Decision tree analysis for factors associated with dental caries in school-aged children in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to elucidate the interactive relationship between factors associated with dental caries in school children using decision tree analysis. RESEARCH DESIGN: Cross-sectional study Methods: Participants were recruited from public primary schools (9-12 years, 4th to 6th grade) and junior high schools (12-13 years, 1st grade) in Japan. A total of 1775 students (928 boys and 847 girls) were analyzed. Questionnaire survey, oral examination, and saliva test were performed. Multiple logistic regression and decision tree analysis were performed. RESULTS: Multiple logistic regression showed an association between dental caries and toothpaste use, dental attendance and the presence of Streptococcus mutans. Decision tree analysis showed that students with non-regular dental attendance were at a significantly higher risk of dental caries at the late stage of primary school. At the early stage of primary school, high levels of Streptococcus mutans and male sex were factors associated with dental caries. In students with low levels of Streptococcus mutans, using toothpaste occasionally was associated with a high risk of dental caries. CONCLUSIONS: In early primary school years, S. mutans may be a useful screening and diagnostic tool for dental caries. In students with high levels of S. mutans, sex may be associated with dental caries. Furthermore, in students with low levels of S. mutans, regular use of toothpaste should be encouraged, and in late primary school years, regular dental attendance should be encouraged to prevent dental caries.

DNA methylation of the BMAL1 promoter.

We previously analyzed transcriptional regulation of the BMAL1 gene, a critical component of the mammalian clock system and found that the BMAL1 gene is expressed with circadian oscillation and that its regulatory region is located in hypomethylated CpG islands with an open chromatin structure. Here, we found that the BMAL1 gene is not expressed with circadian oscillation in CPT-K cells because the CpG islands located in the BMAL1 promoter are hypermethylated and that 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (aza-dC) recovered BMAL1 expression. In contrast, CpG islands in the PER2 promoter were hypomethylated, the PER2 gene was expressed and aza-dC enhanced PER2 gene expression in CPT-K cells. Reporter gene assays showed that intracellular transcriptional machinery for the BMAL1 gene is active, suggesting that BMAL1 inactivation is caused by DNA methylation and not by malfunctional promoter activity. Incubating CPT-K cells with aza-dC also increased CRY1 expression, whereas CLOCK expression was not altered and the CRY1 promoter was unmethylated. These results suggest that aza-dC induces BMAL1 expression via DNA demethylation in the BMAL1 promoter and enhances PER2 and CRY1 transcription. Finally, aza-dC recovered the circadian oscillation of BMAL1 transcription. These results suggest that DNA methylation of the BMAL1 gene is critical for interfering with circadian rhythms.

Gender difference in tooth autotransplantation with complete root formation: a retrospective survey.

Gender-related risk factors in the survival of transplanted teeth with complete root formation have not yet been identified. The purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences in tooth autotransplantation at dental clinics. We asked participating dentists to provide information on transplantations they had undertaken from 1 January 1990 to 1931 December 2010. The data were screened to exclude patients who underwent more than one transplantation, smokers or those whose smoking habits were unknown, patients under 30 or who were 70 years old and over, cases where the transplanted teeth had incomplete root formation or multiple roots and those with fewer than 20 present teeth post-operation. We analysed 73 teeth of 73 males (mean age, 47.2 years) and 106 teeth of 106 females (mean age, 45.3 years) in this study. The cumulative survival rate and mean survival time were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The cumulative survival rate for males was 88.3% at the 5-year mark, 64.8% at 10 years and 48.6% at 15 years; for females, it was 97.2% at the 5-year mark, 85.9% at 10 years and 85.9% at 15 years. A log-rank test indicated the difference between males and females to be significant (P = 0.011). There was also a significant difference in the main causes for the loss of transplanted teeth: males lost more transplanted teeth due to attachment loss than females (P < 0.05). These results indicate that males require more attention during the autotransplantation process, particularly at the stage of pre-operation evaluation and that of follow-up maintenance.

Association between the Mediterranean Diet Score and Healthy Life Expectancy: A Global Comparative Study.

OBJECTIVES: Extending healthy life expectancy (HALE), defined as the average number of years that a person can expect to live in "full health" by taking into account years lived in less than full health due to disease and/or injury, is a common topic worldwide. This study aims to clarify the relationships between the Mediterranean diet score (MDS) and life expectancy (LE) and HALE globally using publicly available international data. SETTING: Analyses were conducted on 130 countries with populations of 1 million or more for which all data were available. Individual countries were scored from 0 to 9 to indicate adherence to the Mediterranean diet according to the MDS scoring method. The supply of vegetables, legumes, fruits and nuts, cereals, fish, and olive oil per 1,000 kcal per country was calculated based on the Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database, with a score of 1 for above the median and 0 for below. The same method was used to calculate scores of presumed detrimental components (meat and dairy), with consumption below the median given a value of 1, and consumption above the median given a value of 0. For ethanol, a score of 1 was given for 10g to 50 g of consumption. We investigated the cross-sectional associations between the MDS and LE and HALE at birth in 2009, and the longitudinal associations between the MDS in 2009 and LE and HALE between 2009 and 2019, controlling for covariates at baseline using linear mixed models. RESULTS: In the cross-sectional analysis, the MDS was significantly positively associated with LE (ß=0.906 [95% confidence interval, 0.065-1.747], p=0.037) and HALE (ß=0.875 [0.207-1.544], p=0.011) after controlling for all covariates. The longitudinal analysis also revealed significantly positive associations between the MDS and LE (0.621 [0.063-1.178], p=0.030) and HALE (0.694 [0.227-1.161], p=0.004) after controlling for all covariates. CONCLUSION: The present study, based on an analysis using 10 years of international data, showed that countries with a higher MDS showed a positive association with HALE.

Colonization pattern of periodontal bacteria in Japanese children and their mothers.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the time of infection by anaerobic gram-negative rods associated with periodontal disease, and to clarify their transmission from mother to child. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-eight Japanese children (including 10 siblings), aged from 3 to 9 years, and 68 mothers, were enrolled in this study. Colonization by 11 periodontal bacterial species was determined using polymerase chain reaction amplification of samples of subgingival plaque obtained from the children and their mothers. RESULTS: The detection rates of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythensis and Treponema denticola increased in children after the age of 6 years. We found a high consistency in colonization by P. gingivalis, T. denticola, Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens in 9 of the 10 siblings. The average number of bacterial species in plaque samples harboring Fusobacterium nucleatum and/or Fusobacterium periodonticum was significantly greater than in those without, in both children and mothers. Kappa statistical analysis revealed that the detection of Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Capnocytophaga ochracea, Campylobacter rectus and T. denticola in children was consistent with that in the mother. CONCLUSION: Periodontal bacterial colonization in Japanese children increased with age and was associated with F. nucleatum and/or periodonticum, and the bacterial flora in children was similar to that in their mothers.

Anti- and pro-oxidative effects of flavonoids on metal-induced lipid hydroperoxide-dependent lipid peroxidation in cultured hepatocytes loaded with alpha-linolenic acid.

Lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH)-dependent lipid peroxidation was induced in alpha-linolenic acid (LNA)-loaded hepatocytes by adding Fe, Cu, V, or Cd ions at concentrations from 20 to 500 microM. The effects of structurally related flavonoids at concentrations from 10 to 500 microM on the lipid peroxidation were examined. The results with regard to each flavonoid subclass are as follows: (i) Flavonols such as myricetin, quercetin, fisetin, and kaempferol, but not morin, showed dose-dependent antioxidative activity against metal-induced lipid peroxidation at all metal concentrations. Myricetin, quercetin, and fisetin were the most effective antioxidants, although their efficacies depended on the metal ion. Kaempferol and morin had antioxidative activity equal to the other flavonols in the presence of Cu ions, but were much less effective for the other three metal ions. (ii) Flavones, luteolin, apigenin, and chrysin were antioxidative at low Fe concentrations, but were pro-oxidative at high Fe concentrations. Luteolin exhibited antioxidative activity similar to that of catechol-containing flavonols in the presence of the other three metal ions. Apigenin and chrysin also acted as pro-oxidants with V or with all metal ions, respectively. (iii) Taxifolin, a flavanone, also showed both anti- and prooxidative activity, depending on Fe concentrations, but with other metal showed only antioxidative activity ions. (iv) Epigallocatechin, a flavanol, was antioxidative with all metal ions, and its activity was similar to that of catechol-containing flavonols. The various effects of flavonoids on metal-induced lipid peroxidation in LNA-loaded hepatocytes is discussed with regard to the change in redox potential of flavonoid-metal complexes.

Coronary angiographic characteristics in Japanese patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.

Coronary angiographic findings were analyzed in 51 consecutive patients (36 males and 15 females) with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and 279 consecutive patients (216 males and 63 females) without FH (non-FH). The coronary stenosis index and over 75% stenosis vessel subset were almost three times as high in the FH group. The incidence of myocardial infarction was almost twice as high in the FH group. Levels of total cholesterol and its lipoprotein fractions, except HDL-cholesterol, were almost twice as high in the FH group. In the FH group aged under 50 years, the two parameters of coronary angiogram and the incidence of myocardial infarction were significantly higher in males than in females. However, in the group aged over 50 years, all three parameters were not significantly different between those in males and females. The level of HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower in males than in females. A significantly higher incidence (18%) of coronary ectasia was observed in the FH group compared with the incidence (2%) in non-FH. All patients with coronary ectasia were males, except one female with FH. On comparison of the males among the FH patients with those among the non-FH patients matched for total cholesterol, age and other risk factors, the FH patients were associated with a significantly higher degree of coronary atherosclerosis and lower level of HDL-cholesterol. Seven FH patients with a normal coronary angiogram were observed. However, any factors as regards age, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and Achilles tendon thickness failed to distinguish between the FH patients with a normal coronary angiogram and those without.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Left atrial afterload mismatch in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

To investigate left atrial (LA) booster pump function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC), LA and left ventricular pressure-volume loops were estimated in 5 control subjects, 6 patients with essential hypertension and 11 patients with HC. Investigation of LA preload revealed that LA pressure and volume immediately before LA contraction were both increased in patients with hypertension (10 +/- 5 mm Hg, 71 +/- 19 ml/m2) compared with control subjects (7 +/- 1 mm Hg, 59 +/- 6 ml/m2), and even more increased in patients with HC (16 +/- 7 mm Hg, 81 +/- 25 ml/m2). Investigation of LA afterload revealed that the left ventricular chamber stiffness constant was higher in patients with hypertension (0.035 +/- 0.015) than in control subjects (0.028 +/- 0.009), and even more increased in patients with HC (0.056 +/- 0.017). LA stroke work index was higher in patients with hypertension (116 +/- 34 mm Hg.ml) and HC (115 +/- 19 mm Hg.ml) than in control subjects (87 +/- 23 mm Hg.ml). Investigation of LA ejection revealed that LA stroke index was higher in patients with hypertension (24 +/- 5 ml/m2) than in control subjects (18 +/- 4 ml/m2) and patients with HC (18 +/- 2 ml/m2), and LA ejection fraction was lower in patients with HC (23 +/- 6%) than in control subjects (32 +/- 7%) and patients with hypertension (34 +/- 8%). In patients with HC, LA function curve showed a shift to the lower right, and LA stroke index was inversely correlated (r = -0.76) with LA afterload. This study suggests that LA booster pump failure due to LA afterload mismatch exists in HC.

Cardiac characteristics and postoperative courses in Cushing's syndrome.

To assess the cardiac characteristics and postoperative courses in patients with Cushing's syndrome, electrocardiography and echocardiography were performed to study 12 consecutive, unselected patients, and results were compared with those of essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism. Eleven patients had hypertension and 7 had diabetes mellitus. Before adrenalectomy, common electrocardiographic abnormalities consisted of high-voltage QRS complexes (10 patients) and negative T waves (7 patients). Echocardiograms showed left ventricular hypertrophy in 9 patients, and all the patients had evidence of asymmetric septal hypertrophy. In patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, the thickness of the interventricular septum ranged from 16 to 32 mm, whereas the ratio of the thickness of interventricular septum to that of the posterior wall ranged from 1.33 to 2.67. The interventricular septum in Cushing's syndrome was extremely thicker and asymmetric septal hypertrophy occurred more often than essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism. Nine patients could be followed up after operation. In these patients abnormal electrocardiographic findings had normalized, the thickness of interventricular septum had decreased and asymmetric septal hypertrophy had disappeared except in 1 patient. The reason why left ventricular hypertrophy in Cushing's syndrome is severe is still unknown. Because left ventricular hypertrophy is more severe and the frequency of asymmetric septal hypertrophy much greater in Cushing's syndrome than in essential and other secondary hypertension, it is thought that not only increased aortic pressure but excessive plasma cortisol may be etiologic factors in the progression of left ventricular hypertrophy in Cushing's syndrome.

Collagen remodelling in myocardia of patients with diabetes.

AIMS: To investigate collagen remodelling in the interstitium of the heart in patients with diabetes. METHODS: Immunohistochemical study of the biopsied myocardium using type specific anticollagen antibodies (I, III, IV, V, VI) was performed in 12 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and six non-diabetic patients. There was no history of hypertension or coronary artery stenosis in any of the patients. RESULTS: Noticeable accumulations of collagen types I, III, and VI in the myocardial interstitium were recognised in both groups, but little accumulation of types IV or V was found. Types I and III mainly stained in the perimysium and perivascular region, while type VI predominantly stained in the endomysium. There was no disease specific accumulation of collagen in diabetes mellitus. The percentage of total interstitial fibrosis in the myocardium was significantly higher in the diabetic group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Although the percentages of collagen types I and VI did not differ between the two groups, the percentage type of III was significantly higher in the diabetic group than in the controls (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Collagen remodelling mainly as a result of an increase in collagen type III in the perimysium and perivascular region, occurs in the hearts of patients with diabetes.

Correlation between histopathological changes and mechanical dysfunction in diabetic rat hearts.

Recent clinical and experimental studies have suggested that diabetic patients may develop myocardial dysfunction in the absence of coronary heart disease and hypertension. In this study, the correlation between histopathological changes and myocardial dysfunction was studied in experimental diabetic rat hearts. Male Wistar rats were made diabetic at 9 weeks of age with a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin 50 mg/kg. The diabetic rats were studied along with age-matched control and insulin-treated rats at 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks after the induction of diabetes to investigate isolated papillary muscle contraction and the histopathological picture simultaneously. In the isometric contractions, resting and developed tensions were similar. Time to peak tension and time to 1/2 relaxation were prolonged and the peak rate of tension rise and tension fall was depressed. On histological examination of left ventricular walls, diameters of myocytes were similar at all disease durations. Interstitial fibrosis and disarrangement of myocytes after 12 weeks were slightly increased in the diabetic hearts. Mechanical parameters did not worsen in parallel with the duration of diabetes and histological changes, but correlated with the blood glucose level. These data suggest that short-term mechanical defects in the experimental diabetic rat heart result from the metabolic disorder itself, with histopathological changes occurring later.

Cytotoxicity of food preservatives in cultured rat hepatocytes loaded with linolenic acid.

We investigated the ability of eight food preservatives to induce lipid peroxidation in normal and alpha-linolenic acid (LNA)-loaded cultured rat hepatocytes. On the addition of sodium dehydroacetate (DHA-Na), potassium sorbate (SA-K) or thiabendazole (TBZ) to the cell culture, lipid peroxidation, assessed in terms of the production of malondialdehyde (MDA), was induced in LNA-loaded cells, but not in normal cells. At the low concentrations, induction of lipid peroxidation in LNA-loaded cells was highest with TBZ, whereas at high concentrations DHA-Na greatly induced lipid peroxidation. The occurrence of lipid peroxidation in LNA-loaded cells was accompanied by a decrease in cellular GSH levels with the three preservatives and by a decrease in cellular protein-SH levels with DHA-Na and TBZ. Furthermore, cell injury, measured by the release of LDH, was produced in LNA-loaded cells exposed to DHA-Na and SA-K. The addition of TBZ caused substantial cell injury in normal cells, and even greater injury in LNA-loaded cells. The prevention of lipid peroxidation in LNA-loaded hepatocytes by addition of an antioxidant, N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD) almost completely prevented DHA-Na- and SA-K-induced cell injury, and reduced TBZ-induced cell injury. The addition of diphenyl (DP), o-phenylphenol (OPP) or butyl p-hydroxybenzoate (BHB) caused severe cell injury, in association with a marked decrease in cellular levels of both of GSH and protein-SH in both groups of cells. However, lipid peroxidation was not detectable in either group of cells exposed to these preservatives. Sodium propionate (PA-Na) and sodium benzoate (BA-Na) had little effect on any cytotoxic parameter in either group of cells.

Hepatic ATP content and hyperammonemia induced by CCl4 in rats.

An investigation of the mechanism of development of hyperammonemia observed in CCl4-induced hepatic encephalopathy was performed in rats. CCl4 (1.0 ml/kg 3 times per week for over 10 weeks) caused a severe hyperammonemia and depletion of hepatic ATP contents in only those rats with hepatic encephalopathy. However, CCl4 (1.0 ml/kg 3 times per week for 7 weeks) did not cause hepatic encephalopathy and did not change in blood ammonia levels. Administration of 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) in these CCl4-treated rats caused hepatic encephalopathy within 30 min after injection and then the increase of 140 micrograms/dl in blood ammonia levels and the decrease of 80% in hepatic ATP contents were observed. However, the administration of 2,4-DNP in CCl4-untreated rats did not cause hepatic encephalopathy within 30 min after injection although the increase of 70 micrograms/dl in blood ammonia levels and the decrease of 80% in hepatic ATP contents were observed. Hepatic activities of carbamylphosphate synthetase (CPS) and argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), important enzymes of the urea cycle, were significantly inhibited by 85% and 60% respectively, in rats treated with CCl4 plus 2,4-DNP. However, in rats treated with 2,4-DNP and without CCl4, the hepatic activities of CPS and ASS were inhibited only 25% and 0%, respectively. These findings suggest that the severe hyperammonemia, which may be produced by the decrease of hepatic ATP content and the inhibition of CPS and ASS, may play an important role in induction of hepatic encephalopathy.

Distribution of fluoride in sound and periodontally diseased human cementum.

Fluoride distribution was investigated by an abrasive micro-sampling technique. The fluoride concentration increased with age in both sound and diseased cementum. In sound teeth, the fluoride profiles (distribution of fluoride from the surface to interior) of the middle and apical cementum were similar. In the diseased cementum the profile of the middle region tended to be more variable than that of the apical cementum, suggesting a possible effect of the oral environment on the fluoride profile at this site.

The thickness of the sound and periodontally diseased human cementum.

Cementum of teeth previously analysed for fluoride was re-examined in order to determine whether or not periodontal disease had affected the thickness of the tissue. In the periodontally diseased teeth the cementum was thinner than normal in the middle region of the root. The apical cementum, however, was significantly thicker in periodontally diseased than in the sound teeth of subjects over 60 yr old. This may account for the higher total fluoride levels previously reported in the apical cementum of these same teeth.

Quantitation of myocardial fibrosis and its relation to function in essential hypertension and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Myocardial interstitial fibrosis is an important microscopic feature of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. To determine whether interstitial fibrosis of the myocardium in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and essential hypertension differ in quality or quantity, and to determine whether fibrosis affects cardiac function directly, we measured the percentage of fibrosis in patients of both categories and compared the severity of fibrosis with several cardiac functions. Left and right ventricular endomyocardial biopsies were performed in 25 patients with essential hypertension and in 19 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Interstitial fibrosis was classified into four different microscopic types, and the percentage of total and of each type was calculated using the point-counting method. Although the percentage of total fibrosis was similar between the two groups, the type of fibrosis was different. There was no correlation between the percentage of total fibrosis and the mean size of myocytes in either group. Although there was a significant correlation between the percentage of total fibrosis and the thickness of the interventricular septum in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, such correlation was lacking in hypertension. There was no correlation between the percentage of total fibrosis and the ejection fraction, cardiac index, or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in either group. We concluded that the amount of myocardial interstitial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is no greater than that in essential hypertension, but the type of fibrosis is different. Furthermore, in subjects in whom the ejection fraction is normal or only slightly decreased, fibrosis does not influence global cardiac functions.

Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy in patients with hypertension: a type of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy combined with hypertension?

To determine whether asymmetrical septal hypertrophy (ASH) in patients with essential hypertension (HT) is a type of hypertensive left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) combined with HT, we investigated a group of 7 hypertensive patients with ASH compared with 12 HCM patients and 10 healthy controls using radionuclide angiography and right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy. The LV time-volume curve and its first and second derivative curves were constructed from cardiac output and time-activity curves constructed by combined forward and reverse-gating from the R wave. The LV wall thickness and ejection fraction were significantly greater in both the HT and HCM groups than in the control group, whereas there were no differences in these indices between the HT and HCM groups. Rapid filling volume index and rapid filling fraction showed significantly lower values in the HCM group than in the control group (p < 0.005). In contrast to the HCM group, these indices in the HT group did not differ from those in the control group. The time to peak filling rate was prolonged in the control, hypertension, and HCM groups in increasing order. Histopathological study revealed a higher incidence of myocardial cell disarray in the HCM than in the HT group. The above results suggest that ASH in hypertensive patients is a type of hypertensive LV hypertrophy.

Clinical studies on diabetic myocardial disease using exercise testing with myocardial scintigraphy and endomyocardial biopsy.

Nine diabetics without significant coronary stenosis participated in an exercise testing protocol with thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy. Endomyocardial biopsy of right ventricle was also obtained. There were 4 patients with abnormal perfusion (positive group) and 5 patients with normal perfusion (negative group). All cases of the positive group were familial diabetics and there was only one case of dietary treatment, whereas in the negative group, there were only 2 cases of familial diabetics and 3 cases receiving dietary treatment. No statistical differences between the positive and negative groups were observed for the data of exercise performance and hemodynamic parameters in cardiac catheterization at rest. However, the mean ejection fraction in the positive group (62 +/- 13%) was significantly lower than in the negative group (77 +/- 4%). In both groups, the mean diameter of myocardial cells and the mean percent fibrosis of biopsy specimens showed significant increases compared with the control group. The mean percent fibrosis in the positive group (24.1 +/- 8.5%) compared with that in the negative group (16.5 +/- 5.9%) showed a tendency to increase. It is suggested that the abnormal perfusion of thallium-201 in the positive group indicates subclinically a pathological change of microcirculation caused by diabetes mellitus.

Disproportionate hypertrophy of the interventricular septum and its regression in Cushing's syndrome. Report of three cases.

Three patients of Cushing's syndrome with severe disproportionate hypertrophy of the interventricular septum are reported. All three underwent adrenalectomy and the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome was confirmed by the presence of adrenal adenoma. All three showed hypertension before the adrenalectomy and two remained hypertensive following adrenalectomy. Before the operations the electrocardiograms revealed inverted T waves in broad leads, and mechanocardiogram systolic and diastolic dysfunction. After the adrenalectomies, abnormal findings on electrocardiograms were normalized and septal hypertrophy was completely regressed. It appears that not only high aortic pressure but also excessive plasma cortisol may be an etiologic factor of the left ventricular hypertrophy in Cushing's syndrome.

Abdominal aortic aneurysms in familial hypercholesterolemia--case reports.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disease characterized by high serum cholesterol levels and premature coronary atherosclerosis. Hypercholesterolemia is one of the factors promoting the arteriosclerotic process and is a major cause of aortic aneurysm. Few data are available, however, about abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) in patients with FH. In this study, the clinical and angiographic characteristics of AAAs found in patients with FH were investigated. Thirty-one cases (23 men, 8 women, aged fifty +/- fourteen years) were examined by coronary angiography, thoracic and abdominal aortography, and clinical data. Abdominal aortography detected abdominal aneurysms in 8 cases (26%), all of whom were men, including 4 cases (50%) that were complicated by diabetes mellitus. The abdominal aneurysm patients manifested severe coronary atherosclerosis, severe abdominal aortic irregularity, and higher blood pressure than the nonaneurysm FH patients. These findings suggest that AAAs are an important and prevalent feature in FH, especially in men with diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure.