Safe Energy Source in Battery-operated Toys for Children.

OBJECTIVES: Serious and even fatal consequences of disk batteries ingestion in children are well known. Among other applications, disk batteries are used to power small toys, from which they can be unexpectedly extracted and swallowed. METHODS: We tested a new cell intended for little toys (green cell [GC]), after 6 and 12 hours of in vitro close contact with esophageal swine mucosa. The GC was compared with lithium and silver button batteries under the same experimental conditions. RESULTS: Tissues in contact with the GC did not show pH variations nor histological alterations after 6 and 12 hours. In such conditions, statistically significant differences were found between the GC and the lithium and silver batteries. CONCLUSIONS: So far, multidisciplinary medical effort has been driven to both emergency approach and subsequent operative strategies in children with ingested batteries. Our trial demonstrates the possibility to primarily prevent battery-induced damages by designing new-generation safe cells with no tissue toxicity to power little toys intended for children.

Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Autoimmune Liver Involvement in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

OBJECTIVES: Autoimmune liver disease is reported in up to 7.8% of children with inflammatory bowel disease. A distinct inflammatory bowel disease phenotype has been suggested in adults and in small pediatric cohorts. The aim of the study was to evaluate the features of inflammatory bowel disease associated with autoimmune liver diseases and to analyze the characteristics of the liver disease. METHODS: Information on patients was obtained from the Italian Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Registry. Data of patients with and without autoimmune liver disease were compared. RESULTS: Autoimmune liver disease was detected in 6.8% of the 677 patients enrolled and was significantly associated with the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis (83%), with pancolonic involvement (84%), and with perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positivity (41%) (all Ps < 0.05). Autoimmune liver disease was defined as sclerosing cholangitis in 61% of the patients and as an overlap syndrome in 33%. Concomitant intra- and extrahepatic biliary involvement was reported in 61% of cases, whereas exclusive extrahepatic lesions were reported in 21%. Hepatobiliary complications were observed in 9% of the patients during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Autoimmune liver disease, especially sclerosing cholangitis, was significantly more common in patients with extensive ulcerative colitis. Although complications are relatively rare in the pediatric age, monitoring is recommended.

Functional type 1 regulatory T cells develop regardless of FOXP3 mutations in patients with IPEX syndrome.

Mutations of forkhead box p3 (FOXP3), the master gene for naturally occurring regulatory T cells (nTregs), are responsible for the impaired function of nTregs, resulting in an autoimmune disease known as the immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome. The relevance of other peripheral tolerance mechanisms, such as the presence and function of type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells, the major adaptive IL-10-producing Treg subset, in patients with IPEX syndrome remains to be clarified. FOXP3(mutated) Tr1-polarized cells, differentiated in vitro from CD4(+) T cells of four IPEX patients, were enriched in IL-10(+) IL-4(-) IFN-γ(+) T cells, a cytokine production profile specific for Tr1 cells, and expressed low levels of FOXP3 and high levels of Granzyme-B. IPEX Tr1 cells were hypoproliferative and suppressive, thus indicating that FOXP3 mutations did not impair their function. Furthermore, we isolated Tr1 cell clones from the peripheral blood of one FOXP3(null) patient, demonstrating that Tr1 cells are present in vivo and they can be expanded in vitro in the absence of WT FOXP3. Overall, our results (i) show that functional Tr1 cells differentiate independently of FOXP3, (ii) confirm that human Tr1 and nTregs are distinct T-cell lineages, and (iii) suggest that under favorable conditions Tr1 cells could exert regulatory functions in IPEX patients.

Wild-type FOXP3 is selectively active in CD4+CD25(hi) regulatory T cells of healthy female carriers of different FOXP3 mutations.

Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) is constitutively expressed by CD4(+)CD25(hi) regulatory T cells (nTregs). Mutations of FOXP3 cause a severe autoimmune syndrome known as immune dysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked, in which nTregs are absent or dysfunctional. Whether FOXP3 is essential for both differentiation and function of human nTreg cells remains to be demonstrated. Because FOXP3 is an X-linked gene subject to X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), we studied 9 healthy female carriers of FOXP3 mutations to investigate the role of wild-type (WT) versus mutated FOXP3 in different cell subsets. Analysis of active WT versus mutated (mut)-FOXP3 allele distribution revealed a random pattern of XCI in peripheral blood lymphocytes and in naive and memory CD4(+)T cells, whereas nTregs expressed only the active WT-FOXP3. These data demonstrate that expression of WT-FOXP3 is indispensable for the presence of a normal nTreg compartment and suggest that FOXP3 is not necessary for effector T-cell differentiation in humans.

Clinical and molecular profile of a new series of patients with immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome: inconsistent correlation between forkhead box protein 3 expression and disease severity.

BACKGROUND: Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome is an autoimmune genetic disorder caused by mutation of the forkhead box protein 3 gene (FOXP3), a key regulator of immune tolerance. OBJECTIVE: We sought to provide clinical and molecular indicators that facilitate the understanding and diagnosis of IPEX syndrome. METHODS: In 14 unrelated affected male subjects who were given diagnoses of IPEX syndrome based on FOXP3 gene sequencing, we determined whether particular FOXP3 mutations affected FOXP3 protein expression and correlated the molecular and clinical data. RESULTS: Molecular analysis of FOXP3 in the 14 subjects revealed 13 missense and splice-site mutations, including 7 novel mutations. Enteropathy, generally associated with endocrinopathy and eczema, was reported in all patients, particularly in those carrying mutations within FOXP3 functional domains or mutations that altered protein expression. However, similar genotypes did not always result in similar phenotypes in terms of disease presentation and severity. In addition, FOXP3 protein expression did not correlate with disease severity. CONCLUSION: Severe autoimmune enteropathy, which is often associated with increased IgE levels and eosinophilia, is the most prominent early manifestation of IPEX syndrome. Nevertheless, the disease course is variable and somewhat unpredictable. Therefore genetic analysis of FOXP3 should always be performed to ensure an accurate diagnosis, and FOXP3 protein expression analysis should not be the only diagnostic tool for IPEX syndrome.

Lithium battery lodged in the oesophagus: A report of three paediatric cases.

BACKGROUND: Over the last years the ingestion of disk batteries has become frequent in children with serious consequences. The severity of injuries is related to the growing use of new lithium batteries that may cause catastrophic damages when lodged in the oesophagus. METHODS: The notes of three consecutive children with lithium batteries lodged in the oesophagus, admitted to our Institute from 2010 to 2014, were reviewed. Clinical presentation, management, and outcome were considered. RESULTS: The first child, a 22-month-old girl, died of a sudden exsanguination due to an aorto-oesophageal fistula. The second case, a 5-year-old boy, had an exploratory thoracotomy to exclude aortic lesion before battery removal, and a spontaneous oesophageal perforation. The third child, a 18-month-old boy, fully recovered after suffering ulcerative oesophageal burns. CONCLUSION: Lithium battery lodged in the oesophagus is a paediatric emergency requiring a multidisciplinary approach that can be implemented in a tertiary children's hospital.

Natural history of pancreatic involvement in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND: Few case reports describe the clinical features of pancreatic involvement in inflammatory bowel disease. AIM: To investigate prevalence and disease course of inflammatory bowel disease children with pancreatitis and with exclusive hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia. METHODS: We used a web-registry to retrospectively identify paediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients with hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia. Participants were re-evaluated at 6 months and 1 year. RESULTS: From a total of 649 paediatric patients, we found 27 with hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia (4.1%). Eleven patients (1.6%) fulfilled diagnostic criteria for acute pancreatitis. Female gender was significantly associated with acute pancreatitis (p=0.04). Twenty-five children (92.5%) had colonic disease. At 6 months 1/11 children with acute pancreatitis (9%) showed acute recurrent pancreatitis, while 1 patient (9%) had persistent hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia. At 12 months, 1 patient showed chronic pancreatitis (9.1%). Of the 16 children with exclusive hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia, 4 developed acute pancreatitis (25%), while 1 patient (6.2%) still presented exclusive hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia at 6 months. At 12 months, 11/16 patients (68.7%) reached a remission of pancreatic involvement, whereas 5 remaining patients (32.3%) had persistent hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia. CONCLUSIONS: In inflammatory bowel disease children, acute pancreatitis is more common in colonic disease and in female gender. Pancreatic function should be monitored, considering that pancreatic damage may evolve.

Severe inflammatory bowel disease associated with congenital alteration of transforming growth factor beta signaling.

Transforming growth factor beta is a pleiotropic cytokine which plays a central role in the homeostasis of the immune system. A complex dysregulation of its signaling occurs in Loeys-Dietz syndrome, a monogenic disorder caused by mutations of transforming growth factor beta receptors type 1 or type 2, characterized by skeletal involvement, craniofacial abnormalities, and arterial tortuosity with a strong predisposition for aneurysm and dissection. In addition, several immunologic abnormalities have been described in these patients, including an increased risk of allergic disorders as well as eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders. The occurrence of inflammatory bowel disorders has been also reported, but it is poorly documented. We describe two unrelated children with Loeys-Dietz syndrome affected by severe chronic inflammatory colitis appearing at an early age. The intestinal disease presented similar features in both patients, including a histopathological picture of non-eosinophilic chronic ulcerative colitis, striking elevation of inflammatory markers, and a distinctly severe clinical course leading to failure to thrive, with resistance to multiple immunosuppressive treatments. One of the patients also presented autoimmune thyroiditis. Our report confirms that chronic ulcerative colitis may be associated with Loeys-Dietz syndrome. This finding suggests that an alteration of transforming growth factor beta signaling may by itself predispose to inflammatory colitis in humans, and represent an invaluable model to understand inflammatory bowel diseases.

Long-term home parenteral nutrition in children with chronic intestinal failure: A 15-year experience at a single Italian centre.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Chronic intestinal failure is a condition causing severe impairment of intestinal functions; long-term total parenteral nutrition is required to provide adequate nutritional support. METHODS: This is a 15-year follow-up study of paediatric patients with intestinal failure receiving long-term home parenteral nutrition. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients were included in the study, all aged <16 years. Total parenteral nutrition and home parenteral nutrition were administered respectively to 100.97 and 85.20 patients-year. Today, 12 out of 36 patients are still on parenteral nutrition. A total of 99 central venous catheters were inserted, for mean 2.75 catheters/patient. The overall incidence rates of catheter-related complications was 1.79 per 1000 days-catheter for sepsis and 3.37 per 1000 days-catheter for mechanical complications. Two multivariate Cox-models have been used to examine the role of some predictors for septic or mechanical complications. The only risk factor for septic complications was the indication for parenteral nutrition, and the only predictor of mechanical complications was the insertion period. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience in the treatment of paediatric patients with gastrointestinal diseases confirms that long-term parenteral nutrition has become a safe and appropriate method in the treatment of severe chronic intestinal failure.

Sudden blindness in a child with Crohn's disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is often associated with extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) such as optic neuritis (ON), although this has been described in only a few adult patients so far, all of whom were affected with Crohn's disease (CD). Furthermore, ON and demyelinating diseases have been demonstrated to be more frequent in IBD patients than in control populations. In our current case report, we describe a child with active CD who developed sudden blindness due to bilateral ON that was not related to any known cause, and that promptly responded to a high dose of steroids. Investigations and a clinical follow-up have so far ruled out the development of demyelinating diseases in this patient. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ON in a pediatric patient with CD. Possible explanations for this case include an episodic EIM of an active bowel disease, an associated autoimmune disorder such as a recurrent isolated ON, the first manifestation of multiple sclerosis, or another demyelinating disease that could appear in a later follow-up.

Serum and synovial fluid concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases 3 and its tissue inhibitor 1 in juvenile idiopathic arthritides.

OBJECTIVE: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are a large family of proteolytic enzymes involved in the remodeling of extracellular matrix during tissue resorption in idiopathic arthritides. We investigated serum and synovial fluid (SF) concentrations of MMP-3 and its tissue inhibitor (TIMP-1) in juvenile idiopathic arthritides (JIA). METHODS: Sera from 45 patients with active, 15 patients with inactive JIA, and 15 healthy controls were evaluated by ELISA for MMP-3 (stromelysin-1), TIMP-1, and soluble p75 tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNFR). Paired SF concentrations were evaluated in 19 patients with JIA. RESULTS: MMP-3 serum concentrations were significantly higher in patients with active poly- and oligoarticular JIA versus inactive patients (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02, respectively) and healthy controls (p < 0.001 for both). Serum MMP-3, but not TIMP-1, concentration displayed a variable degree of correlation with clinical and laboratory variables of disease activity and with p75 sTNFR concentrations (r = 0.37, p = 0.005). SF MMP-3 concentrations were 30-300 times higher than those found in paired sera (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon rank test). A clear inversion of MMP-3/TIMP-1 ratio was observed when sera (median 0.31. range 0.02-1.5) were compared with the corresponding SF samples (5.3, range 4.9-5.5; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: MMP-3 (stromelysin-1) is clearly overexpressed in SF of patients with JIA. An inadequate counter-expression of TIMP-1 may represent a crucial event for the development and perpetuation of tissue damage.