RESUMEN
ABSTRACT: A case of congenital syphilis due to multiple missed opportunities, highlights the challenges of treating syphilis during pregnancy. Although cases are increasing in the United States, congenital syphilis, a disease with devastating consequences, is preventable.
Asunto(s)
Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo , Sífilis Congénita , Sífilis , Atención a la Salud , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Atención Prenatal , Sífilis/diagnóstico , Sífilis/tratamiento farmacológico , Sífilis Congénita/diagnóstico , Sífilis Congénita/tratamiento farmacológico , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) currently recommends dual therapy with ceftriaxone and azithromycin for gonorrhea to ensure effective treatment and slow emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Since 2013, the prevalence of reduced azithromycin susceptibility increased in the United States; however, these strains were highly susceptible to cephalosporins. We identified a cluster of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with high-level azithromycin resistance, several of which also demonstrated decreased ceftriaxone susceptibility. METHODS: Eight N. gonorrhoeae isolates collected from 7 patients on Oahu, Hawaii, seen 21 April 2016 through 10 May 2016 underwent routine Etest antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the Hawaii Department of Health. All demonstrated elevated azithromycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) >256 µg/mL and elevated ceftriaxone MICs (≥0.125 µg/mL). Isolates were sent to the University of Washington and CDC for confirmatory agar dilution testing; sequence data were sent to CDC for analysis. All patients were interviewed and treated, and when possible, partners were interviewed, tested, and treated. RESULTS: All isolates had azithromycin MICs >16 µg/mL and 5 had ceftriaxone MICs = 0.125 µg/mL by agar dilution. All isolates were ß-lactamase positive and were resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin. Genomic analysis revealed genetic relatedness. No patients reported recent travel or antibiotic use, and no male patients reported male sex partners. All patients were successfully treated. CONCLUSIONS: This cluster of genetically related gonococcal isolates with decreased ceftriaxone susceptibility and high-level azithromycin resistance may bring the threat of treatment failure in the United States with the current recommended dual therapy one step closer.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Azitromicina/farmacología , Ceftriaxona/farmacología , Trazado de Contacto , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Gonorrea/microbiología , Gonorrea/transmisión , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Azitromicina/uso terapéutico , Ceftriaxona/uso terapéutico , Ciprofloxacina/farmacología , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Gonorrea/tratamiento farmacológico , Hawaii , Humanos , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/enzimología , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/genética , Penicilinas/farmacología , Tetraciclina/farmacología , Adulto Joven , beta-Lactamasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
During 2016, eight Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from 7 patients in Hawaii were resistant to azithromycin; 5 had decreased in vitro susceptibility to ceftriaxone. Genomic analysis demonstrated a distinct phylogenetic clade when compared with local contemporary strains. Continued evolution and widespread transmission of these strains might challenge the effectiveness of current therapeutic options.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Azitromicina/farmacología , Ceftriaxona/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Gonorrea/epidemiología , Gonorrea/microbiología , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/efectos de los fármacos , Genoma Bacteriano , Hawaii/epidemiología , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/clasificación , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/genética , Filogenia , Enfermedades Bacterianas de Transmisión Sexual/epidemiología , Enfermedades Bacterianas de Transmisión Sexual/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Gonorrhea is the second most common nationally notifiable infectious disease in the United States. Rates have been increasing nationally as have antibiotic-resistant isolates. Both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization have recognized antibiotic-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae as a major public health threat and have warned of the emerging threat of "untreatable" gonorrhea. Hawai'i has been on the front lines nationally for gonococcal antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance due to its long-standing, statewide gonococcal isolate surveillance program coupled with antibiotic susceptibility testing of all isolates, and Hawai'i's geographic location between Asia where drug-resistant strains originate, and the continental United States. This article highlights emerging trends in and current status of antibiotic resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae from a national and Hawai'i perspective.
Asunto(s)
Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Gonorrea/microbiología , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Azitromicina/administración & dosificación , Ceftriaxona/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Gonorrea/diagnóstico , Gonorrea/tratamiento farmacológico , Hawaii , Humanos , Masculino , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
An atypical early primary syphilis case presentation with multiple umbilicated papular lesions on the penis and a nonreactive syphilis serology was misdiagnosed as molluscum contagiosum. Over a period of eight weeks, prior to dermatologic consultation, the papules enlarged, ulcerated, and healed. New plaque and patch formation on the penis and scrotum led to a differential diagnosis of inverse psoriasis vs. syphilis. Histological examination of a shave biopsy specimen revealed numerous Treponema pallidum organisms and repeat syphilis serological test results confirmed a syphilis diagnosis. Lesions responded to treatment with benzathine penicillin. One must keep a high index of suspicion for syphilis in light of its diverse presentation and increasing incidence.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades del Pene/diagnóstico , Úlcera Cutánea/diagnóstico , Sífilis/diagnóstico , Treponema pallidum/aislamiento & purificación , Biopsia , Chancro/microbiología , Humanos , Masculino , Penicilina G Benzatina/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades del Pene/tratamiento farmacológico , Pene/patología , Escroto/patología , Piel/patología , Úlcera Cutánea/patología , Sífilis/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
We present a case report of a false-negative syphilis treponemal enzyme immunoassay test result in an HIV-infected male. While treponemal tests are widely considered to be more sensitive and specific than non-treponemal tests, our findings point to potential challenges using the reverse sequence syphilis screening algorithm.