[Comorbidity between SCARED anxiety factors and depressive symptomatology in 8- to 12-year-old children]. / Comorbilidad entre los factores de ansiedad del SCARED y la sintomatología depresiva en niños de 8-12 años.

The aim of this study was to examine the comorbidity between the SCARED anxiety factors and depressive symptoms in 8-12-year-old children. Participants were 792 girls and 715 boys, who completed: the 41-ítem version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorder (SCARED), the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and a Socio-demographic questionnaire. Of the sample, 47% showed anxiety symptoms and 11.5% showed depressive symptoms. Heterotypic comorbidity was 82% in children at risk of depression and 20% in children at risk of anxiety. Homotypic Comorbidity between anxiety factors was 87%. Homotypic comorbidity and heterotypic comorbidity were high; their early detection will prevent the continuity of an anxious disorder and the development of depression.

Relationship Between Self-Concept, Self-Efficacy, and Subjective Well-Being of Native and Migrant Adolescents.

In the last decade, the migrant population in Chile has substantially increased, where the rates have not only increased in the adult population, but also among children and adolescents, creating a potential for social and cultural development in the educational system. The present work analyzes the relationship between self-concept, self-efficacy, and subjective well-being in native and migrant adolescents in Santiago de Chile. The sample consisted of 406 students, 56.65% women, with an age range that fluctuated between 12 and 16 years, with an average of 13.36 years (SD = 0.96). Student's t-tests were used to compare the average of the constructs evaluated between natives/migrants and boys/girls participants. Subsequently, two multivariate models of simple mediation were constructed, one for natives and another for migrants, which assumed subjective well-being as a dependent variable, academic self-concept as an independent variable and the general self-efficacy as a mediating variable. In both models, gender was considered as a control variable. Results show that migrant students present higher levels of academic self-concept and general self-efficacy than native students. There are no differences with regard to well-being. In the case of gender, differences are observed only for the case of general self-efficacy, where boys present higher levels. On the other hand, a partial mediation is observed for the model of native students and a total mediation for the model of migrant students. The study yielded interesting results regarding the differences in the evaluation of the constructs of self-concept, self-efficacy, and subjective well-being in both groups. Such data can be used as inputs for the development of public policies for adolescents.

Prevalence of major depression in preschool children.

The prevalence of preschool major depressive disorder (MDD) was studied in the community. The whole population of children between 3 and 6 years attending preschool nurseries in three areas (one urban, one rural and one suburban) in Spain (n = 1,427) were contacted. Selection was by a two-stage procedure. At stage I, the ESDM 3-6, a screening measure for preschool depression, was used to identify a sample for more intensive interviewing. Sensitivity and specificity of the cut-off point of the ESDM 3-6 had been previously tested in a pilot study (n = 229). During the first stage, 222 preschool children (15.6%) were found to be probable depressives, because they scored 27 or more, the cut-off used. At stage II, the children were interviewed and diagnosed by the consensus of two clinicians, blind to the ESDM 3-6 results. DSM-IV diagnostic criteria were used to define caseness. A total of 16 children (1.12%) met the MDD criteria. The prevalence by areas was urban 0.87%, rural 0.88%, suburban 1.43%. Sex distribution prevalence was 1:1. This study is a contribution to the scarce epidemiology of preschool depression in the community.

Assessment of Free Time Motivation on a Sample of 11 to 18 Year-Old Catalan-Speaking Spanish Adolescents.

Free time is considered to be a very important aspect of adolescents' psychosocial development. One of the instruments that has been developed to explore motivation in relation to free time activities is Baldwin and Caldwell's (2003) Free Time Motivation Scale for Adolescents (FTMS-A), based on Ryan and Deci (2000) Self-Determination Theory. The main aim of this study is to explore the psychometric properties of the FTM S-A after its translation and adaptation to Catalan, administering it to a sample of 2,263 adolescents aged between 11 and 18 (M = 14.99; SD = 1.79) from Catalonia, Spain. To explore structural validity we follow two steps: Firstly, we analyze how the scale fits with the original model by conducting a CFA on the whole sample; secondly, we conduct an EFA on one half of the sample and a CFA on the other half in order to identify which structure best suits the sample. We also analyze convergent validity using three indicators of subjective well-being: The Personal Well-Being Index (PWI), the Satisfaction with Life scale (SWLS) and the Overall Life Satisfaction scale (OLS). The initial CFA produces a 5-factor model like the original, but with goodness of fit indices that do not reach the acceptable minimum. The EFA and the second CFA show a good fit for a 3-dimensional model (χ2(90) = 320.293; RMSEA = .048; NNFI = .92; CFI = .94) comprising introjected motivation, intrinsic motivation and amotivation. The correlations obtained between the FTMS-A and the three measures of subjective well-being scales show an association between free time motivations and this construct. Due to the model of scale used in the present study differs from the original, it is proposed that the new scale structure with 16 items be tested in the future in different cultural contexts.

Temperamental dimension and anxiety problems in a clinical sample of three- to six-year old children: a study of variables.

In the last few years, many researchers have studied the presence of common dimensions of temperament in subjects with symptoms of anxiety. The aim of this study is to examine the association between temperamental dimensions (high negative affect and activity level) and anxiety problems in clinical preschool children. A total of 38 children, ages 3 to 6 years, from the Infant and Adolescent Mental Health Center of Girona and the Center of Diagnosis and Early Attention of Sabadell and Olot were evaluated by parents and psychologists. Their parents completed several screening scales and, subsequently, clinical child psychopathology professionals carried out diagnostic interviews with children from the sample who presented signs of anxiety. Findings showed that children with high levels of negative affect and low activity level have pronounced symptoms of anxiety. However, children with anxiety disorders do not present different temperament styles from their peers without these pathologies.

[Psychosocial stressors, sense of community, and subjective wellbeing in children and adolescents in urban and rural areas in Northeast Brazil]. / Estressores psicossociais, senso de comunidade e bem-estar subjetivo em crianças e adolescentes de zonas urbanas e rurais do Nordeste do Brasil.

The study's overall objective was to investigate the relationship between psychosocial stressors, sense of community, and subjective wellbeing in urban and rural schoolchildren in Northeast Brazil, focusing on differences according to territorial context. The sample consisted of 757 participants, 495 from urban schools and 262 from rural schools, enrolled in the 6th and 7th grades (9 to 18 years of age) in 21 municipal and state public schools, of which 13 urban and 8 rural, in 7 municipalities (counties) in Ceará State, Brazil. The study instruments were inventory of stressful events, scale of life satisfaction for students, index of sense of community, and satisfaction indices by life domains (family, material goods, relations, neighborhood/zone, health, time, school, and personal). The results indicate that socioeconomically underprivileged public schoolchildren from urban areas are more exposed to daily stress and score lower on satisfaction in specific domains of life and on sense of community. This latter is an important indicator for evaluating wellbeing in this young population.

Satisfacción vital y calidad de vida estudiantil con relación al autoconcepto familiar en el contexto migratorio en Chile / Life satisfaction and students' quality of life in relation to family self-concept in the migratory context in Chile

Resumen La migración adolescente en Chile es un fenómeno en desarrollo del que se tienen muy pocos estudios respecto a su satisfacción con la vida, calidad de vida percibida y autoconcepto familiar en relación a la población nativa. Este artículo tiene como objetivo comparar la satisfacción con la vida, calidad de vida y autoconcepto familiar de ambos grupos y analizar de qué manera se relacionan ambos constructos en la muestra estudiada. Método: Se administraron las escalas SLSS, BMSLSS y AF5_DF a una muestra de 406 adolescentes de edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 16 años. 56.65% de los estudiantes eran chicas y el 43.35% chicos. La muestra estuvo constituida por 55.91% de estudiantes nacidos en Chile y 44.09% de estudiantes migrantes. Resultados: Se observaron diferencias en algunos ítems de las escalas SLSS y BMSLSS entre los dos grupos (nativos y migrantes). No se aprecian diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la Escala AF5_DF. En términos de correlaciones, la Escala BMSLSS explica mejor la Escala SLSS en los estudiantes nativos. En el caso de los estudiantes migrantes, la Escala AF5_DF mostró una correlación más fuerte con la Escala SLSS. La correlación de la BMSLSS_SF con AF5_DF también es mayor en los nativos. Discusión: Los niveles de satisfacción con la vida, calidad de vida percibida y autoconcepto familiar no difieren ampliamente en los dos grupos. La discusión enfatiza la necesidad de seguir explorando el tema con muestras representativas y con metodología cualitativa, de manera longitudinal e incorporando otras variables.

Abstract Adolescent migration in Chile is a developing phenomenon of which there are very few studies regarding their satisfaction with life, perceived quality of life and family self-concept in relation to the native population. This article aims to compare the satisfaction with life, quality of life and family self-concept of both groups and analyze how these constructs are related in the sample studied. Method: The SLSS, BMSLSS and AF5_DF scales were administered to a sample of 406 adolescents aged between 12 and 16 years. 56.65% of the students were girls and 43.35% boys. The sample consisted of 55.91% of students born in Chile and 44.09% of migrant students. Results: Differences were observed in some items of the SLSS and BMSLSS scales between the two groups (natives and migrants). There are no statistically significant differences in the AF5_DF Scale. In terms of correlations, the BMSLSS Scale better explains the SLSS Scale in native students. In the case of migrant students, the AF5_DF Scale showed a stronger correlation with the SLSS Scale. The correlation of the BMSLSS_SF with AF5_DF is also higher in the native ones. Discussion: The levels of satisfaction with life, perceived quality of life and family self-concept do not differ widely in the two groups. The discussion emphasizes the need to continue exploring the issue with representative samples and qualitative methodology, longitudinally and incorporating other variables.

Assessing Mindfulness on a Sample of Catalan-Speaking Spanish Adolescents: Validation of the Catalan Version of the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure.

BACKGROUND: Interest in mindfulness has increased over the last decade, resulting in several mindfulness-based interventions being developed and their efficacy empirically demonstrated. The practice of mindfulness has been associated with low levels of anxiety or depression and improved quality of life or personal well-being. The aim of this study is to translate the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM) and adapt it to Catalan so as to analyze its internal consistency and construct and convergent validity. METHOD: The CAMM was administered to a sample of secondary school students ranging in age from 11 to 16 years old. RESULTS: The Catalan version of the CAMM shows a good fit with the unidimensional model and internal consistency similar to the original version (α = .80). Furthermore, CAMM scores correlated positively with subjective well-being, temperamental dimensions of effortful control and self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS: The Catalan Version of CAMM is a valid and reliable measure of mindfulness skills.

Psychological and family factors associated with suicidal ideation in pre-adolescents.

To assess the psychological and family factors associated with suicidal ideation in pre-adolescent children, we studied a sample of 361 students, average age 9 years old. Two groups were formed, on the basis of the presence (n = 34) or absence (n = 44) of suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation was assessed with the Children's Depression Inventory and the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised. Depression, hopelessness, self-esteem, and perceived family environment were compared in both the suicidal ideation and the control groups. Students with suicidal ideation generally presented greater depressive symptoms and hopelessness, and lower self-esteem and family expressiveness, although there were differences both between sexes, and when the variable depression was controlled. Identifying these risk factors in pre-adolescents may have an impact on prevention of suicidal behavior at higher risk ages.

Estressores psicossociais, senso de comunidade e bem-estar subjetivo em crianças e adolescentes de zonas urbanas e rurais do Nordeste do Brasil / Psychosocial stressors, sense of community, and subjective wellbeing in children and adolescents in urban and rural areas in Northeast Brazil / Estresores psicosociales, sentido de comunidad y bienestar subjetivo en niños y adolescentes de zonas urbanas y rurales del Nordeste de Brasil

Resumo: O objetivo geral do estudo é investigar a relação existente entre eventos estressores cotidianos, senso de comunidade e bem-estar subjetivo em alunos de escolas urbanas e rurais do Nordeste do Brasil, focando nas diferenças por contexto territorial. A amostra está formada por 757 participantes, 495 alunos de escolas urbanas e 262 de escolas rurais, dos 6o e 7o anos (9 a 18 anos) de 21 escolas públicas municipais e estaduais, 13 urbanas e 8 rurais, de 7 municípios do Ceará, Brasil. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: inventário de eventos estressores, escala de satisfação com a vida para estudantes, índice de senso de comunidade e oito índices de satisfação por âmbitos da vida (família, bens materiais, relações, bairro/zona, saúde, tempo, escola, pessoal). Os resultados indicam que os alunos das escolas públicas (desfavorecidos socioeconomicamente) de contextos urbanos estão mais expostos ao estresse cotidiano, pontuam mais baixo em satisfação com âmbitos específicos da vida e senso de comunidade, sendo este último um indicador importante na avaliação do bem-estar da população estudada.

Abstract: The study's overall objective was to investigate the relationship between psychosocial stressors, sense of community, and subjective wellbeing in urban and rural schoolchildren in Northeast Brazil, focusing on differences according to territorial context. The sample consisted of 757 participants, 495 from urban schools and 262 from rural schools, enrolled in the 6th and 7th grades (9 to 18 years of age) in 21 municipal and state public schools, of which 13 urban and 8 rural, in 7 municipalities (counties) in Ceará State, Brazil. The study instruments were inventory of stressful events, scale of life satisfaction for students, index of sense of community, and satisfaction indices by life domains (family, material goods, relations, neighborhood/zone, health, time, school, and personal). The results indicate that socioeconomically underprivileged public schoolchildren from urban areas are more exposed to daily stress and score lower on satisfaction in specific domains of life and on sense of community. This latter is an important indicator for evaluating wellbeing in this young population.

Resumen: El objetivo general del estudio es investigar la relación existente entre eventos estresores cotidianos, sentido de comunidad y bienestar subjetivo, en alumnos de escuelas urbanas y rurales del nordeste de Brasil, centrándose en las diferencias por contexto territorial. La muestra está formada por 757 participantes, 495 alumnos de escuelas urbanas y 262 de escuelas rurales, del 6o y 7o año (9 a 18 años) de 21 escuelas públicas municipales y estatales, 13 urbanas y 8 rurales, de 7 municipios de Ceará, Brasil. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: inventario de eventos estresores, escala de satisfacción con la vida para estudiantes, índice de sentido de comunidad y ocho índices de satisfacción por ámbitos de la vida (familia, bienes materiales, relaciones, barrio/zona, salud, tiempo, escuela, personal). Los resultados indican que los alumnos de las escuelas públicas (desfavorecidos socioeconómicamente) de contextos urbanos están más expuestos al estrés cotidiano, puntúan más bajo en satisfacción con ámbitos específicos de la vida y sentido de comunidad, siendo este último un indicador importante en la evaluación del bienestar de la población estudiada.

Prevalencia de la sintomatología del Síndrome de Asperger y variables asociadas en preescolares españoles / Prevalence of Asperger Syndrome symptomatology and associated variables in Spanish preschoolers

El Síndrome de Asperger (AS) forma parte del espectro de trastornos autistas, su estudio es reciente para el caso de edades tempranas. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la prevalencia de los síntomas del AS en población preescolar general, rural y urbana en preescolares de España. Además, analizamos las áreas de desarrollo y síntomas de ansiedad asociados a la presencia de sintomatología del AS. La muestra de este estudio se conforma de 1104 preescolares de 3 a 6 años de edad. La presencia de síntomas del AS se evaluó con base en el reporte de padres y maestros, mediante un instrumento de detección de desórdenes psiquiátricos. La prevalencia informada por padres fue de 11,7%, mientras que para los maestros fue de 8,1%. La presencia de sintomatología del AS se asoció a retrasos en el desarrollo de la comprensión del lenguaje, la coordinación motora, las habilidades de autoayuda y la práctica de juegos. Además, nuestros resultados indican que el AS tiene una fuerte relación con síntomas de fobia específica y tics. Concluimos que es posible hacer una detección temprana de la sintomatología del AS, ya que encontramos prevalencias similares a otras descritas en investigaciones recientes. Dada la afectación asociada al AS, su detección es altamente recomendable.

Asperger's Syndrome (AS) forms part of the whole spectrum of autistic disorders. Until recently it has not been studied in early ages. The aim of this study is to determine the AS's prevalence of symptoms in general preschool, rural and urban population. In addition, the association of the development areas and symptoms of anxiety and the presence of symptoms of AS was analized. The sample of this study consisted in 1104 preschool children between 3-6 years old. The presence of AS's symptoms was evaluated by a screening tool for psychiatric disorders. This tool was applied to both, preschooler's parents and their teachers. The prevalence of symptoms of AS for parents and teachers was 11.7% and 8.1%, respectively. The presence of AS's symptoms was associated with language compression delays, general and fine motor coordination, self-help skills and impairment in game activities. In addition, our results showed that the AS has a strong association with specific phobia symptoms and tics. We conclude that an early detection of AS's symptoms is possible since we found similar prevalence described in other recent researches. Given the impairment associated with AS, its detection is highly recommended.

Parents and teachers reports of DSM-IV psychopathological symptoms in preschool children: differences between urban-rural Spanish areas.

BACKGROUND: This study used DSM-IV criteria to analyse reports from teachers and parents and to compare behavioural and emotional symptoms in Spanish preschool children from both urban and rural populations. METHOD: The field survey was conducted in two geographical areas in Catalonia (Spain). A sample of 1104 children (56.67% boys and 43.32% girls) aged 3-6 years participated in this study: 697 were from urban areas and 408 from rural ones. The Early Childhood Inventory-teachers' and parents' versions (ECI-4) [Gadow KD, Sprafkin J (1997)-was used as the screening instrument. RESULTS: The teachers' and parents' reports assigned 32.7 and 46.7%, respectively, to one or more ECI-4 categories. Significant differences between sexes were found in teachers' reports. The whole disorders were significantly more prevalent in the urban sample than in the rural one (30.6 vs. 20.3%). The most prevalent disorders in both areas were Anxiety Disorders and Behavioural Problems, and the least prevalent were Mood Disorders and Autistic Disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that there are some differences in the prevalence rates of preschool psychopathological disorders between rural and urban Spanish areas.

Variables predictoras de la ideación suicida en la población escolar infantil / Predictors variables of suicidal ideation in school children

Se han estudiado dos grupos de escolares de edades comprendidas entre los 8 y 12 años: niños con ideación suicida (n=34) y grupo control (n=44). Los resultados obtenidos a partir del análisis estadístico de los datos señalan diferencias significativas en función del sexo. Los niños com ideación suicida obtienen puntuaciones elevadas en sintomatologia depresiva, desesperanza, control de la escala de clima familiar y en el factor D de personalidad de Cattell. Las niñas obtienen puntuaciones elevadas en sintomatologia depresiva, factor I de personalidad de Cattell y bajas en los factores E y QIII de Cattell. Un tercio de los niños y niñas con ideación suicida cumplen con los criterios diagnósticos del DSM-IV de trastorno distímico. De las tres medidas utilizadas para valorar la depresión, la puntuación de la CDRS es la que permite predecir con mayor precisión la ideación suicida. En las niñas si conocemos las puntuaciones de la CDRS y de los factores E, C y Q3 podemos clasificar correctamente el 95,7 por ciento del grupo control y el 85,7 por ciento del grupo com ideación suicida. En los niños los mejores predictores de la ideación suicida son la sintomatología depresiva, valorada mediante la CDRS, y la desesperanza. Los dos grupos estudiados (con ideación suicida y control) no difieren en nivel intelectual, ansiedad, autoestima, nivel socioeconómico y grado de escolaridad.