Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in heart transplantation recipients.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and risk factors of postoperative neurocognitive disorder (NCD) in patients who underwent heart transplantation. METHODS: Seventy-six heart transplant patients were analyzed for clinical data including gender, age, height, weight, education level, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), stroke volume (SV), transplantation duration, and pretransplant medical history. Cognitive function was assessed using the mini-mental status examination (MMSE) and Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) scales. Patients were categorized into cognitively normal and impaired groups based on the presence or absence of cognitive dysfunction, and their cognitive function scores were compared. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for cognitive impairment in postoperative cardiac transplant patients. RESULTS: Cognitive dysfunction was observed in 48 out of 76 heart transplant patients, representing an incidence of 63.2%. Cognitive impairment in heart transplant recipients predominantly affected multiple cognitive domains. Logistic regression analysis identified age (OR = 1.057, 95% CI 1.002-1.115), gender (OR = .200, 95% CI .044-.919), education level (OR = .728, 95% CI .600-.883), LVEF (OR = .891, 95% CI .820-.969), and history of diabetes (OR = 7.674, 95% CI 1.317-44.733) as independent risk factors for postoperative NCD in heart transplant recipients (P < .05). CONCLUSION: The study found a high incidence of postoperative NCD in heart transplant patients, with gender, age, education level, LVEF, and diabetes history being significant risk factors. Early identification and intervention targeting these risk factors may help prevent NCD in postheart transplant patients and improve long-term outcomes.

Nontargeted Analysis of Coumarins in Source Water and Their Formation of Chlorinated Coumarins as DBPs in Drinking Water.

Coumarin was detected as one of the most abundant compounds by nontargeted analysis of natural product components in actual water samples prior to disinfection. More importantly, prechlorination of humic acid generated 3-hydroxycoumarin and monohydroxy-monomethyl-substituted coumarin with a total yield of ≤10.1%, which suggested the humic substance in raw water is an important source of coumarins. 7-Hydroxycoumarin, 6-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin, 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin, and 7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin were identified in raw water by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry because only some coumarin standards were commercially available. Their chlorination generated monochlorinated and polychlorinated coumarins, and their structures were confirmed by the synthesized standards. These products could form at various dosages of chlorine and pH levels, and some with a concentration of 600 ng/L can be stable in tap water for days. 3,6,8-Trichloro-7-hydroxycoumarin, 3-chloro-7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin, and 3,6-dichloro-7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin were first identified in finished water with concentrations of 0.0670, 78.1, and 14.7 ng/L, respectively, but not in source water, suggesting that they are new DBPs formed during disinfection. The cytotoxicity of 3-chloro-7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin in CHO-K1 cells was comparable to those of 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone in TIC-Tox analyses, suggesting that further investigation of their occurrence and control in drinking water systems is warranted.

Health-related quality of life among cancer survivors: pre-existing chronic conditions are to be given priority.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to describe the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of cancer survivors in China by the five-level EuroQol-5-dimension (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire and to explore the impact of the comorbidity of pre-existing chronic conditions on HRQoL in cancer survivors. METHODS: Data on cancer survivors were obtained from two cross-sectional surveys conducted in Shandong Province, China. The data of the Chinese general population, the Chinese diabetes population, the Chinese hypertension population, and the Chinese urban population from the published studies were used as the controls. The χ2 test was conducted to compare the incidence of five-dimensional problems between the study and control populations. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were performed to examine the differences in EQ-5D-5L utility scores. Besides, the Tobit regression model was used to examine the variables influencing the EQ-5D-5L utility score. RESULTS: One thousand fifty-one adult cancer survivors were included. Cancer survivors had significantly lower EQ-5D-5L utility scores (Z = - 15.939, P < 0.001) and EQ-VAS scores (Z = - 11.156, P < 0.001) than the general adult population. The average EQ-5D-5L utility score of hypertensive cancer survivors was lower than that of the hypertensive population (Z = - 1.610, P = 0.107), but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Compared to the general population, the HRQoL of cancer survivors was extremely poor in all dimensions of the EQ-5D-5L. Pre-existing chronic conditions had significant antecedent effects on the HRQoL of cancer survivors. Therefore, more attention should be paid to chronic diseases, and effective interventions should be adopted based on this.

Metabolites and metabolic pathway analysis of sulfadimidine in carp (Cyprinus carpio) based on UHPLC-Q-orbitrap HRMS.

Sulfadimidine (SM2) is an N-substituted derivative of p-aminobenzenesulfonyl structure. This study aimed to analyze the metabolism of SM2 in carp (Cyprinus carpio). The carps were fed with SM2 at a dose of 200 mg/(kg · bw) and then killed. The blood, muscle, liver, kidney, gill, other guts, and carp aquaculture water samples were collected. The UHPLC-Q-Exactive Plus Orbitrap-MS was adopted for determining the metabolites of SM2 in the aforementioned samples. Twelve metabolites, which were divided into metabolites in vivo and metabolites in vitro, were identified using Compound Discoverer software. The metabolic pathways in vivo of SM2 in carp included acetylation, hydroxylation, glucoside conjugation, glycine conjugation, carboxylation, glucuronide conjugation, reduction, and methylation. The metabolic pathways in vitro included oxidation and acetylation. This study clarified the metabolites and metabolic pathways of SM2 in carp and provided a reference for further pharmacodynamic evaluation and use in aquaculture.

Availability of family care resources, bathing assistance and toileting assistance among older adults with functional limitations: an evidence-based study from China.

BACKGROUND: An aging population has contributed to an increasing prevalence of functional limitations among older adults. Family support plays a crucial role in toileting and bathing assistance. Yet, the relationship between availability of family care resources and such actual assistance remains insufficiently explored. Our study aims to describe availability of family care resources and identify the association between availability of family care resources and toileting assistance or bathing assistance. METHODS: This study employed a cross-sectional analysis of data from the 2018 National Survey of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The availability of family care resources was assessed using measurements of spouse availability, adult child availability, and living arrangement. Bathing assistance and toileting assistance were measured based on self-reported receipt of such assistance. Descriptive statistics were used to depict the overall and subgroup situation of availability of family care resources. Multivariable logistic models were employed to investigate the relationship between availability of family care resources and the receipt of toileting assistance or bathing assistance. RESULTS: Among the sample of older adults with functional limitations, 69% had a spouse, 63% had at least one adult child, and 80% resided with family members. Among those with bathing disability, 13% reported lacking bathing assistance, and among those with toileting disability, 54% reported lacking toileting assistance. Participants with 1-2 adult children had lower odds of receiving toileting assistance (OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.91, p= 0.034) compared to those with three or more adult children. Spouse availability and living arrangement did not exhibit statistically significant associations with toileting assistance. Participants without a spouse had lower odds of receiving bathing assistance (OR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.09-0.78, p= 0.016) in comparison to those with a spouse; however, adult child availability and living arrangement did not display statistically significant associations with bathing assistance. CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest a gap in family commitment when it comes to assisting older adults with functional limitations in bathing/toileting. To address this, policymakers are encouraged to prioritize the implementation of proactive mechanisms for identifying family caregivers, alongside incentives to enhance their engagement in practical caregiving activities. Furthermore, it is crucial to emphasize the prioritization of affordable and easily accessible formal toileting/bathing assistance options for older adults who lack sufficient family care resources.

Preference for primary care in Chinese homebound patients.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the preference for primary healthcare (PHC) and investigate associated factors among homebound residents in both rural and urban areas of China. It provides valuable insights to facilitate the rational allocation of healthcare resources and promote the utilization of PHC. METHODS: In this nationally representative cross-sectional study, we utilized the most recent data (2020) from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Participants were recruited from 25 provincial-level administrative regions in both rural and urban areas of China. Homebound patients were asked to provide details about their individual characteristics, variables related to family caregiving, and preferences for PHC. Multivariable logistic models were used to analyze potential factors associated with preference for PHC. Estimates of association were reported as odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: The study found that 58.43% of rural patients reported a preference for PHC, while 42.78% of urban patients favored PHC. Compared to rural participants who did not received inpatient care in the past year, those who received inpatient care in the past year had 67% lower odds of choosing PHC (OR:0.33, 95% CI:0.19-0.59); Compared to rural participants who did not received family caregiving when ill, those who received family caregiving when ill had 59% lower odds of choosing PHC (OR: 0.41, 95% CI:0.21-0.77). Correspondingly, Compared to urban participants who did not received inpatient care in the past year, those who had received inpatient care in the past year had 75% lower odds of choosing PHC (OR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.10-0.56); Compared to urban participants who did not received family caregiving when ill, those who received family caregiving when ill had 73% lower odds of choosing PHC (OR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.11-0.63); Compared to urban participants who with agricultural Hukou, those with Non-agricultural Hukou had 61% lower odds of choosing PHC (OR: 0.39, 95% CI:0.18-0.83); Compared to urban participants living in the eastern part of mainland China, those living in the central part of China had 188% higher odds of choosing PHC (OR: 2.88, 95% CI: 1.14-7.29). CONCLUSION: Policymakers should focus on tailoring PHC to vulnerable populations and prioritizing family-based public health strategies for enhancing homebound patients' perceptions of PHC. Furthermore, further study is needed on whether the Hukou registration system affects the barriers that homebound patients experience in choosing healthcare providers.

Associations of glyphosate exposure and serum sex steroid hormones among 6-19-year-old children and adolescents.

Glyphosate, ranked as one of the most widely used herbicides in the world, has raised concerns about its potential disruptive effects on sex hormones. However, limited human evidence was available, especially for children and adolescents. The present study aimed to examine the associations between exposure to glyphosate and sex hormones among participants aged 6-19 years, utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2013 and 2016. Children and adolescents who had available data on urinary glyphosate, serum sex steroid hormones, including testosterone (TT), estradiol (E2) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and covariates were selected. Additionally, the ratio of TT to E2 (TT/E2) and the free androgen index (FAI), which was calculated using TT/SHBG, were also included as sex hormone indicators. Survey regression statistical modeling was used to examine the associations between urinary glyphosate concentration and sex hormone indicators by age and sex group. Among the 964 participants, 83.71% had been exposed to glyphosate (>lower limit of detection). The survey regression revealed a marginally negative association between urinary glyphosate and E2 in the overall population, while this association was more pronounced in adolescents with a significant trend. In further sex-stratified analyses among adolescents, a significant decrease in E2, FAI, and TT (p trend <0.05) was observed in female adolescents for the highest quartile of urinary glyphosate compared to the lowest quartile. However, no similar association was observed among male adolescents. Our findings suggest that exposure to glyphosate at the current level may decrease the levels of sex steroids in adolescents, particularly female adolescents. Considering the cross-sectional study design, further research is needed to confirm our findings.

Nano Fe3O4 improved the electron donating capacity of dissolved organic matter during sludge composting.

The effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) on the electron transfer process in aerobic composting systems remains unexplored. In this study, we compared the electron transfer characteristics of DOM in sludge composting without additives (group CK) and with the addition of 50 mg/kg Fe3O4 NPs additive (group Fe). It was demonstrated that the electron transfer capacity (ETC) and electron donating capacity (EDC) of compost-derived DOM increased by 13%-29% and 40%-47%, respectively, with the addition of Fe3O4 NPs during sludge composting. Analyzing the composition and structure of DOM revealed that Fe3O4 NPs promoted the formation of humic acid-like substances and enhanced the aromatic condensation degree of DOM. Correlation analysis indicated that the increase in EDC of DOM was closely associated with the phenolic group in DOM and influenced by quinone groups and the degree of aromatization of DOM. The higher EDC and the structural evolution of DOM in group Fe reduced the bioaccessibility of Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the redox evolutionary mechanism of DOM in sludge composting and broadens the application of iron oxides additives.

Effects of Hydrophobic Biochar-Modified Landfill Soil Cover on Methane Oxidation.

Landfill cover soils play an important role in mitigating landfill methane (CH4) emissions. Incorporating biochar into the soil has proven effective in reducing CH4 emissions. However, the role of hydrophobic biochar in this context remains underexplored. This study investigated the CH4 removal efficiency of a biochar-modified landfill soil cover column (RB) and hydrophobic biochar-modified landfill soil cover column (RH) under varying CH4 influx gas concentrations (25 and 35%), simulated CH4 inflow rates (10, 15, and 20 ml/min), and temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 °C). RH consistently outperformed RB in terms of CH4 removal efficiency under these experimental conditions. The optimal conditions for CH4 degradation by both RB and RH were observed at a CH4 influx gas concentration of 35%, a simulated CH4 inflow rate of 10 ml/min, and a temperature of ~30 °C. RH achieved a CH4 removal rate of up to 99.96%. In summary, the addition of hydrophobic biochar enhanced the air permeability and hydrophobicity of landfill cover soils, providing a promising alternative to conventional cover soils for reducing CH4 emissions from landfills.

A cross-sectional study: caregiver burden and related determinants of adult patients with ß-thalassemia major in mainland China.

BACKGROUND: The informal caregivers of adult patients with ß-thalassemia major (ß-TM) bear not only physical but also emotional and economic pressures of providing care. This study is the first to evaluate the caregiver burden by Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) of adult patients with ß-TM in mainland China and to identify predictors of caregiver burden. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we conducted an online survey with snowball sampling covering seven provinces between September 1, 2021, and January 31, 2022, of patients aged ≥ 18 years with ß-TM and their informal caregivers. Caregiver burden was assessed using the ZBI. Data on patient demographics, disease and therapy characteristics, and informal caregivers' demographic characteristics were collected and analysed using independent t-tests, analysis of variance, Spearman's correlation and multiple linear regression. RESULTS: Of 75 included patients, more than half (50.7%) were male. The mean patient age was 24.69 ± 5.59 years. The mean age of the informal caregivers was 50.60 ± 9.16 years, with women (74.7%) being predominant. The ZBI score was 38.00 ± 17.02. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that patients with interrupted blood transfusion therapy and informal caregivers required to care of others were positively associated with caregiver burden (p < 0.05). Age of informal caregivers were borderline significant positively associated with caregiver burden (p < 0.1). Married informal caregivers were negatively associated with caregiver burden (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The informal caregivers of adult patients with ß-TM in mainland China experienced a moderate-to-severe level of caregiving burden. The caregiver burden was higher in patients with a history of interrupted blood transfusion therapy or in informal caregivers who were older or needed to care for others. Additionally, married informal caregivers experienced lower burdens compared to non-married informal caregivers. These findings provide a reference to identify informal caregivers with higher burdens among patients with ß-TM.

Causality between Sarcopenia and Depression: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study.

BACKGROUND: Numerous observational studies have suggested a correlation between sarcopenia and depression, but the nature of this relationship requires further investigation. METHODS: This study employed bidirectional Mendelian randomization to explore this connection. Data from genome-wide association studies were used, encompassing measures of sarcopenia and mental factors, including depression and emotional states. The initial analysis concentrated on the impact of depression on sarcopenia, and then it examined the reverse relationship. The same methodology was applied to emotional data for validation. RESULTS: The results indicated a reciprocal causation between sarcopenia and depression, even when emotional state data were considered. Various emotions can impact sarcopenia, and in turn, sarcopenia can affect emotions, except subjective well-being. These findings highlight a cyclic deterioration between sarcopenia and depression, with a link to negative emotions and a partially ameliorative effect of subjective well-being on sarcopenia. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, this study sheds light on the interplay between psychiatric factors and sarcopenia, offering insights into intervention and prevention strategies.

Enhancing Reversibility and Stability of Mg Metal Anodes: High-Exposure (002) Facets and Nanosheet Arrays for Superior Mg Plating/Stripping.

Magnesium metal batteries (MMBs), recognized as promising contenders for post-lithium battery technologies, face challenges such as uneven magnesium (Mg) plating and stripping behaviors, leading to uncontrollable dendrite growth and irreversible structural damage. Herein, we have developed a Mg foil featuring prominently exposed (002) facets and an architecture of nanosheet arrays (termed (002)-Mg), created through a one-step acid etching method. Specifically, the prominent exposure of Mg (002) facets, known for their inherently low surface and adsorption energies with Mg atoms, not only facilitates smooth nucleation and dense deposition but also significantly mitigates side reactions on the Mg anode. Moreover, the nanosheet arrays on the surface evenly distribute the electric field and Mg ion flux, enhancing Mg ion transfer kinetics. As a result, the fabricated (002)-Mg electrodes exhibit unprecedented long-cycle performance, lasting over 6000 h (>8 months) at a current density of 3 mA cm-2 for a capacity of 3 mAh cm-2. Furthermore, the corresponding pouch cells equipped with various electrolytes and cathodes demonstrate remarkable capacity and cycling stability, highlighting the superior electrochemical compatibility of the (002)-Mg electrode. This study provides new insights into the advancement of durable MMBs by modifying the crystal structure and morphology of Mg.

Generation of vector elliptical perfect optical vortices with mixed modes in free space.

Vector vortex beams are widely used because of their anisotropic vortex polarization state and spiral phase. Constructing mixed mode vector vortex beams in free space still requires complex designs and calculations. We propose a method for generating mixed mode vector Elliptical perfect optical vortex (EPOV) arrays in free space by mode extraction and optical pen. It is demonstrated that the long axis and short axis of EPOVs are not limited by the topological charge (TC). Flexible modulation of parameters in the array is achieved, including number, position, ellipticity, ring size, TC, and polarization mode. This approach is simple and effective, it will provide a powerful optical tool for optical tweezers, particle manipulation, and optical communication.

Novelty three stages for humification of sewage sludge during hyperthermophilic aerobic fermentation.

Compared with conventional aerobic fermentation (CAF), there is limited knowledge of how hyperthermophilic aerobic fermentation (HAF) enhances the humification of sewage sludge. This study compared three novel stages of organic degradation, precursors, functional groups, bacterial community, and humus synthesis mechanism in HAF with CAF. The results showed that organic matter (OM) degraded rapidly, and 68% of the degradation could be completed of stage I in HAF. Compared with the initial stage, ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), water-soluble organic carbon, and water-soluble total nitrogen increased by 2.83 times, 40.5 times, and 33.5 times, respectively. Cellulose and hemicellulose decreased by 29.22% and 21.85%, respectively. These results suggested that temperature (>80 °C) and Bacillus dominated accelerate the humification process by rapidly improving OM degradation. Compared with the initial value of HAF, the maximum increment of reducing sugar at stage II was 297%, and the degradation rate of cellulose was effectively increased by 21.03% compared with that of CAF. The precursors such as reducing sugars and amino acids formed humus at stage II. The content of Aryl C increased significantly during the HAF process, the degree of polymerization of humus and the aromatization degree of HA and FA increased significantly, and complex organic macromolecular material polymers were formed at stage III. The sugar-amine condensation was the mechanism of humification in the sludge HAF process. This investigation provided three new stages of insights into the synthesis of humification during the HAF process and extended the current mechanism of humification in the HAF process.

Free-space generation of three-dimensional tunable vector optical cages.

The generation of three-dimensional tunable vector optical cages through full polarization modulation requires complex polarization states. This paper takes the vector Airy optical cage as an example to generate a three-dimensional tunable high-quality optical cage based on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase principle. The proposed method in this paper possesses the capability of arbitrary modulation in various aspects, including the quantity of optical cages and their respective sizes as well as three-dimensional spatial positions. Moreover, the intensity of each optical cage can be modulated independently. This research will improve the capture efficiency of optical tweezers and promote further development in fields of efficient optical trapping, particle manipulation, high-resolution microscopic manipulation, and optical communication.

Use of home and community-based services and loneliness in older people with functional limitations: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Loneliness is one of the major health problems among older adults. Among this population, home and community-based services (HCBS) have become increasingly popular. Despite its health benefits, little is known about the relationship between HCBS use and loneliness in older people with functional limitations. We aim to explore the characteristics of loneliness among older people with functional limitations and examine the association between HCBS use and loneliness in China. METHODS: We used a cross-sectional data from the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, which includes a nationally representative sample of Chinese residents aged 65 and older with functional limitations. Logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between HCBS use and loneliness, and we further used propensity score matching to address potential sample selection bias. RESULT: In China, 46% of older people with functional limitations felt lonely and only 22% of older people with functional limitations reported using HCBS in 2018. Compared with participants who did not receive HCBS, those who received HCBS were less likely to report loneliness (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.63, 0.99, p = 0.048), and the results remained significant after addressing sample selection bias using propensity score matching. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that loneliness was common among Chinese older people with functional limitations, and the proportion of HCBS use was low. There was robust evidence to support that among older people with functional limitations, HCBS use was associated with decreased loneliness. Further policies should promote the development of broader HCBS use for older people with functional limitations to reduce their loneliness.

Association Between Online Health Information-Seeking Behaviors by Caregivers and Delays in Pediatric Cancer: Mixed Methods Study in China.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric cancer patients in China often present at an advanced stage of disease resulting in lower survival and poorer health outcomes. One factor hypothesized to contribute to delays in pediatric cancer has been the online health information-seeking (OHIS) behaviors by caregivers. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine the association between OHIS behaviors by caregivers and delays for Chinese pediatric cancer patients using a mixed methods approach. METHODS: This study used a mixed methods approach, specifically a sequential explanatory design. OHIS behavior by the caregiver was defined as the way caregivers access information relevant to their children's health via the Internet. Delays in pediatric cancer were defined as any one of the following 3 types of delay: patient delay, diagnosis delay, or treatment delay. The quantitative analysis methods included descriptive analyses, Student t tests, Pearson chi-square test, and binary logistic regression analysis, all performed using Stata. The qualitative analysis methods included conceptual content analysis and the Colaizzi method. RESULTS: A total of 303 pediatric cancer patient-caregiver dyads was included in the quantitative survey, and 29 caregivers completed the qualitative interview. Quantitative analysis results revealed that nearly one-half (151/303, 49.8%) of patients experienced delays in pediatric cancer, and the primary type of delay was diagnosis delay (113/303, 37.3%), followed by patient delay (50/303, 16.5%) and treatment delay (24/303, 7.9%). In this study, 232 of the 303 (76.6%) caregiver participants demonstrated OHIS behaviors. When those engaged in OHIS behaviors were compared with their counterparts, the likelihood of patient delay more than doubled (odds ratio=2.21; 95% CI 1.03-4.75). Qualitative analysis results showed that caregivers' OHIS behaviors impacted the cancer care pathway by influencing caregivers' symptom appraisal before the first medical contact and caregivers' acceptance of health care providers' diagnostic and treatment decisions. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that OHIS among Chinese pediatric caregivers may be a risk factor for increasing the likelihood of patient delay. Our government and society should make a concerted effort to regulate online health information and improve its quality. Specialized freemium consultations provided by health care providers via online health informatic platforms are needed to shorten the time for caregivers' cancer symptom appraisal before the first medical contact.

Amoxicillin degradation in the heat, light, or heterogeneous catalyst activated persulfate systems: Comparison of kinetics, mechanisms and toxicities.

Various activated persulfate (PS) technologies have been investigated and implemented to eliminate antibiotic contaminants from water. The investigation and evaluation of different activation systems are essential for the application of PS techniques. The degradation of amoxicillin (AMX) by heat, light, or heterogeneous catalyst of Fe-AC composite activated PS was investigated, and the kinetics, mechanisms and toxicities were compared in this work. The apparent activation energy of the Fe-AC system was lower than that of the heat system. Hydroxyl and sulfate radicals were demonstrated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and quenching tests. There were 22, 21 and 13 types of degradation intermediates detected in heat, light and Fe-AC system, respectively. Six pathways of AMX degradation were proposed and compared in the three activated PS systems. The toxicity prediction of degradation intermediates under different treatment processes was estimated by ecological structure-activity relationship model and toxicity estimation software tool. The genotoxicity of the AMX degradation solution was tested by Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1_recA, which indicated that the AMX solution after treatment in the Fe-AC system had almost no genotoxicity. The Fe-AC/PS system shows apparent advantages over the heat or light activated PS system in most cases, demonstrating that the Fe-AC/PS system is suitable for AMX-contaminated remediation in aqueous solution.

Compost-derived humic and fulvic acid coupling with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 for the bioreduction of Cr(â ¥).

The compost-derived humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) contain abundant active functional groups with strong redox capacity, which can function as an electron shuttles for promoting the reduction of heavy metals, thus changing the form of the pollutants in the environment and reducing their toxicity. Therefore, in this study, UV-Vis, FTIR, 3D-EEM, electrochemical analysis were applied to study the spectral characteristics and electron transfer capacity (ETC) of HA and FA. Upon analysis, the results showed an increasing trend of ETC and humification degree (SUVA254) for both HA and FA during composting. However, the aromatic degree (SUVA280) of HA was higher than FA. After 7 days of culture, 37.95% of Cr (Ⅵ) was reduced by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (MR-1) alone. Whereas, only if HA or FA existed, the diminution of Cr (Ⅵ) reached 37.43% and 40.55%, respectively. However, the removal rate of Cr (Ⅵ) by HA/MR-1 and FA/MR-1 increased to 95.82% and 93.84% respectively. It indicated that HA and FA acted as electron shuttles, mediating the transfer of electrons between MR-1 and the final electron acceptor, effectively facilitating the bioreduction of Cr (Ⅵ) to Cr (Ⅲ) and also determined via correlation analysis. This study suggested compost-derived HA and FA coupling with MR-1 exhibited excellent performance for the bioreduction of Cr (Ⅵ) to Cr (Ⅲ).

Generation of perfect optical vortex arrays by an optical pen.

Recently, perfect optical vortexes (POVs) have attracted substantial attention, because they have an orbital angular momentum (OAM) and the beam diameter is independent of the topological charges. There are numerous innovative results that have been found by modulating the POV optical field. However, methods for controlling the arbitrary parameters of POV are lacking. In this paper, we use the optical pen to overcome this problem. The optical pen is a high-precision optical field modulation method construction based on the relationship between the optical path difference and phase. Based on this method, we have achieved POV arrays with controllable arbitrary parameters in free space, including the spatial position, numbers, topological charges, beam diameter, and amplitude. This work can be applied not only in the fields of optical tweezers, particle manipulation, and super-resolution microscopic imaging, but also will promote the development of optical communication, quantum information coding, and so on.