MISpheroID: a knowledgebase and transparency tool for minimum information in spheroid identity.

Spheroids are three-dimensional cellular models with widespread basic and translational application across academia and industry. However, methodological transparency and guidelines for spheroid research have not yet been established. The MISpheroID Consortium developed a crowdsourcing knowledgebase that assembles the experimental parameters of 3,058 published spheroid-related experiments. Interrogation of this knowledgebase identified heterogeneity in the methodological setup of spheroids. Empirical evaluation and interlaboratory validation of selected variations in spheroid methodology revealed diverse impacts on spheroid metrics. To facilitate interpretation, stimulate transparency and increase awareness, the Consortium defines the MISpheroID string, a minimum set of experimental parameters required to report spheroid research. Thus, MISpheroID combines a valuable resource and a tool for three-dimensional cellular models to mine experimental parameters and to improve reproducibility.

Diagnosis and monitoring denosumab therapy of giant cell tumors of bone: radiologic-pathologic correlation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the value of CT and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE-)MRI for monitoring denosumab therapy of giant cell tumors of bone (GCTB) by correlating it to histopathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with GCTB under denosumab treatment and monitored with CT and (DCE-)MRI (2012-2021) were retrospectively included. Imaging and (semi-)quantitative measurements were used to assess response/relapse. Tissue samples were analyzed using computerized segmentation for vascularization and number of neoplastic and giant cells. Pearson's correlation/Spearman's rank coefficient and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to assess correlations between histopathology and radiology. RESULTS: Six patients (28 ± 8years; five men) were evaluated. On CT, good responders showed progressive re-ossification (+7.8HU/month) and cortical remodeling (woven bone). MRI showed an SI decrease relative to muscle on T1-weighted (-0.01 A.U./month) and on fat-saturated T2-weighted sequences (-0.03 A.U./month). Time-intensity-curves evolved from a type IV with high first pass, high amplitude, and steep wash-out to a slow type II. An increase in time-to-peak (+100%) and a decrease in Ktrans (-71%) were observed. This is consistent with microscopic examination, showing a decrease of giant cells (-76%), neoplastic cells (-63%), and blood vessels (-28%). There was a strong statistical significant inverse correlation between time-to-peak and microvessel density (ρ = -0.9, p = 0.01). Significantly less neoplastic (p = 0.03) and giant cells (p = 0.04) were found with a time-intensity curve type II, compared to a type IV. Two patients showed relapse after initial good response when stopping denosumab. Inverse imaging and pathological findings were observed. CONCLUSION: CT and (DCE-)MRI show a good correlation with pathology and allow adequate evaluation of response to denosumab and detection of therapy failure.

Evaluation of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in osteosarcoma using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI: development and external validation of a model.

OBJECTIVE: To identify which dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE-)MRI features best predict histological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with an osteosarcoma. METHODS: Patients with osteosarcoma who underwent DCE-MRI before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to resection were retrospectively included at two different centers. Data from the center with the larger cohort (training cohort) was used to identify which method for region-of-interest selection (whole slab or focal area method) and which change in DCE-MRI features (time to enhancement, wash-in rate, maximum relative enhancement and area under the curve) gave the most accurate prediction of histological response. Models were created using logistic regression and cross-validated. The most accurate model was then externally validated using data from the other center (test cohort). RESULTS: Fifty-five (27 poor response) and 30 (19 poor response) patients were included in training and test cohorts, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficient of relative DCE-MRI features ranged 0.81-0.97 with the whole slab and 0.57-0.85 with the focal area segmentation method. Poor histological response was best predicted with the whole slab segmentation method using a single feature threshold, relative wash-in rate <2.3. Mean accuracy was 0.85 (95%CI: 0.75-0.95), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-index) was 0.93 (95%CI: 0.86-1.00). In external validation, accuracy and AUC-index were 0.80 and 0.80. CONCLUSION: In this study, a relative wash-in rate of <2.3 determined with the whole slab segmentation method predicted histological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in osteosarcoma. Consistent performance was observed in an external test cohort.

Undifferentiated sarcoma of bone with a round to epithelioid cell phenotype harboring a novel EWSR1-SSX2 fusion identified by RNA-based next-generation sequencing.

Due to the increased application of RNA-based next-generation sequencing techniques on bone and soft tissue round cell sarcomas new fusions are frequently found, thereby expanding the molecular landscape of these tumors. In this report, we describe and discuss the finding of an undifferentiated sarcoma of the bone with a round to epithelioid cell phenotype harboring a novel EWSR1-SSX2 fusion. Treatment of this new bone tumor entity according to the Euro Ewing 2012 protocol led to complete pathologic response.

Expandable distal femur megaprosthesis: A European Musculoskeletal Oncology Society study on 299 cases.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Expandable distal femur prostheses have become more popular over the last decades, but scientific data is limited. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed, including cases treated between 1986 and 2019 in 15 European referral centers for bone sarcomas. RESULTS: A total of 299 cases were included. Average follow-up was 80 months (range, 8-287 months). Mean patient age was 10 years. Most (80%) of the implants were noninvasive growers and a fixed hinge knee was used more often (64%) than a rotating hinge. Most prosthetic designs showed good (>80%) implant survival at 10 years, but repeat surgery was required for 63% of the patients. The most frequent reason for revision procedure was the completion of lengthening potential. Noninvasive expandable implants showed less risk of infection compared to invasive growers (11.8% vs 22.9% at 10 years). No difference in aseptic loosening was found between cemented and uncemented stems. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the increasing popularity of expandable distal femur prostheses, with overall good results for function and implant survival. However, repeat surgery is frequently required, especially in patients under the age of 10 years old. Infection is less frequent in noninvasive growers compared to implants that require invasive lengthening procedures.

Long-term follow-up of the anterior lumbar interbody fusion procedure.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term clinical results and the effectiveness of the anterior lumbar interbody fusion procedure. METHODS: Between 1999 and 2005, 60 ALIFs were performed in 59 patients. Mean age was 41.1 years. Clinically, patients were evaluated at a mean follow-up of 9.5 years using the Visual Analogue Scale grading scale, the Oswestry Disability score and the SF-36 questionnaire. RESULTS: Preoperative and postoperative clinical evaluation scores of 38 patients were available. Nineteen patients were lost to follow-up, and 2 patients died during the follow-up. The fusion rate was 84%. Mean preoperative VAS-score for back pain was 6.69 (±2.15) ; in the long term, the mean VAS-score was 4.95 (±2.95), which was a significant improvement. (p<0.01). The postoperative ODI-score was 36.11 (±22.32), while the preoperative ODI-score was 59.31 (±17.16), which demonstrates a significant improvement. According to the SF-36, mild to good results were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The ALIF procedure can offer significant pain relief and improved function if a strict indication policy is followed.

Generation of post-surgical minimal residual disease models to investigate metastasis in soft tissue sarcoma patient-derived orthotopic xenografts.

Despite optimal multimodal treatment including surgical resection, 50%-80% of high-grade soft tissue sarcoma (STS) patients metastasize. Here, we present a protocol for the generation and use of post-surgical minimal residual disease models to investigate metastatic relapse in STS patient-derived xenografts. We describe steps for orthotopic engraftment of high-grade STS patient-derived tumor tissue. We then detail procedures for primary tumor resection with broad, negative resection margins and follow-up until metastases using MRI. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Fischer et al. (2023).1.

RAF1-rearranged Spindle Cell Mesenchymal Tumor With Calcification and Heterotopic Ossification: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

We report an exceptional case of a spindle cell mesenchymal tumor with S100 and CD34 co-reactivity, which harbored a SLMAP::RAF1 fusion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second case of a spindle cell mesenchymal tumor with S100 and CD34 co-reactivity with this specific fusion. Remarkable is the presence of calcification and heterotopic ossification in the center of our lesion, a feature that, to our knowledge, has not been described yet in RAF1-rearranged spindle cell mesenchymal tumors.

Identification and validation of extracellular vesicle reference genes for the normalization of RT-qPCR data.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain a plethora of biomolecules, including nucleic acids, with diverse diagnostic and therapeutic application potential. Although reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is the most widely applied laboratory technique to evaluate gene expression, its applicability in EV research is challenged by the lack of universal and stably present reference genes (RGs). In this study, we identify, validate and establish SNRPG, OST4, TOMM7 and NOP10 as RGs for the normalization of EV-associated genes by RT-qPCR. We show the stable presence of SNRPG, OST4, TOMM7 and NOP10 in multiple cell lines and their secreted EVs (n = 12) under different (patho)physiological conditions as well as in human-derived biofluids (n = 3). Enzymatic treatments confirm the presence of SNRPG, OST4, TOMM7 and NOP10 inside EVs. In addition, the four EV-associated RGs are stably detected in a size-range of EV subpopulations. RefFinder analysis reveals that SNRPG, OST4, TOMM7 and NOP10 are more stable compared to RGs established specifically for cultured cells or tissues such as HMBS, YWHAZ, SDHA and GAPDH. In summary, we present four universal and stably present EV-associated RGs to enable normalization and thus steer the implementation of RT-qPCR for the analysis of EV-associated RNA cargo for research or clinical applications.

Relative Wash-In Rate in Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a New Prognostic Biomarker for Event-Free Survival in 82 Patients with Osteosarcoma: A Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: The decreased perfusion of osteosarcoma in dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI, reflecting a good histological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, has been described. PURPOSE: In this study, we aim to explore the potential of the relative wash-in rate as a prognostic factor for event-free survival (EFS). METHODS: Skeletal high-grade osteosarcoma patients, treated in two tertiary referral centers between 2005 and 2022, were retrospectively included. The relative wash-in rate (rWIR) was determined with DCE-MRI before, after, or during the second cycle of chemotherapy (pre-resection). A previously determined cut-off was used to categorize patients, where rWIR < 2.3 was considered poor and rWIR ≥ 2.3 a good radiological response. EFS was defined as the time from resection to the first event: local recurrence, new metastases, or tumor-related death. EFS was estimated using Kaplan-Meier's methodology. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the effect of histological response and rWIR on EFS, adjusted for traditional prognostic factors. RESULTS: Eighty-two patients (median age: 17 years; IQR: 14-28) were included. The median follow-up duration was 11.8 years (95% CI: 11.0-12.7). During follow-up, 33 events occurred. Poor histological response was not significantly associated with EFS (HR: 1.8; 95% CI: 0.9-3.8), whereas a poor radiological response was associated with a worse EFS (HR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.1-5.0). In a subpopulation without initial metastases, the binary assessment of rWIR approached statistical significance (HR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.0-5.2), whereas its continuous evaluation demonstrated a significant association between higher rWIR and improved EFS (HR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5-0.9), underlining the effect of response to chemotherapy. The 2- and 5-year EFS for patients with a rWIR ≥ 2.3 were 85% and 75% versus 55% and 50% for patients with a rWIR < 2.3. CONCLUSION: The predicted poor chemo response with MRI (rWIR < 2.3) is associated with shorter EFS even when adjusted for known clinical covariates and shows similar results to histological response evaluation. rWIR is a potential tool for future response-based individualized healthcare in osteosarcoma patients before surgical resection.

Biological Sample Collection to Advance Research and Treatment: A Fight Osteosarcoma Through European Research and Euro Ewing Consortium Statement.

Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma are bone tumors mostly diagnosed in children, adolescents, and young adults. Despite multimodal therapy, morbidity is high and survival rates remain low, especially in the metastatic disease setting. Trials investigating targeted therapies and immunotherapies have not been groundbreaking. Better understanding of biological subgroups, the role of the tumor immune microenvironment, factors that promote metastasis, and clinical biomarkers of prognosis and drug response are required to make progress. A prerequisite to achieve desired success is a thorough, systematic, and clinically linked biological analysis of patient samples, but disease rarity and tissue processing challenges such as logistics and infrastructure have contributed to a lack of relevant samples for clinical care and research. There is a need for a Europe-wide framework to be implemented for the adequate and minimal sampling, processing, storage, and analysis of patient samples. Two international panels of scientists, clinicians, and patient and parent advocates have formed the Fight Osteosarcoma Through European Research consortium and the Euro Ewing Consortium. The consortia shared their expertise and institutional practices to formulate new guidelines. We report new reference standards for adequate and minimally required sampling (time points, diagnostic samples, and liquid biopsy tubes), handling, and biobanking to enable advanced biological studies in bone sarcoma. We describe standards for analysis and annotation to drive collaboration and data harmonization with practical, legal, and ethical considerations. This position paper provides comprehensive guidelines that should become the new standards of care that will accelerate scientific progress, promote collaboration, and improve outcomes.

Vacuolar H+ ATPase expression and activity is required for Rab27B-dependent invasive growth and metastasis of breast cancer.

The secretory Rab27B small GTPase promotes invasive growth and metastasis in estrogen receptor (ER) α-positive breast cancer cells by orchestrating the peripheral targeting of vesicles secreting proinvasive growth regulators. Increased Rab27B expression is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. The molecular mechanisms of peripheral Rab27B secretory vesicle distribution are poorly understood. Mass spectrometry analysis on green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Rab27B vesicles prepared from GFP-Rab27B transfected MCF-7 human breast cancer cells detected eight subunits of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) and the presence of V0a1 and V0d1 subunits was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Reversible inhibition of V-ATPase activity by bafilomycin A1 or transient silencing of V0a1 or V0d1 subunits demonstrated that V-ATPase controls peripheral localization and size of Rab27B vesicles. V-ATPase expression and activity further controls Rab27B-induced collagen type I invasion, cell-cycle progression and invasive growth in the chorioallantoic membrane assay. In agreement, Rab27B-dependent extracellular heat shock protein90α release and matrix metalloprotease-2 activation is markedly reduced by bafilomycin A1 and transient silencing of V0a1 and V0d1 subunits. Poor prognosis ERα-positive primary breast tumors expressing high levels of Rab27B also expressed multiple V-ATPase subunits and showed a strong cytoplasmic and peripheral V-ATPase V1E expression. In conclusion, inhibiting V-ATPase activity by interfering agents and drugs might be an effective strategy for blocking Rab27B-dependent proinvasive secretory vesicle trafficking in ERα-positive breast cancer patients.

Diagnosis of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma eight days postpartum: Is there a link with pregnancy? A case report and review of the literature.

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a rare and heterogeneous malignant vascular tumor. Decision making on a treatment strategy is difficult and a standard of care does not exist. EHE shows a wide age distribution but is rare in children. It can appear anywhere in the body, although lung and liver involvement are most common. There is a female predominance for visceral lesions and several case reports in which EHE developed during or after pregnancy are described in literature, hinting towards a putative role of sex hormones in the course of the disease. We present a case of a 32-year-old woman diagnosed with symptomatic pulmonary metastatic hepatic EHE (HEHE) 8 days postpartum, while the patient was completely asymptomatic before. A wait and see policy was chosen and the patient became asymptomatic in the months following the diagnosis. Although no expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors was found in the diagnostic liver biopsy specimen, we presume that the increased level of sex hormones during pregnancy may have triggered disease progression. The clinical behaviour of the disease in this case report reinforces the suspicion of female hormonal involvement in this type of malignancy and hints toward the potential role of other pregnancy-related factors, e.g. placental growth factor (PlGF), in the development of the disease.

Extracorporeally irradiated autografts for the treatment of bone tumours: tips and tricks.

We retrospectively reviewed 107 patients with 108 malignant or locally aggressive bone tumours treated between 1978 and 2009 by extracorporeal irradiation with 300 Gy to eradicate the tumour, and reimplantation of the bone as an orthotopic autograft. Patient subgroups were defined according to resection type. We describe the local recurrence rate, the graft infection rate and the factors affecting graft healing and graft survival. No local recurrences were detected in the irradiated grafts. At five-year follow-up, graft healing had occurred in 64% of patients, providing a stable and lasting reconstruction. For various reasons, 11% of grafts were removed, although no single factor was predictive of failure. All patient subgroups had comparable results. Early infection predicted the development of pseudarthrosis. Pelvic reconstructions had a worse graft survival. Rigid fixation and bridging of the graft appeared to be important technical points.

NGS-analysis to the rescue: dual checkpoint inhibition in metastatic osteosarcoma - a case report and review of the literature.

Background: The prognosis and treatment of metastatic osteosarcoma have not changed in the last decades and the responses to chemotherapy in this setting are disappointing. In the past years, immunotherapy has found its place in the treatment of different tumor types. Its role in the treatment of sarcomas, and in particular osteosarcoma, is less clear. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) can help identify patients who could benefit from immunotherapy.Methods: Single case study and review of the literatureCase summary and intervention: We discuss a case of a 26-year-old man with a metastatic osteosarcoma not responsive to several lines of standard chemotherapy. NGS-analysis of resected tumor tissue revealed amplification of PD-L1 and PD-L2, which is associated in literature with response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in other tumor types and in osteosarcoma mouse models. Treatment of our patient with the combination of an anti-PD-1 antibody (Nivolumab) and an anti-CTLA4 antibody (Ipilimumab) showed a stabilization of life-threatening retrocardiac tumoral masses that had previous significantly progressed despite radiotherapy, while one bone lesion in the right os ilium was growing and needed treatment with concomitant radiotherapy.Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a metastasized osteosarcoma patient with no further standard treatment options being treated with dual checkpoint inhibition. A complete stabilization of life-threatening retrocardiac lesions could be achieved and with the addition of radiotherapy to a growing bone lesion, the patient is still doing well. NGS-analysis can help identify druggable targets in patients with rare tumors with limited treatment options.Abbreviations: PD-L1: Programmed death-ligand 1; anti-PD-L1: anti-programmed death-ligand 1; PD-1: programmed cell death protein 1; anti-PD-1: anti-programmed cell death protein 1; anti-CTLA4: anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; AUC: area under the curve; NGS: next-generation sequencing; Gy: Gray; CT scan: computed tomography scan; RCC: renal cell carcinoma; IHC: immunohistochemistry; TMB: tumor mutational burden; NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer.

Late Lung Metastasis in a Patient with a Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma: An Indication for a Life-Long Follow-Up?

BACKGROUND: Clear cell chondrosarcoma (CCCS) is a rare subtype of chondrosarcoma and comprises between 1.6% and 2.5% of all chondrosarcoma. They are known to be chemo- and radiotherapy resistant; surgical resection is therefore the therapy of choice. METHODS: We present a 63-year-old woman with a progressive lung nodule 20 years after initial diagnosis and treatment of a clear cell chondrosarcoma of the right os naviculare. RESULTS: On serial CT scans of the chest, an asymptomatic, slowly growing nodule in the left upper lung lobe was detected. CT-guided transthoracic biopsy of this nodule confirmed the diagnosis of a chondrosarcoma lung metastasis. Video-assisted thoracoscopic wedge resection was performed with complete removal of the nodule. The patient recovered well from surgery and remains in good health during further follow-up. CONCLUSION: Given the tendency of clear cell chondrosarcoma to recur and metastasize after extended periods of time, a long-term, possibly life-long follow-up and clinical surveillance is advisable in these patients.

Radiographic analysis of extracorporeally irradiated autografts.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the long-term radiographic findings of intercalary, pure osteoarticular, and composite bone grafts in patients with primary bone sarcoma who were treated by reimplantation of the bone as an orthotopic autograft. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this observational clinical study, 107 patients who presented with 108 malignant or locally aggressive benign bone tumours were treated by resection, extracorporeal irradiation (300 Gy), and reimplantation and fixation of the autograft. Bone healing features were evaluated with the International Society of Limb Salvage (ISOLS) graft evaluation method, which assesses fusion, resorption, fracture, graft shortening, fixation, subluxation, joint narrowing, and subchondral bone. A description of normal and abnormal healing patterns and complications comprised the secondary endpoint. RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients with complete radiographic data were selected for review. The mean ISOLS score was 78.2% (range 25.0-100%, median 79.2%). Three patient subgroups were created: intercalary graft, pure osteoarticular graft, and composite reconstruction consisting of an intercalary graft augmented with a prosthesis; the mean ISOLS scores were 81.3%, 70.7%, and 77.4%, respectively. Each item was scored individually, and no significant difference was observed (P = 0.225). CONCLUSION: This reconstruction technique is valid for the three methods described; bone stock is retained and, once the graft has healed, it behaves as normal bone. Close radiographic follow-up detects complications early, allowing timely interventions if necessary.

Enhancing rotational placement of reconstruction prostheses of the distal femur after sarcoma resection.

INTRODUCTION: Currently there are no accepted international guidelines for the correct placement of reconstruction prostheses in the axial plane of the femur after en bloc resection. The most accepted method is based on the linea aspera as an intraoperative landmark, indicating posterior. This study was conducted to address the reliability of the linea aspera as a landmark for rotational alignment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 50 CT angiographies of the right limb were used for this purpose. These 2D images were reconstructed into 3D models using proprietary software (materialize NV, Leuven, Belgium). The posterior condylar line was used as a reference axis. The orientation of the linea aspera was described as the angle between the perpendicular line to the PCL, through the center of the diaphysis, and the lateral (α) and medial labium (ß). RESULTS: The linear mixed model shows that the α- and ß-angles are significantly associated with the distance from the joint line (p<0.001) and vary significantly between subjects (p<0.001). The α-angle has the lowest variance and approximates more closely true posterior, while the median ß-angle never overlaps true posterior. DISCUSSION: When a surgeon would blindly rely on the linea aspera as a posterior landmark roughly 78% of the femoral implants would exceed the accepted ±3° deviation around the surgical transepicondylar axis (sTEA) as defined in total knee replacement. The linea aspera is not a reliable landmark for axial rotation of femoral implants. The position is highly dependent on the osteotomy height and in addition differs between individual patients. Preoperative assessment of the linea aspera is advocated in order to reduce the risk of malrotation. As the height of the osteotomy cannot always be determined correctly preoperatively, a table was designed as a guideline for how much a deviation from the planned resection height will affect the rotation of the implant.