Heterozygous NOTCH1 Variants Cause CNS Immune Activation and Microangiopathy.

NOTCH1 belongs to the NOTCH family of proteins that regulate cell fate and inflammatory responses. Somatic and germline NOTCH1 variants have been implicated in cancer, Adams-Oliver syndrome, and cardiovascular defects. We describe 7 unrelated patients grouped by the presence of leukoencephalopathy with calcifications and heterozygous de novo gain-of-function variants in NOTCH1. Immunologic profiling showed upregulated CSF IP-10, a cytokine secreted downstream of NOTCH1 signaling. Autopsy revealed extensive leukoencephalopathy and microangiopathy with vascular calcifications. This evidence implicates that heterozygous gain-of-function variants in NOTCH1 lead to a chronic central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory response resulting in a calcifying microangiopathy with leukoencephalopathy. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:895-901.

Asthma-Associated Long TSLP Inhibits the Production of IgA.

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) contributes to asthmatic disease. The concentrations of protective IgA may be reduced in the respiratory tract of asthma patients. We investigated how homeostatic short TSLP (shTSLP) and asthma-associated long TSLP (loTSLP) regulate IgA production. B cells from healthy donors were stimulated in the presence or absence of shTSLP or loTSLP; the concentrations of IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgG antibodies were determined in cell culture supernatants; and B cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. LoTSLP, but not shTSLP, suppressed the secretion of IgA but not of IgE. The type 2 cytokine IL-4, which in addition to loTSLP contributes to asthmatic disease, did not affect the production of IgA or the frequency of IgA+ B cells. Instead, IL-4 increased IgG production, especially of the subclasses IgG2 and IgG4. LoTSLP inhibited IgA secretion by sorted memory B cells but not by naïve B cells. Although loTSLP inhibited IgA production, the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid promoted the secretion of IgA, also in the presence of loTSLP, suggesting that vitamin A may promote IgA production in asthma. Our data demonstrate that asthma-associated loTSLP negatively regulates the secretion of IgA, which may negatively impact the surveillance of mucosal surfaces in asthma.

Case Report: A Highly Variable Clinical and Immunological Presentation of IKAROS Deficiency in a Single Family.

Here we describe a novel mutation in the IKZF gene encoding IKAROS, as the cause of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). The identification of the same defect in the IKZF gene with manifestations of asymptomatic selective IgA deficiency and chronic ITP in the father and her younger brother, respectively, demonstrates the large variability of this genetic defect in one single family, while living in the same environment with a relatively similar genetic background. As discussed, clinical penetrance of the molecular defects identified by mutations in IKZF and other common gene defects in CVID in familial immune-related abnormalities makes genetic testing a necessary step for diagnosis, management, and counseling, as part of the routine immunological workup.