Genome-Wide Association Study of Acute Renal Graft Rejection.

Acute renal rejection is a major risk factor for chronic allograft dysfunction and long-term graft loss. We performed a genome-wide association study to detect loci associated with biopsy-proven acute T cell-mediated rejection occurring in the first year after renal transplantation. In a discovery cohort of 4127 European renal allograft recipients transplanted in eight European centers, we used a DNA pooling approach to compare 275 cases and 503 controls. In an independent replication cohort of 2765 patients transplanted in two European countries, we identified 313 cases and 531 controls, in whom we genotyped individually the most significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the discovery cohort. In the discovery cohort, we found five candidate loci tagged by a number of contiguous SNPs (more than five) that was never reached in iterative in silico permutations of our experimental data. In the replication cohort, two loci remained significantly associated with acute rejection in both univariate and multivariate analysis. One locus encompasses PTPRO, coding for a receptor-type tyrosine kinase essential for B cell receptor signaling. The other locus involves ciliary gene CCDC67, in line with the emerging concept of a shared building design between the immune synapse and the primary cilium.

Fibrosis progression according to epithelial-mesenchymal transition profile: a randomized trial of everolimus versus CsA.

Markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may identify patients at high risk of graft fibrogenesis who could benefit from early calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal. In a randomized, open-label, 12-month trial, de novo kidney transplant patients received cyclosporine, enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) and steroids to month 3. Patients were stratified as EMT+ or EMT- based on month 3 biopsy, then randomized to start everolimus with half-dose EC-MPS (720 mg/day) and cyclosporine withdrawal (CNI-free) or continue cyclosporine with standard EC-MPS (CNI). The primary endpoint was progression of graft fibrosis (interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy [IF/TA] grade increase ≥1 between months 3-12) in EMT+ patients. 194 patients were randomized (96 CNI-free, 98 CNI); 153 (69 CNI-free, 84 CNI) were included in histological analyses. Fibrosis progression occurred in 46.2% (12/26) CNI-free EMT+ patients versus 51.6% (16/31) CNI EMT+ patients (p = 0.68). Biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR, including subclinical events) occurred in 25.0% and 5.1% of CNI-free and CNI patients, respectively (p < 0.001). In conclusion, early CNI withdrawal with everolimus initiation does not prevent interstitial fibrosis. Using this CNI-free protocol, in which everolimus exposure was relatively low and administered with half-dose EC-MPS, CNI-free patients were overwhelmingly under-immunosuppressed and experienced an increased risk of BPAR.

Daclizumab Versus Rabbit Antithymocyte Globulin in High-Risk Renal Transplants: Five-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Study.

We previously reported a randomized controlled trial in which 227 de novo deceased-donor kidney transplant recipients were randomized to rabbit antithymocyte (rATG, Thymoglobulin) or daclizumab if they were considered to be at high immunological risk, defined as high panel reactive antibodies (PRA), loss of a first kidney graft through rejection within 2 years of transplantation, or third or fourth transplantation. Patients treated with rATG had lower incidences of biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR) and steroid-resistant rejection at 1 year. Patients were followed to 5 years posttransplant in an observational study; findings are described here. Treatment with rATG was associated with a lower rate of BPAR at 5 years (14.2% vs. 26.0% with daclizumab; p = 0.035). Only one rATG-treated patient (0.9%) and one daclizumab-treated patient (1.0%) developed BPAR after 1 year. Five-year graft and patient survival rates, and renal function, were similar between the two groups. Overall graft survival at 5 years was significantly higher in patients without BPAR (81.0% vs. 54.8%; p < 0.001). In conclusion, rATG is superior to daclizumab for the prevention of BPAR among high-immunological-risk renal transplant recipients. Overall graft survival at 5 years was approximately 70% with either induction therapy, which compares favorably to low-risk cohorts.

[Long-term outcome of renal transplantation: impact of surgical complications on graft survival]. / Impact à long terme des complications chirurgicales sur la survie du transplant rénal.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of surgical complications of renal transplantation at one institution, relate this to donor and recipient factors and to long-term graft survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of 145 renal transplants were audited, and a database of donor and recipient characteristics created for risk-factor analysis. An unstented Barry-Sarramon anastomosis was the most used method of ureteric reimplantation. Lich-Gregoir anastomosis was used in 28.9% of cases. The mean follow-up time was 14.4 ± 6.23 years. RESULTS: There were 67 surgical complications including ten vascular, 39 urological and 18 parietal complications. Among urological complications, 13 were urinary leaks, four distal ureteric necrosis, 13 symptomatic ureteric reflux, six primary ureteric obstructions, and one ureteric stone at some time after transplantation. The overall incidence of urological complications was 26.2%. There was no association with recipient or donor age, cold ischaemic times before organ reimplantation, dialysis duration before transplantation, operating times, or ureteric stenting. Overall surgical complications had a significant pejorative impact on graft survival (Hazard Ratio [HR]=1.805; P=0.32), but as we studied them separately, we highlighted that in fact only vascular complications had an impact on long-term graft survival (HR=17.442, P<5E-10). There was no association between urological (P=0.566) or parietal (P=0.797) complications and long-term graft outcome. CONCLUSION: The onset of a urological or a parietal complication had no impact in this series on long-term graft survival. Vascular complications dramatically increase the rate of graft loss.

Long-term impact of subclinical inflammation diagnosed by protocol biopsy one year after renal transplantation.

The long-term impact of subclinical acute rejection (SCAR) on renal graft function remains poorly understood. Furthermore, the interpretation of borderline lesions is difficult and their incidence is variable. The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of subclinical inflammation (SCI) in protocol biopsies performed 1-year after renal transplantation. SCI was defined as the presence of borderline lesions or SCAR according to the Banff 2005 classification. The patients included were a subpopulation of the CONCEPT study in which patients were randomized 3 months after transplantation to receive either sirolimus (SRL) or cyclosporine A (CsA) in combination with mycophenolate mofetil. At 1 year, we observed SCI in 37 of the 121 patients observed with an evaluable biopsy. The incidence was more frequent in the SRL group (SRL 45.2% vs. CsA 15.3%). At 30 months , SCI was associated with a significantly lower level of estimated glomerular filtration rate (mean MDRD 50.8 [±13.3] vs. 57.7 [±16.3] mL/min/1.73 m(2) , p = 0.035). In conclusion, SCI at 1-year posttransplantation is associated with worsening renal function and is more frequent in SRL-treated patients. Therefore, evaluation of SCI may be a valuable tool to allow the optimization of immunosuppressive regimens.

Mothers without HLA antibodies before transplantation have a low risk of alloimmunization post-transplantation.

Human leukocyte antigen antibodies (HLA Abs) are associated with poor renal graft outcome. We selected 134 first kidney transplant recipients without HLA Ab (LABScreen® Luminex) before transplantation despite previous allogeneic exposure whether through blood transfusion (BT) and/or pregnancy (PR). We screened these patients for HLA Ab post-transplantation (yearly) and determined the risk of HLA Ab and donor-specific antibody (DSA) appearance according to BT/PR in a univariate and a multivariate model. Among the 134 patients (43 males/91 females), 56 were BT+/PR-, 41 BT-/PR+ and 37 BT+/PR+. Median delay between last PR or BT and transplantation were 25.9 years (0.5-47.8) and 8 months (0.8-128.0), respectively. Median number of PR and BT were 2 (1-11) and 3 units (1-28), respectively. After transplantation (median follow-up: 47.5 months), 13 patients (9.7%) had HLA Ab and 10 DSA, mainly directed against class II HLA (HLA Ab: 10/13, DSA: 9/10). The risk of HLA Ab and DSA appearance was significantly lower in patients with PR before transplantation (P = 0.032 and P = 0.009, respectively). The risk of DSA appearance (hazard ratio = 0.17, P = 0.027) remained significantly lower after adjustment on donor age, acute rejection and number of class I/II HLA mismatches. In conclusion, we show that parous women non-immunized are at low risk of HLA Ab production after transplantation.

[Disseminated arterial occlusions revealing bilateral venous thrombosis with paradoxical embolisms]. / Occlusions artérielles disséminées révélant une thrombose veineuse bilatérale avec embolies paradoxales.

Paradoxical embolism is a diagnosis of exclusion. Clinical triad associates deep venous thrombosis with or without pulmonary embolism, arterial embolism, and intracardiac communication with right-to-left shunt. The intracardiac communication is generally related to a patent foramen ovale (PFO). We report a 75-year-old patient, who presented with bilateral deep venous thrombosis of the legs, complicated by massive pulmonary embolism and paradoxical embolisms through a PFO. This resulted in cerebral, mesenteric, splenic and bilateral kidney infarctions. A promptly initiated anticoagulant treatment allowed a favourable outcome.

Relapse of membranous glomerulopathy after kidney transplantation: sustained remittance induced by rituximab.

Membranous glomerulopathy (MG) is a rare cause of chronic kidney disease. However, after kidney transplantation (KT), despite immunosuppression, it often relapses on the allograft. Herein, we report on a male kidney-transplant patient, aged 27 years, who developed overt nephrotic syndrome 11 months after KT. This was related to relapsing MG, as evidenced by the allograft biopsy, which, in addition, showed CD3 (+) and CD20 (+) interstitial lymphocyte infiltration. The patient was treated with rituximab: 375 mg/m2/week for 4 consecutive weeks, followed by one additional injection every 3 months for one year. Remission was observed before the third rituximab injection. After a follow-up of 42 months, the patient was still in remission, i.e., microalbuminuria of 107 mg/day.

[Quinine-induced renal bilateral cortical necrosis]. / Nécrose corticale rénale bilatérale induite par la quinine.

Acute bilateral renal cortical necrosis is a rare cause of renal failure frequently induced by disseminated intravascular coagulation (Dic) following obstetrical complications, sepsis and drugs. We describe a case of Dic with bilateral cortical necrosis after ingestion of only one tablet of quinine. A 41-year-old woman was admitted for severe abdominal pain, melaena, fever and anuria two hours after quinine tablet intake for nocturnal leg cramps. Her medical history included angioneurotic edema caused by chloroquine for malaria prevention. Physical examination was normal. Laboratory data showed acute renal failure, hemolytic anemia without schistocytes and Dic. Platelet antibodies were negative. Ultrasonographic examination showed a complete defect of renal perfusion with permeable renal arteries. Results of abdominal CT scan and MAG3 scintigraphy led to the diagnosis of bilateral renal cortical necrosis. The patient underwent plasma exchanges with fresh frozen plasma which induced rapid resolution of Dic. She remained dependent on chronic hemodialysis. Quinine-induced microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and Dic is a rare described entity. These complications occur typically in quinine-sensitized subjects. The presence of acute renal failure is generally associated with poor prognosis in case of bilateral renal cortical necrosis. Caution is required for the prescription of quinine derivates, which should be avoided in patients experienced on adverse reaction to the drug.

[Classification and therapeutic management of monoclonal gammopathies of renal significance]. / Classification et prise en charge thérapeutique des gammapathies monoclonales de signification rénale.

Two categories of renal disorders associated with monoclonal gammopathies are to be distinguished, according to the characteristics of the underlying B-cell clone. The first group of renal diseases always occurs in the setting of high tumor mass with production of large amounts of monoclonal immunoglobulins. The main complication is the so-called myeloma cast nephropathy, which almost invariably complicates high tumor mass myeloma. The second group includes all renal disorders caused by a monoclonal immunoglobulin secreted by a nonmalignant B-cell clone, and currently referred as a "monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS)". This term was introduced to distinguish monoclonal gammopathies that are responsible for the development of kidney damage from those that are truly benign. The spectrum of renal diseases in MGRS is wide and its classification relies on the localization of renal lesions, either glomerular or tubular, and on the pattern of ultrastructural organization of immunoglobulin deposits. Physicochemical characteristics of the pathogenic monoclonal immunoglobulin are probably involved in their propensity to deposit or precipitate in the kidney, as illustrated by the high rate of recurrence of each specific type after kidney transplantation. Early diagnosis and efficient chemotherapy targeting the causal B-cell clone are mandatory to improve renal prognosis and patient survival.

IL-33 receptor ST2 deficiency attenuates renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury in euglycaemic, but not streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemic mice.

AIM: Kidney hypoxia can predispose to the development of acute and chronic renal failure in diabetes. Ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) causes inflammation, and diabetes is known to exacerbate this inflammatory response in the kidney, whereas alarmin IL-33 could act as an innate immune mediator during kidney IRI. Thus, the present study examined the impact of genetic IL-33 receptor ST2 deficiency (ST2-/-) on renal IRI in euglycaemic and hyperglycaemic mice. METHODS: Hyperglycaemia was induced with streptozotocin (STZ) in adult male C57BL/6JRj wild-type (WT) mice and ST2-/- mice. Unilateral renal IRI was achieved 3months after STZ treatment by left kidney nephrectomy (non-ischaemic control kidney) and clamping of the right renal artery for 32min in STZ- and vehicle-treated animals. At 24h after reperfusion, renal function and injury were determined by levels of plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and histological tubule scores. Also, in a complementary pilot clinical study, soluble ST2 concentrations were compared in diabetics and non-diabetics. RESULTS: Urinary albumin was significantly increased in STZ-induced hyperglycaemic mice, regardless of genotypic background. At 24h post-ischaemia, plasma creatinine, BUN and tubular injury were significantly reduced in ST2-/- mice compared with vehicle-treated WT mice, but this protective effect was lost in the STZ-induced hyperglycaemic ST2-/- animals. Plasma concentrations of soluble ST2 were significantly greater in type 2 diabetes patients vs non-diabetics. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the IL-33/ST2 pathway exerts differential effects depending on the glucose environment, opening-up new avenues for future research on alarmins and diabetes in ischaemia-related diseases.

Structure of a monoclonal kappa chain of the V kappa IV subgroup in the kidney and plasma cells in light chain deposition disease.

That structural abnormalities may be responsible for nonamyloid immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain deposition disease (LCDD) is suggested by previous results of Ig biosynthesis studies, but this hypothesis was not documented at the molecular level. We report on the first complete primary sequence deduced from cDNA analysis of a kappa light chain responsible for LCDD associated with an apparently nonsecretory myeloma. Bone marrow myeloma cells contained intracellular kappa chains and no heavy chains by immunofluorescence. Kidney biopsy showed typical nonamyloid PAS-positive kappa chain deposits. SDS-PAGE analysis of material extracted from a kidney biopsy specimen and of Ig produced by the myeloma cells revealed kappa chains of abnormally high apparent molecular mass (30,000). Comparison of the NH2-terminal aminoacid sequence of the kappa chain deposited in the kidney and of the complete sequence of several identical kappa cDNA clones from bone marrow cells showed the identity of the tissue deposited and plasma cell kappa chain. The kappa mRNA had an overall normal structure and corresponded to the V kappa IV gene rearranged to J kappa 1 and followed by a normal constant exon of the Km(3) allotype. The variable sequence differed from the V kappa IV germline gene by nine point mutations, including an Asp----Asn substitution at position +70 resulting in a potential N-glycosylation site. In vitro biosynthesis experiments and treatment with N-glycosidase provided evidence for the intracellular glycosylation of the monoclonal kappa chain. The peculiar sequence and the glycosylation of a kappa chain of the rare V kappa IV subgroup might be responsible for structural abnormalities leading to tissue deposition.

Long-term maintenance of calcineurin inhibitor monotherapy reduces the risk for squamous cell carcinomas after kidney transplantation compared with bi- or tritherapy.

The incidence of skin cancer after organ transplantation is mainly related to type, level, and duration of immunosuppression. The immunosuppressive minimization strategy reduces skin malignancies, but no data are available concerning long-term calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) monotherapy compared with bi- or tritherapy. We studied the benefits of long-term CNI monotherapy (>6 years of exposure) with regard to the incidence of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and basal cell carcinomas (BCC) compared with bi- or tritherapy, among first renal allograft adult recipients who were more than 6 years posttransplantation. Among 294 renal transplantations performed between 1986 and 1999, 80 patients received CNI monotherapy (MT) and 86 patients bi- or tritherapy (BTT) with a follow-up of more than 6 years. MT patients were older, had longer follow-up, and fewer biopsy-proven acute rejection episodes. The incidence of SCC was 15.9 SCC/1000 patients/year for MT vs 26.2 for BTT (P = .07). The incidence was significantly lower for patients older than 40 years (22.4 vs 56, respectively; P < .01). The incidence of BCC was 28.3 BCC/1000 patients/year for MT and 10.1 for BTT (P = .05), which failed to show a significant difference in patients older than 40 years (39.7 vs 25, respectively; P = .09). The ratio of SCC/BCC in MT was maintained around 1/2 over time, while it exceeded 2/1 in BTT after 12 years posttransplantation. Patient survival was comparable between the 2 groups. A higher graft survival rate was observed in the MT group. CNI monotherapy should be considered to be a beneficial, safe immunosuppressive minimization strategy for SCC in selected recipients.

Current anti-myeloma therapies in renal manifestations of monoclonal light chain-associated Fanconi syndrome: a retrospective series of 49 patients.

We retrospectively reviewed 49 patients with light chain (LC) Fanconi syndrome (FS). Patients presented with chronic kidney disease (median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 33 ml/min/1.73 m2) and tubular proteinuria. All patients tested had elevated fractional excretion of phosphate, uric acid, generalized aminoaciduria and/or normoglycemic glycosuria. Thirty-eight patients had monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance and eleven patients had an overt hematological malignancy. The monoclonal LC isotype was kappa in 46/49 cases. Kidney biopsy in 39 patients showed various proximal tubular lesions and characteristic LC intracytoplasmic crystalline inclusions in 24 patients. Forty-two patients received chemotherapy. Patients with plasma cell proliferation (n=38) received bortezomib-based regimens (n=11), immunomodulatory agents (n=7) or alkylating agents (n=6). High-dose melphalan (HDM) followed by autologous stem cell transplantation was performed in 14 patients. Hematological response was obtained in 90% of evaluable patients, assessed on serum free light chains (FLC). GFR remained stable as long as hematological response was maintained and declined when serum FLC level rebounded. Improvement in proximal tubule function occurred in 13 patients. In patients with LC-associated FS, chemotherapy using HDM and/or new generation anti-myeloma agents can stabilize renal function and improve proximal tubule function. Serum FLC should be used to assess the hematological response, related to renal outcome.

Acute immuno-allergic interstitial nephritis caused by fluindione.

Fluindione is a vitamin K antagonist that is commonly prescribed for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and venous thromboembolism in France. Bleeding is the most common side effect of fluindione, whereas hypersensitivity reactions are rare. We describe here a patient with acute immuno-allergic interstitial nephritis caused by fluindione. Initial symptoms included fever, eosinophilia, low albuminuria, microscopic hematuria, eosinophiluria and acute renal failure. Kidney biopsy showed severe interstitial nephritis with interstitial edema, inflammatory infiltrates and tubulorrhexis. Fluindione withdrawal and corticosteroid treatment resulted in rapid recovery of renal function. A review of the literature revealed a very low incidence of fluindione-induced interstitial nephritis, with variable renal and extra-renal signs. Early recognition of this rare complication may prevent the development of severe chronic renal injury.

Cytomegalovirus prophylaxis with intravenous polyvalent immunoglobulin in high-risk renal transplant recipients.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) seronegative renal allograft recipients (R-), particularly those with a graft from a CMV-seropositive donor (D+), are at high risk for primary CMV infection. CMV resistance to antiviral oral therapy is an emerging problem in renal transplantation, prompting development of new prophylactic strategies. We retrospectively studied the 1-year posttransplantation incidence of CMV infection in high-risk renal transplant recipients, in whom polyvalent intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) were used as prophylaxis. Forty R- patients received immunoprophylaxis by polyvalent IVIg (0.25 g/kg weekly for 8 weeks, starting on the operative day). CMV serological tests remained negative in eight patients (20%). Eight patients (20%) had asymptomatic CMV infection while 24 (60%) developed CMV syndrome and were treated with gancyclovir (10 mg/kg/day intravenously for 3 weeks). None had CMV disease or opportunistic infection. Six patients (15%) had biopsy-proven acute rejection, which followed CMV syndrome in three cases. One-year renal allograft and patient survivals were 95% and 97.5%, respectively. Mean serum creatinine level was 124 +/- 33 micromol/L at 1 year. Clinical tolerance of IVIg was excellent, without any episode of acute renal failure. Polyvalent IVIg provides effective prophylaxis in renal transplant recipients at high risk for CMV infection and is associated with excellent 1-year allograft survival. Because of their immunomodulatory functions, IVIg may have a beneficial effect on the incidence of acute and chronic rejection and allograft survival. A randomized prospective study is required to evaluate long-term effects of CMV prophylaxis with polyvalent IVIg compared to antiviral agents in renal transplant recipients.

Preemptive renal transplantation in adults.

Recent studies have clearly demonstrated that preemptive renal transplantation is associated with better graft and patient survival. It improves the quality of life and is a cost-effective option compared to conventional transplantation. We report our experience with this concept and review the literature. We retrospectively analyzed all adult kidney transplantations performed in our center between March 1986 and May 2004: among 463 renal transplantations 44 were preemptive (9.5%). Mean follow-up was 45.7 +/- 6 months in preemptive versus 62.3 +/- 2.6 months in the other group. At the end of the study, graft survivals were 93.2% and 77.1%, respectively (P = .02). Patient survival rates were similar in both groups. In the preemptive group, grafts were more likely to come from living donors (P < .001) and cold ischemia time was shorter (P = .02). A subgroup case-control study showed that cost saving for dialysis in the preemptive group was about 119,000 Euros per patient. More preemptive patients had professional activity before (P = .0002) and after transplantation (P = .02). Our results and data from the literature support the place of preemptive transplantation as the optimal mode of renal replacement therapy for medical and socioeconomic reasons.

Adult Fanconi syndrome secondary to light chain gammopathy. Clinicopathologic heterogeneity and unusual features in 11 patients.

Fifty-seven cases of Ig light chain-associated Fanconi syndrome (FS) have been reported so far, mostly as isolated reports. The pioneering work by Maldonado and associates (35), who reviewed the first 17 cases in 1975, led to the unifying concept that patients with FS and Bence Jones proteinuria have a special form of plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by slow progression of the tumor and by prominent crystal formation in proximal tubule cells, in the absence of myeloma casts in the distal tubule. We carefully reappraised these characteristics in a series of 11 patients. Ten renal biopsy specimens were available for electron microscopy, adding to the 15 previously reported cases with ultrastructural studies. Moreover, 10 of the kappa light chains could be entirely or partially sequenced and tested for their resistance to cathepsin B, a lysosomal protease present in proximal tubule cells. Our series showed an unexpected clinicopathologic heterogeneity. Seven patients presented with the typical clinical and pathologic features of FS and low-mass myeloma or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), in keeping with Maldonado et al's description. Crystals in bone marrow cells were detected in patients of this group, only. Three patients who presented with full-blown FS exhibited, however, the characteristic features of myeloma cast nephropathy in the setting of high-mass myeloma. One patient of this group also had numerous crystals in proximal tubule cells. The eleventh patient had complete FS with MGUS, but no crystals in proximal tubule cells even after electron microscopy. Contrasting with the clinicopathologic heterogeneity, genetic and biochemical analyses of the light chains showed a striking homogeneity. First, they all were of the kappa type. Second, 8 of 9 belonged to the V kappa I variability subgroup, which indicates that FS light chains are related by the sequence of their variable regions. Third, the 8 V kappa I light chain sequences most likely originated from only 2 germline genes, LCO2/012 and LCO8/018. Fourth, all 5 LCO2/012-derived sequences presented an unusual hydrophobic or nonpolar residue at position 30. These sequence peculiarities may account for unusual physicochemical properties of the light chains including the resistance of their variable domain V kappa to proteolysis by cathepsin B, observed in 7 of 9 patients in our series, while light chains isolated from patients with myeloma cast nephropathy are completely digested. Resistance of V kappa to proteolysis in FS patients can explain the accumulation of the light chain in the endocytotic compartment of the proximal tubule cells, leading to impairment of proximal tubule functions.

Factors predicting the long-term success of maintenance cyclosporine monotherapy after kidney transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The theoretical aim of maintenance cyclosporine monotherapy (mCsA) after kidney transplantation is to reduce the incidence of the metabolic complications of corticosteroids and to minimize the adverse effects of excessive long-term immunosuppression. This study was performed in low-immunological-risk cadaveric kidney transplant recipients to evaluate the risks and benefits of mCsA and the long-term graft survival, and to determine the factors predicting success of this policy. METHODS: The multicenter retrospective study was conducted in 329 Caucasian patients receiving mCsA out of 728 first cadaveric kidney transplant recipients. The inclusion criteria were: HLA antibodies < or =25%, serum creatinine <200 micromol/L, and no rejection or only one rejection episode. At the end of the study, we compared the group of patients successfully treated with mCsA (successful group) with those requiring additional immunosuppressive agents (unsuccessful mCsA group). RESULTS: Overall patient and graft survival rates for the 728 first cadaveric graft were 92% and 64%, respectively, at 8 years. Out of 329 patients enrolled in mCsA, 240 were maintained on this treatment and 89 were withdrawn (3 deaths, 18 graft losses, 68 functional grafts). The 8-year graft survival in the 329 enrolled mCsA patients was 84%, 95% in the successful mCsA group, and 70% in the unsuccessful mCsA group. Multivariate analysis showed that the factors predicting success of mCsA were: donor age <40 years (P = 0.001), serum creatinine at mCsA initiation <125 micromol/L (P = 0.02), no rejection episode before mCsA initiation (P = 0.005), and glomerulopathy as the primary renal disease (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Numerous kidney transplant recipients with a low immunological risk and good and stable renal function may benefit from discontinuation of prednisone and azathioprine in order to reduce the complications related to these drugs. This therapeutic approach had no adverse impact on the overall long-term graft survival for "low risk" and successful patients.