Interpretable feature extraction and dimensionality reduction in ESM2 for protein localization prediction.

As the application of large language models (LLMs) has broadened into the realm of biological predictions, leveraging their capacity for self-supervised learning to create feature representations of amino acid sequences, these models have set a new benchmark in tackling downstream challenges, such as subcellular localization. However, previous studies have primarily focused on either the structural design of models or differing strategies for fine-tuning, largely overlooking investigations into the nature of the features derived from LLMs. In this research, we propose different ESM2 representation extraction strategies, considering both the character type and position within the ESM2 input sequence. Using model dimensionality reduction, predictive analysis and interpretability techniques, we have illuminated potential associations between diverse feature types and specific subcellular localizations. Particularly, the prediction of Mitochondrion and Golgi apparatus prefer segments feature closer to the N-terminal, and phosphorylation site-based features could mirror phosphorylation properties. We also evaluate the prediction performance and interpretability robustness of Random Forest and Deep Neural Networks with varied feature inputs. This work offers novel insights into maximizing LLMs' utility, understanding their mechanisms, and extracting biological domain knowledge. Furthermore, we have made the code, feature extraction API, and all relevant materials available at https://github.com/yujuan-zhang/feature-representation-for-LLMs.

Sex differences in alterations of brain functional network in tobacco use disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Many studies have found sex differences in alterations of brain function in cigarette smoking adults from the perspective of functional activity or connectivity. However, no studies have systematically found different alteration patterns in brain functional topology of cigarette smoking men and women from three perspectives: nodal and network efficiency, and modular connections. METHODS: Fifty-six tobacco use disorder (TUD) participants (25 women) and 66 non-TUD participants (28 women) underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. The whole-brain functional networks were constructed and a two-way analysis of covariance with false discovery rate correction (q < 0.05) were performed to investigate whether men and women TUD participants had different alterations in the topological features at global, modular and nodal levels. RESULTS: Compared to non-TUD participants, men but not women TUD participants showed significantly lower global efficiency (lower inter-modular connections between the visual and executive control, between the visual and subcortical modules did not pass the correction) and significantly lower nodal global efficiency in the right superior occipital gyrus, bilateral fusiform gyrus, the right pallidum, right putamen, the bilateral paracentral lobule, the postcentral gyrus, and lower nodal local efficiency in the left paracentral lobule. CONCLUSIONS: Men and women TUD participants have different topological properties of brain functional network, which may contribute to our understanding of neural mechanisms underlying sex differences in TUD. IMPLICATIONS: Compared to non-TUD participants, we found men but not women TUD participants with significantly lower network metrics at global, modular and nodal level, which could improve our understanding of neural mechanisms underlying sex differences in TUD and lay a solid foundation for future sex-based TUD prevention and treatment.

Comparing the EU and Chinese carbon trading market operations and their spillover effects.

A carbon trading market (CTM) policy for trading carbon dioxide emission rights as a commodity was created to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. CTMs operate differently in different countries and regions, and their interactions deserve an in-depth study. This study focused on the world's largest CTM, the European Union (EU), and the CTM of China, largest carbon-emitting country. First, we evaluate the liquidity and volatility of the two CTMs. Subsequently, the VAR model is used to explore the mean spillover effect between the two markets and the BEKK-GARCH model is used to explore the volatility spillover effect between the two markets. The study concludes that: (1) The liquidity of China's CTM is better than that of the EU's CTM. (2) Both the EU and Chinese CTMs are unstable, but the volatility of the Chinese CTM is lower than that of the EU CTM. (3) Price changes in the EU and Hubei CTMs have a mutual influence. (4) There are interactions between the market fluctuations of the EU CTM and the Shanghai CTM and those of the EU CTM and the Hubei CTM. The results of this study have implications for the construction and development of CTMs in the EU and China.

Exploration of Interstitial Fibrosis in Chronic Kidney Disease by Diffusion-Relaxation Correlation Spectrum MR Imaging: A Preliminary Study.

BACKGROUND: Renal interstitial fibrosis is one of the most common pathways in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Noninvasive evaluation of interstitial fibrosis would help monitoring CKD progression and prognosis prediction. PURPOSE: To evaluate the severity of renal interstitial fibrosis by diffusion-relaxation correlation spectrum imaging (DR-CSI). STUDY TYPE: Prospective. SUBJECTS: Forty patients with CKD and 10 healthy controls (average age 49.2 ± 14.8 years, 18 females). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 3-T, DR-CSI with 36 axial spin-echo echo-planar diffusion-weighted images (6 b-values, 6 echo times). ASSESSMENT: Interstitial fibrosis level (IFL) was assessed from biopsy results (IFL = 1, fibrosis percentage <25%, defined as mild; IFL = 2, 25%-50%, moderate; IFL = 3, >50%, severe). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using serum creatinine. The regions of interest included cortex for both kidneys. The diffusivity-T2 spectrum was assessed considering three compartments (threshold: T2 30-40 msec, diffusivity 5-9 µm2 /msec, according to visible peaks): A (low diffusivity, short T2), B (low diffusivity, long T2), and C (high diffusivity). Volume fractions Vi (i = A, B, C) were calculated. STATISTICAL TESTS: Intra-class coefficient (ICC, >0.6 as good) to assess inter-reader agreement of DR-CSI Vi . Spearman's correlation to assess relationship of Vi to IFL and eGFR. Receiver operating characteristic analyses with the area under the curve (AUC) to discriminate patients with moderate-severe fibrosis from mild ones. Statistical significance criteria: P-value <0.05. RESULTS: ICCs were good for all Vi . Correlations were found between IFL and VB (r = 0.424, significant) and VC (r = -0.400, significant), and between eGFR and VB (r = -0.303, P = 0.058) and VC (r = 0.487, significant). Regarding VB and VC , the AUCs were 0.903 and 0.824. DATA CONCLUSION: DR-CSI help distinguish patients with moderate or severe renal interstitial fibrosis from mild ones. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2.

Sulforaphane suppresses paraquat-induced oxidative damage in bovine in vitro-matured oocytes through Nrf2 transduction pathway.

Sulforaphane (SFN), a bioactive phytocompound extracted from cruciferous plants, has received increasing attention due to its vital cytoprotective role in eliminating oxidative free radical through activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2)-mediated signal transduction pathway. This study aims at a better insight into the protective benefit of SFN in attenuating paraquat (PQ)-caused impairment in bovine in vitro-matured oocytes and the possible mechanisms involved therein. Results showed that addition of 1 µM SFN during oocyte maturation obtained higher proportions of matured oocytes and in vitro-fertilized embryos. SFN application attenuated the toxicological effects of PQ on bovine oocytes, as manifested by enhanced extending capability of cumulus cell and increased extrusion proportion of first polar body. Following incubation with SFN, oocytes exposed to PQ exhibited reduced intracellular ROS and lipid accumulation levels, and elevated T-SOD and GSH contents. SFN also effectively inhibited PQ-mediated increase in BAX and CASPASE-3 protein expressions. Besides, SFN promoted the transcription of NRF2 and its downstream antioxidative-related genes GCLC, GCLM, HO-1, NQO-1, and TXN1 in a PQ-exposed environment, indicating that SFN prevents PQ-caused cytotoxicity through activation of Nrf2 signal transduction pathway. The mechanisms underlying the role of SFN against PQ-induced injury included the inhibition of TXNIP protein and restoration of the global O-GlcNAc level. Collectively, these findings provide novel evidence for the protective role of SFN in alleviating PQ-caused injury, and suggest that SFN application may be an efficacious intervention strategy against PQ cytotoxicity.

Biodegradation of Inosine and Guanosine by Bacillus paranthracis YD01.

Both inosine and guanosine are precursors of uric acid that may cause the diseases of hyperuricemia and gout in humans. Here, a promising bacterial strain for efficiently biodegrading both inosine and guanosine was successfully isolated from a healthy human intestine and identified as Bacillus paranthracis YD01 with 16S rRNA analysis. An initial amount of 49.6 mg·L-1 of inosine or 49.9 mg·L-1 of guanosine was completely removed by YD01 within 12 h, which showed that YD01 had a strong ability to biodegrade inosine and guanosine. Furthermore, the initial amount of 49.2 mg·L-1 of inosine or 49.5 mg·L-1 of guanosine was totally catalyzed by the intracellular crude enzymes of YD01 within 6 h, and the initial inosine amount of 49.6 mg·L-1 or guanosine of 49.7 mg·L-1 was biodegraded by the extracellular crude enzymes of YD01 within 9 h. Illumina Hiseq sequencing and database gene annotation were used to elucidate the genomic characteristics of B. paranthracis YD01. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase, encoded by gene 1785, gene 3933, and gene 4403, was found in the KEEG database, which played a crucial role in the biodegradation of inosine and guanosine. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the mechanisms for biodegrading inosine and guanosine using B. paranthracis YD01.

Brain controllability and morphometry similarity of internet gaming addiction.

Internet gaming addiction (IGD) is a common disease in teenagers which usually reflects the abnormalities in brain function or structure. Several computational models have been applied to investigate the characteristic of IGD brain networks, for instance, the conception of brain controllability. The primary objective of this study was to explore the relationship between brain controllability and IGD related clinical behaviour. A sample of 101 subjects, including 49 IGD patients and 52 normal controls, were recruited to undergo MR T1 and DTI scanning. Specifically, the MR images were used to generate the white matter connectivity matrix and the morphometry similarity network. The morphometry similarity network was then divided into several communities using modular decomposition. After, average controllability, modal controllability and synchronizability were calculated through measuring the adjacency matrix. The results indicated that the IGD group had greater synchronizability and modal controllability compared to that of the control group, and different morphological-based brain communities had different controllability properties. Furthermore, the addiction demonstrated the mediating effects between nodal or modular brain controllability as well as anxiety. In conclusion, brain controllability could be a potential biomarker of IGD.

Healable Lithium Alloy Anode with Ultrahigh Capacity.

Effective recycling of spent Li metal anodes is an urgent need for energy/resource conservation and environmental protection, making Li metal batteries more affordable and sustainable. For the first time, we explore a unique sustainable healable lithium alloy anode inspired by the intrinsic healing ability of liquid metal. This lithium alloy anode can transform back to the liquid state through Li-completed extraction, and then the structure degradation generated during operation could be healed. Therefore, an ultralong cycle life of more than 1300 times can be successfully realized under harsh conditions of 5 mA h cm-2 capacitance by a process of two healing behaviors. This design improves the sustainable utilization of Li metal to a great extent, bringing about unexpected effects in the field of lithium-based anodes even at an unprecedentedly high discharge current density (up to 25 mA cm-2) and capacity (up to 50 mA h cm-2).

Disruption of O-GlcNAcylation Homeostasis Induced Ovarian Granulosa Cell Injury in Bovine.

O-linked ß-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification is a ubiquitous, reversible, and highly dynamic post-translational modification, which takes charge of almost all biological processes examined. However, little information is available regarding the molecular regulation of O-GlcNAcylation in granulosa cell function and glucose metabolism. This study focused on the impact of disrupted O-GlcNAc cycling on the proliferation and apoptosis of bovine granulosa cells, and further aimed to determine how this influenced glucose metabolism. Pharmacological inhibition of OGT with benzyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside (BADGP) led to decreased cellular O-GlcNAc levels, as well as OGT and OGA protein expressions, whereas increasing O-GlcNAc levels with the OGA inhibitor, O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-gluco-pyranosylidene) (PUGNAc), resulted in elevated OGA protein expression and decreased OGT protein expression in granulosa cells. Dysregulated O-GlcNAc cycling reduced cell viability, downregulated the proliferation-related genes of CDC42 and PCNA transcripts, upregulated the pro-apoptotic genes of BAX and CASPASE-3 mRNA and the ratio of BAX/BCL-2, and increased the apoptotic rate. Glycolytic enzyme activities of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase, metabolite contents of pyruvate and lactate, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP levels, and intermediate metabolic enzyme activities of succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, were significantly impaired in response to altered O-GlcNAc levels. Moreover, inhibition of OGT significantly increased the expression level of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), but repression of OGA had no effect. Collectively, our results suggest that perturbation of O-GlcNAc cycling has a profound effect on granulosa cell function and glucose metabolism.

Mega High Utilization of Sodium Metal Anodes Enabled by Single Zinc Atom Sites.

Low utilization of active metallic sodium (Na) and uncontrollable growth of Na dendrites remain significant challenges for high-performance Na metal batteries, which are limited to inefficient Na utilization (<1%) and shallow cycling conditions (0.25-1.0 mAh cm-2). In this work, a kind of Na metal anode with record-high utilization and long-term cycling stability is reported, using carbon-substrate-supported nitrogen-anchored zinc (Zn) single atoms as a current collector. Single Zn atom sites which serve as a strong "magnet" for Na ions, can guide the metallic Na uniform nucleation and free from dendrite-induced short circuit. The nucleation overpotential of our strategy is essentially zero, where most of the reported modified substrates were greatly exceed 20 mV. Specifically, the Na anodes exhibit a high Na stripping/plating Coulombic efficiency with 99.8% over 350 cycles and a stable voltage response with small voltage hysteresis after cycling 1000 h. The full cell exhibits high Na utilization up to 100% and superior long-term cycling stability for more than 1000 cycles with excellent capacity retention. In terms of lifetime and Na utilization, the Na metal anodes based on our strategy significantly outperforms the reported state-of-the-art Na metal anodes. Moreover, this affords new insights into the controllable Na nucleation behavior and high Na utilization and sheds fresh light on atomic level design of an electrode for Na metal anodes.

Brain T1ρ mapping for grading and IDH1 gene mutation detection of gliomas: a preliminary study.

INTRODUCTION: The longitudinal relaxation time in the rotating frame (T1ρ) has proved to be sensitive to metabolism and useful in application to neurodegenerative diseases. However, few literature exists on its utility in gliomas. Thus, this study was conducted to explore the performance of T1ρ mapping in tumor grading and characterization of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene mutation status of gliomas. METHODS: Fifty-seven patients with gliomas underwent brain MRI and quantitative measurements of T1ρ and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were recorded. Parameters were compared between high-grade gliomas (HGG) and low-grade gliomas (LGG) and between IDH1 mutant and wildtype groups. RESULTS: HGG showed significantly higher T1ρ values in both the solid and peritumoral edema areas compared with LGG (P < 0.001 and P = 0.005, respectively), whereas no significant differences in the two areas were found for ADC (both P > 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that T1ρ value in the solid area achieved the highest area under the ROC curve (AUC, 0.841) in grading with a sensitivity of 80.6% and a specificity of 81.0%. In the grade II/III glioma group, multivariate logistic regression showed that both tumor frontal lobe location (odds ratio [OR] 526.608; P = 0.045) and T1ρ value of the peritumoral edema area (OR 0.863; P = 0.037) were significant predictors of IDH1 mutation. Using the combination, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for IDH1 mutated gliomas were 93.3% and 88.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows the feasibility of applying T1ρ mapping in assessing the histologic grade and IDH1 mutation status of gliomas.

Medical expenses of urban Chinese patients with stomach cancer during 2002-2011: a hospital-based multicenter retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: In China, stomach cancer is the third most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death. Few studies have examined Chinese stomach cancer patients' medical expenses and their associated trends. The Cancer Screening Program in Urban China (CanSPUC) is a Major Public Health Project funded by the central government. Through this project, we have extracted patients' medical expenses from hospital billing data to examine the costs of the first course treatments (which refers to 2 months before and 10 months after the date of cancer diagnosis) in Chinese patients with stomach cancer and the associated trends. METHODS: The expense data of 14,692 urban Chinese patients with stomach cancer were collected from 40 hospitals in 13 provinces. We estimated the inflation-adjusted medical expenses per patient during 2002-2011. We described the time trends of medical expenses at the country-level, and those trends by subgroup, and analyzed the compositions of medical expenses. We constructed the Generalized Linear Mixed (GLM) regression model with Poisson distribution to examine the factors that were associated with medical expenses per patient. RESULTS: The average medical expenses of the first course treatments were about 43,249 CNY (6851 USD) in 2011, more than twice of that in 2002. The expenses increased by an average annual rate of 7.4%. Longer stay during hospitalization and an increased number of episodes of care are the two main contributors to the expense increase. The upward trend of medical expenses was observed in almost all patient subgroups. Drug expenses accounted for over half of the medical expenses. CONCLUSIONS: The average medical expenses of the first course (2 months before and 10 months after the date of cancer diagnosis) treatments per stomach cancer patient in urban China in 2011 were doubled during the previous 10 years, and about twice as high as the per capita disposable income of urban households in the same year. Such high expenses indicate that it makes economic sense to invest in cancer prevention and control in China.

Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) as a means to monitor cerebral hematoma treatment.

BACKGROUND: Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) offers a consistent hemorrhage volume measurement independent of imaging parameters. PURPOSE: To investigate the magnetic susceptibility of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) as a quantitative measurement for monitoring treatment in hematoma patients. STUDY TYPE: Prospective. POPULATION: Twenty-six patients with acute ICH were recruited and enrolled in treatment including surgery or medication (mannitol) for 1 week. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: A 3D gradient echo sequence at 3.0T. ASSESSMENT: The hematoma volumes on computed tomography (CT) and QSM were calculated and used for correlation analysis. Magnetic susceptibility changes from pre- to posttreatment were calculated and compared to the National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) measure of neurological deficit for each patient. STATISTICAL TESTS: Mean susceptibility values were calculated over each region of interest (ROI). A one-sample t-test was used to assess the changes of total volumes and mean magnetic susceptibility of ICH identified between pre- and posttreatment images (P < 0.05 was considered significant) and the Bland-Altman analysis with 95% limits of agreement (average difference, ±1.96 SD of the difference). Regression of volume measurements on QSM vs. CT and fitted linear regression of mean susceptibility vs. CT signal intensity for hematoma regions were conducted in all patients. RESULTS: Good correlation was found between hemorrhage volumes calculated from CT and QSM (CT volume = 0.94*QSM volume, r = 0.98). Comparison of QSM pre- and posttreatment showed that the mean ICH volume was reduced by a statistically insignificant amount from 5.74 cm3 to 5.45 cm3 (P = 0.21), while mean magnetic susceptibility was reduced significantly from 0.48 ppm to 0.38 ppm (P = 0.004). A significant positive association was found between changes in magnetic susceptibility values and NIHSS following hematoma treatment (P < 0.01). DATA CONCLUSIONS: QSM in hematoma assessment, as compared with CT, offers a comparably accurate volume measurement; however, susceptibility measurements may enable improved monitoring of ICH treatment compared to volume measurements alone. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;48:907-915.

Rheinheimera marina sp. nov., isolated from a deep-sea seamount.

A bacterial strain designated TP462T, isolated from a seamount near the Yap Trench in the tropical western Pacific, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain TP462T was found to be Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Growth occurred at 4-37 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C) and with 0-4.0 % NaCl (optimum, 2-3 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain TP462T was related to the genus Rheinheimera and had the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with the type strain Rheinheimera tangshanensis JA3-B52T (96.8 %). The predominant cellular fatty acids were C17 : 1ω8c, summed feature 3 (composed of iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and C16 : 0. The polar lipid profile contained phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain TP462T was 48.7 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain TP462T represents a novel species of the genus Rheinheimera, for which we propose the name Rheinheimera marina sp. nov. (type strain TP462T=KACC 18560T=CGMCC 1.15399T).

Ponticaulis profundi sp. nov. isolated from a deep-sea seamount.

A Gram-stain negative, rod-shaped, strictly aerobic, motile bacterial strain, designated YC239T, was isolated from a seamount near the Yap Trench in the tropical western Pacific. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain YC239T is related to the genus Ponticaulis and has high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with the type strain of Ponticaulis koreensis GSW-23T (97.9%). The predominant cellular fatty acids were C18:1ω7c, C16:0, C17:0 and C17:1ω6c. Strain YC239T had Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone. The polar lipid profile contained phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified aminolipids and six unidentified polar lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain YC239T was 52.8 mol%. Strain YC239T shared DNA relatedness of 38% with Ponticaulis koreensis KCTC 22146T. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain YC239T represents a novel species of the genus Ponticaulis, for which we propose the name Ponticaulis profundi sp. nov. (type strain YC239T = KACC 19027T = CGMCC 1.15741T).

Maribacter marinus sp. nov. isolated from a deep-sea seamount.

A Gram-stain negative, rod-shaped, aerobic strain, designated YC973T, was isolated from a seamount near the Yap Trench in the tropical western Pacific. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain YC973T is related to the genus Maribacter and has high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Maribacter orientalis KMM 3947T (97.6%). The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G and an unidentified fatty acid of equivalent chain-length 13.565. The polar lipid profile contained phosphatidylethanolamine and five unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain YC973T was 36.1 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain YC973T represents a novel species of the genus Maribacter, for which we propose the name Maribacter marinus sp. nov. (type strain YC973T = KACC 19025T = CGMCC 1.16328T).

Serum level of fetuin B is associated with osteoporosis: a 4-year prospective study in China.

PURPOSE: As a novel hepatokine, fetuin B involves in various functions of energy metabolism. Recent advance reveals a complex interaction between bone and liver via the secretion of hepatokines. The association between serum fetuin B and osteoporosis was evaluated in a 4-year hospital-based prospective study of 1,370 Chinese postmenopausal women. METHODS: Bone mineral densities (BMDs) were obtained on femoral neck and lumbar spines by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum fetuin B level was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Of the 1,370 participants in the baseline study (2012), 650 subjects were included in the 4-year follow-up study (2016). Serum fetuin B level presented higher in subjects with osteoporosis (106.7 ± 17.6 µg/ml) than it in controls (86.3 ± 17.5 µg/ml) (P < 0.001). Meanwhile, fetuin B positively correlated with triglycerides (r = 0.227, P = 0.001), femoral BMD (r = -0.426, P < 0.001) and lumbar BMD (r = -0.332, P < 0.001). At the 4-year follow-up, 116 subjects had developed osteoporosis. Serum fetuin B concentration was significantly higher in subjects who developed (P < 0.001). The osteoporosis incidence increased from Q1 9.9%, Q2 14.7%, and Q3 17.8% to Q4 30.2% (P for trend < 0.001), among the quartiles of baseline fetuin B. A higher fetuin B baseline level was linked to the incidence of osteoporosis (adjusted OR = 1.179, 95% CI [1.119 - 1.243], P = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Serum fetuin B levels increased with the development of osteoporosis.

Cortical surface area reduction in identification of subjects at high risk for post-traumatic stress disorder: A pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: Victims of motor vehicle accidents often develop post-traumatic stress disorder, which causes significant social function loss. For the difficulty in treating post-traumatic stress disorder, identification of subjects at high risk for post-traumatic stress disorder is essential for providing possible intervention. This paper aims to examine the cortical structural traits related to susceptibility to post-traumatic stress disorder. METHODS: To address this issue, we performed structural magnetic resonance imaging study in motor vehicle accident victims within 48 hours from the accidents. A total of 70 victims, available for both clinical and magnetic resonance imaging data, enrolled in our study. Upon completion of 6-month follow-up, 29 of them developed post-traumatic stress disorder, while 41 of them didn't. At baseline, voxelwise comparisons of cortical thickness, cortical area and cortical volume were conducted between post-traumatic stress disorder group and trauma control group. RESULTS: As expected, several reduced cortical volume within frontal-temporal loop were observed in post-traumatic stress disorder. For cortical thickness, no between-group differences were observed. There were three clusters in left hemisphere and one cluster in right hemisphere showing decreased cortical area in post-traumatic stress disorder patients, compared with trauma controls. Peak voxels of the three clusters in left hemisphere were separately located in superior parietal cortex, insula and rostral anterior cingulate cortex. CONCLUSION: The finding of reduced surface area of left insula and left rostral anterior cingulate cortex suggests that shrinked surface area in motor vehicle accident victims could act as potential biomarker of subjects at high risk for post-traumatic stress disorder.

The effect of simvastatin on periprosthetic bone mineral density in the hypercholesterolaemic patients after total hip arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of simvastatin on periprosthetic bone mineral density (BMD) in hypercholesterolaemic patients after total hip arthroplasty. METHODS: From January 2012 to December 2015, a total of 42 consecutive hypercholesterolaemic patients with total hip arthroplasty were recruited for this study. The simvastatin group was 21 patients (15 males, 6 females) with average age of 69.4 ± 6.6 years treated with simvastatin for one year post-operatively, and the control group was the other 21 patients (12 males, 9 females) who did not take simvastatin. These parameters of the periprosthetic bone mineral density after total hip arthroplasty were collected by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA) one week and three, six, 12 months post-operatively. RESULTS: In the control group patients showed significant loss of periprosthetic BMD in ROIs 1, 2, 6, and 7 throughout the study period. The loss of BMD in ROIs 3 and 5 was only significantly observed at three months follow-up and recovered thereafter. There were no significant detected changes of BMD in ROI 4. In the Simvastatin group, the percentage of BMD loss was significantly less (P < 0.05) in ROI 1, 2, 6 and 7 throughout the study period than the control group. The percentage of BMD loss were significant observed in ROI 3 and 5 at three months follow-up, which were also significantly less (P < 0.05) than in the control group. A slight gain of BMD was measured in ROI 4 at 12 months follow-up (1.419%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Simvastatin administered for one year post-operatively can effectively prevent periprosthetic bone loss after total hip arthroplasty.

Difference in the functional connectivity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex between smokers with nicotine dependence and individuals with internet gaming disorder.

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that internet gaming disorder (IGD) and smokers with nicotine dependence (SND) share clinical characteristics, such as over-engagement despite negative consequences and cravings. This study is to investigate the alterations in the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) observed in SND and IGD. In this study, 27 IGD, 29 SND, and 33 healthy controls (HC) underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) scan. DLPFC connectivity was determined in all participates by investigating the synchronized low-frequency fMRI signal fluctuations using a temporal seed-based correlation method. RESULTS: Compared with the HC group, the IGD and SND groups showed decreased rsFC with DLPFC in the right insula and left inferior frontal gyrus with DLPFC. Compared with SND group, the IGD subjects exhibited increased rsFC in the left inferior temporal gyrus and right inferior orbital frontal gyrus and decreased rsFC in the right middle occipital gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and cuneus with DLPFC. CONCLUSION: Our results confirmed that SND and IGD share similar neural mechanisms related to craving and impulsive inhibitions. The significant difference in rsFC with DLPFC between the IGD and SND subjects may be attributed to the visual and auditory stimulation generated by long-term internet gaming.