Prevalence of Thyroid Autoimmunity in Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss.

Background and objectives: Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) has been associated with a significantly increased risk of miscarriage in women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of TAI in women with RPL and compare the clinical characteristics of positive and negative TAI women. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study; 203 women with RPL were included. Thyroid profile, anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO-Ab), and anti-thyroglobulin (TG-Ab) antibodies were measured in all participants. Clinical characteristics and causes of RPL were compared between positive and negative TAI. Results: Prevalence of TAI was 14.8%; prevalence of positive TPO-Ab and TG-Ab was 12.3% and 4.9%, respectively. Women with TAI had significantly higher concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH) compared to women without TAI (4.8 ± 3.8 versus 3.1 ± 1.1, p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in age, the number of gestations, miscarriages, state of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), or causes of RPL between women that were TAI-positive versus TAI-negative. Prevalence of positive TAI by cause of RPL was: endocrine 7/25 (28%), genetic 1/5 (20%), autoimmune 1/5 (20%), anatomic 8/55 (14.5%), and unexplained cause 13/112 (11.6%). Conclusions: The prevalence of TAI in women with RPL is 14.8%. Women with an endocrine cause have the highest prevalence of TAI.

Antepartum Fetal Surveillance and Optimal Timing of Delivery in Diabetic Women: A Narrative Review.

Antepartum fetal surveillance (AFS) is essential for pregnant women with diabetes to mitigate the risk of stillbirth. However, there is still no universal consensus on the optimal testing method, testing frequency, and delivery timing. This review aims to comprehensively analyze the evidence concerning AFS and the most advantageous timing for delivery in both gestational and pregestational diabetes mellitus cases. This review's methodology involved an extensive literature search encompassing international diabetes guidelines and scientific databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The review process meticulously identified and utilized pertinent articles for analysis. Within the scope of this review, a thorough examination revealed five prominent international guidelines predominantly addressing gestational diabetes. These guidelines discuss the utility and timing of fetal well-being assessments and recommendations for optimal pregnancy resolution timing. However, the scarcity of clinical trials directly focused on this subject led to a reliance on observational studies as the basis for most recommendations. Glucose control, maternal comorbidities, and the medical management received are crucial in making decisions regarding AFS and determining the appropriate delivery timing.

Optimizing perinatal wellbeing in pregnancy with obesity: a clinical trial with a multi-component nutrition intervention for prevention of gestational diabetes and infant growth and neurodevelopment impairment.

Pregnancy complicated by obesity represents an increased risk of unfavorable perinatal outcomes such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, preterm birth, and impaired fetal growth, among others. Obesity is associated with deficiencies of micronutrients, and pregnant women with obesity may have higher needs. The intrauterine environment in pregnancies complicated with obesity is characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress, where maternal nutrition and metabolic status have significant influence and are critical in maternal health and in fetal programming of health in the offspring later in life. Comprehensive lifestyle interventions, including intensive nutrition care, are associated with a lower risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. Routine supplementation during pregnancy includes folic acid and iron; other nutrient supplementation is recommended for high-risk women or women in low-middle income countries. This study is an open label randomized clinical trial of parallel groups (UMIN Clinical Trials Registry: UMIN000052753, https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000060194) to evaluate the effect of an intensive nutrition therapy and nutrient supplementation intervention (folic acid, iron, vitamin D, omega 3 fatty acids, myo-inositol and micronutrients) in pregnant women with obesity on the prevention of GDM, other perinatal outcomes, maternal and newborn nutritional status, and infant growth, adiposity, and neurodevelopment compared to usual care. Given the absence of established nutritional guidelines for managing obesity during pregnancy, there is a pressing need to develop and implement new nutritional programs to enhance perinatal outcomes.

Gestational diabetes mellitus and size at birth modify early adiposity accretion. Evidence from the OBESO cohort.

AIM: To evaluate the association between maternal obesity, gestational diabetes (GDM), and birth size with infant fat-mass (FM) accretion from 1 to 6 months (M). METHODS: Healthy pregnant women and their term babies from the OBESO cohort were studied (1 M-3 M, n = 122; 1 M-6 M, n = 90). Registered maternal data was: pregestational body-mass-index (preBMI), GDM (2hOGTT), medications, gestational weight gain. Macrosomia (>4000 g), large/small for gestational age (LGA/SGA)(weight/age > 90° and < 90°, respectively-WHO) were recorded at birth. Infant FM (air-displacement plethysmography) was measured (1 M, 3 M, 6 M) and FM accretion computed (ΔkgFM from 1 M-3 M and 1 M-6 M). Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was assessed. Adjusted-multiple linear regression models were performed. RESULTS: PreBMI was 27.4 ± 5.2 kg/m2. GDM was present in9%(n = 11) of women; 12.3%(n = 15) of them received metformin/insulin. One newborn was LGA; 20.7%(n = 25) were SGA. From 1 M-3 M, SGA was a predictor of higher FM accretion (B:0.28, 95%CI:0.14-0.43); GDM was not associated. From 1 M-6 M, higher FM accretion was observed in SGA newborns (B:0.43, 95%CI:0.19-0.67) and GDM infants (B:0.48, 95%CI:0.06-0.89). In all models (R2 ≥ 0.48, p < 0.001), infant weight and being female were positively associated, while maternal obesity, metformin/insulin, and EBF were not. CONCLUSIONS: GDM appears to program early higher adiposity accretion, independently of excessive fetal growth. SGA was associated with higher FM accretion in early infancy.

Ultra-Processed Food Consumption during Pregnancy and Its Association with Maternal Oxidative Stress Markers.

Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption during gestation may lead to increased oxidative stress (OS) and could affect pregnancy outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the association of UPF consumption during pregnancy with circulating levels of OS markers. Diet was assessed (average of three assessments) in 119 pregnant women enrolled in the OBESO perinatal cohort (Mexico), obtaining quantitative data and the percentage of energy that UPFs (NOVA) contributed to the total diet. Sociodemographic, clinical (pregestational body-mass index and gestational weight gain) and lifestyle data were collected. Maternal circulating levels of OS markers (malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonylation (PC), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) were determined at the third trimester of pregnancy. Adjusted linear regression models were performed to analyze the association between UPFs and OS markers. UPFs represented 27.99% of the total energy intake. Women with a lower UPF consumption (<75 percentile°) presented a higher intake of fiber, ω-3, ω-6, and a lower ω-6/3 ratio. Linear regression models showed that UPFs were inversely associated with TAC and MDA. Fiber intake was associated with PC. UPF intake during pregnancy may result in an increase in oxidative stress. When providing nutrition care, limiting or avoiding UPFs may be an intervention strategy that could promote a better antioxidant capacity in the body.

Vitamin D Status and Its Determinants in Mexican Pregnant Women from a Rural and an Urban Area: A Comparative Study.

BACKGROUND: During pregnancy, vitamin D requirements are higher due to fetal growth and development. Vitamin D production occurs mainly through sunlight exposure, which is affected by geographic location and lifestyle factors. METHODS: This was a case-control study nested within two cohorts of adult pregnant women (n = 298): urban (Mexico City) and rural (Cuetzalan). To reduce confounding, pairs were selected by age, pregestational body mass index, and pregnancy trimester. Generalized linear models were used to assess the two groups according to their vitamin D status. RESULTS: A total of 298 adult women were studied: 149 from a rural area and 149 from an urban area. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were observed in 28% and 38.2% of women, respectively. A trend for higher 25(OH)D concentrations was observed in women from the rural area (27.5 ng/mL vs. 25.8 ng/mL), probably related to the type of job, where women with partial jobs showing less probability of having vitamin D deficiency (OR = 0.26; CI = 0.06-1.16; p = 0.08) and vitamin D insufficiency (OR = 0.24; CI = 0.06-0.99; p = 0.05). Women whose Last Menstrual Period occurred in spring showed lower vitamin D concentration compared to those whose LMP occurred in winter (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was observed in both rural and urban areas. Women living in rural areas tended to have higher 25(OH)D concentrations, probably related to more sunlight exposure associated with their type of job.

Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Perceived Stress in Postpartum Mexican Women during the COVID-19 Lockdown.

The COVID-19 lockdown represents a new challenge for mental health researchers and clinical practitioners. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and perceived stress in postpartum Mexican women. The study included 293, 4-12-week postpartum women over the age of 18. The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), Trait-State Trait Anxiety Inventory (T-STAI), and Ten Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), which are all questionnaires validated for the Mexican population, were applied using a web-based online survey. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of the maternal age was 29.9 ± 6.3 years; the EPDS score: 11 ± 6, T-STAI score: 41.7 ± 12.3, and PSS-10 score: 17.1 ± 7. The prevalence (95% CI) of the postpartum depression symptoms was 39.2% (34-45%), trait anxiety symptoms were found among 46.1% (32-43%) of the participants, and moderate and high perceived stress were in 58% (52-64) and 10.9% (7.8-15) of the participants, respectively. The prevalence of depressive symptoms, generalized anxiety, and perceived stress was higher among postpartum Mexican women during the COVID-19 outbreak than before the lockdown. Our findings highlight the importance of monitoring perinatal mental health during pandemics and the need to design effective psychologic interventions for these patients.

Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Adaptation as a Biological Response Derived from an Earthquake at Intrauterine Stage.

An altered mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) at birth can be a marker of increased disease susceptibility later in life. Gestational exposure to acute stress, such as that derived from the earthquake experienced on 19 September 2017 in Mexico City, could be associated with changes in mtDNAcn at birth. Our study used data from the OBESO (Biochemical and Epigenetic Origins of Overweight and Obesity) perinatal cohort in Mexico City. We compared the mtDNAcn in the umbilical cord blood of 22 infants born before the earthquake, 24 infants whose mothers were pregnant at the time of the earthquake (exposed), and 37 who were conceived after the earthquake (post-earthquake). We quantified mtDNAcn by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction normalized with a nuclear gene. We used a linear model adjusted by maternal age, body mass index, socioeconomic status, perceived stress, and pregnancy comorbidities. Compared to non-exposed newborns (mean ± SD mtDNAcn: 0.740 ± 0.161), exposed and post-earthquake newborns (mtDNAcn: 0.899 ± 0.156 and 0.995 ± 0.169, respectively) had increased mtDNAcn, p = 0.001. The findings of this study point at mtDNAcn as a potential biological marker of acute stress and suggest that experiencing an earthquake during pregnancy or before gestation can have programing effects in the unborn child. Long-term follow-up of newborns to women who experience stress prenatally, particularly that derived from a natural disaster, is warranted.

Prevalence of hyperprolactinemia and clinical characteristics in Mexican women with infertility / Prevalencia de hiperprolactinemia y características clínicas en mujeres mexicanas con infertilidad

Abstract Background: Hyperprolactinemia is increased in women with infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss; the prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in Mexican women with infertility is unknown. Objective: To know the prevalence of hyperprolactinemia and the clinical-biochemical characteristics in Mexican women with infertility. Methods: This cross-sectional study included infertile women attending in a third-level hospital. All women had prolactin determination and a complete hormonal profile. Women with TSH > 2.5 mlU/L or those taking dopaminergic drugs were excluded. The prevalence of hyperprolactinemia was calculated with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: A total of 869 women were included in the study. The prevalence of hyperprolactinemia was 9.6% (95% CI 7.7-11.7%). Of the 83 women with hyperprolactinemia, 52 (62.2%) had serum prolactin values between 25 and 40, 17 (20.4%) between 41 and 60, and 14 (16.8%) > 60 ng/m. The prevalence of one or more miscarriages in women with hyperprolactinemia versus those without hyperprolactinemia among women with secondary infertility was 19/20 (95%) versus 116/197 (58.9%), respectively, p = 0.002. The prevalence of anovulation and clinical hyperandrogenism was significantly higher in women without hyperprolactinemia. Conclusion: Hyperprolactinemia affects one of ten Mexican women with infertility. Women with hyperprolactinemia and secondary infertility showed a higher frequency of a history of one or more miscarriage.

Resumen Antecedentes: La hiperprolactinemia se incrementa en mujeres con infertilidad y pérdida gestacional recurrente. Se desconoce la prevalencia de hiperprolactinemia en mujeres mexicanas con infertilidad. Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia de hiperprolactinemia y las características clínico-bioquímicas en mujeres mexicanas con infertilidad. Método: Estudio transversal que incluyó a mujeres con infertilidad en un hospital de tercer nivel. Todas las mujeres tenían determinación de prolactina y perfil hormonal completo. Se excluyeron mujeres con hormona estimulante de la tiroides > 2.5 mUI/l o que tomaban medicamentos dopaminérgicos. Se calculó la prevalencia de hiperprolactinemia con intervalo de confianza al 95% (IC95%). Resultados: En total se incluyeron 869 mujeres. La prevalencia de hiperprolactinemia fue 9.6% (IC95%: 7.7-11.7%). De 83 mujeres con hiperprolactinemia, 52 (62.2%) tenían valores de prolactina entre 25-40, 17 (20.4%) entre 41-60 y 14 (16.8%) > 60 ng/ml. La prevalencia de uno o más abortos espontáneos en mujeres con hiperprolactinemia vs. sin hiperprolactinemia entre mujeres con infertilidad secundaria fue: 19/20 (95%) versus 116/197 (58.9%), respectivamente (p = 0.002). La prevalencia de anovulación e hiperandrogenismo clínico fue significativamente mayor en mujeres sin hiperprolactinemia. Conclusiones: La hiperprolactinemia afecta a una de cada diez mujeres mexicanas con infertilidad. Las mujeres con infertilidad secundaria e hiperprolactinemia mostraron mayor frecuencia de antecedente de uno o más abortos.