysis of variance. The primary study endpoints, time to biochemical recurrence and all-cause mortality, were compared across age groups using Kaplan-Meier estimation and univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis. RESULTS: Only 4.5% of the study sample was <50 years of age. A higher percentage of African Americans diagnosed were <50 compared with Caucasians (8.3% vs 3.3%, P<.0001). Positive family history was more prevalent in the <50 cohort (36.1% vs 22.0%, P<.0001). Despite these findings, both racial subgroups for men<50 years of age demonstrated improved clinicopathologic features than other age quartiles. Furthermore, both Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard analysis demonstrated that the <50 cohort had a lower incidence of biochemical recurrence and greater overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Race and family history appear to play a significant role in the incidence of CaP in younger men. Younger age at diagnosis is associated with more favorable outcomes and indicates that population-based screening at younger ages could potentially lead to improved survival for high-risk groups.