Lack of hepatocarcinogenicity of 2,2'-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxymethylene)]bis-oxirane, 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, and acetoacetanilide in a medium-term rat liver bioassay.

The carcinogenicity of 2,2'-[1,2-ethanediylbis(oxymethylene)]bis-oxirane (ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether; EGDE), 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HNA), and acetoacetanilide (AAA) was investigated using a medium-term rat liver bioassay for an occupational safety assessment. F344 male rats were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine (200 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day) and then starting 2 weeks later, they received EGDE at 6, 20, and 60 mg/kg bw/day, HNA at 20, 60, and 200 mg/kg bw/day, or AAA at 60, 200, and 600 mg/kg bw/day by oral gavage for 6 weeks. The animals in the positive control group received phenobarbital sodium solution (PB, 25 mg/kg bw/day) by oral gavage and those in the negative control group received a vehicle (water/corn oil) during the administration period of test substances in this model. All animals were subjected to two-thirds partial hepatectomy at week 3 and euthanized at week 8. Neither the number nor the area of hepatocellular foci positive for glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) increased in any of the EGDE, HNA, or AAA treated groups. However, the number and area of GST-P-positive foci significantly increased in the positive control group treated with PB. The results indicate that EGDE, HNA, and AAA lack hepatocarcinogenicity in rats.

[Successful treatment of high-dose methotrexate-induced oliguric acute renal failure by using a combination of hemodialysis filtration and direct hemoperfusion].

A 64-year-old man with central nervous system metastases from systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma was treated with high- dose intravenous methotrexate(MTX 3.5 g/m2). The patient subsequently developed oliguric acute renal failure 12 hours after MTX initiation, and his serum MTX level was 163 mM at 26 hours. Hemodialysis filtration(HDF)combined with direct hemoperfusion(DHP)was initiated at 45hours. Seven sessions of combined HDF and DHP and 2 courses of HDF alone were performed, and the mean MTX extraction rates were 68.2% and 74.3%, respectively. The patient experienced severe respiratory failure, febrile neutropenia, myelosuppression, and oral mucositis. However, his urine output began to improve on day 7 after MTX initiation, and his renal function gradually recovered. His serum MTX level declined to 0.04 mM on day 23 after MTX initiation. In the present case, we immediately initiated HDF and DHP and successfully treated the patient for MTX-induced renal failure.

[A case of acute myeloid leukemia in an obese patient--determining the therapeutic dose of anticancer drugs].

Currently, there is no consensus to determine whether the therapeutic doses of anticancer drugs should be based on the actual or the ideal body weight of obese cancer patients. We performed induction and consolidation chemotherapy at doses calculated by using the actual body weight of an obese patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A 47-year-old Japanese man presented with pancytopenia at our hospital, and he was diagnosed with AML (FAB classification M0). At the initial diagnosis, the patient was 170 cm tall and weighed 132 kg; therefore, his body surface area was 2.37 m(2). His performance status and organ functions were quite good. The calculations for determining doses of anticancer drugs required were based on his actual body weight. He received induction chemotherapy and achieved complete remission. Subsequently, he was treated with 4 courses of consolidation chemotherapy. Febrile neutropenia was a complication during each course, and it was relieved via myeloid recovery. Chemotherapy was administered every 4-5 weeks, except for the second course where platelet recovery was prolonged, and the prescribed treatment was completed. The guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) recommend that physicians routinely use an obese patient's actual body weight to calculate the appropriate doses of almost all chemotherapy drugs. Therefore, the ease and compromised usage of under-dosing because of heaviness owing to obesity should be avoided.

Real-world data of AML in Japan: results of JALSG clinical observational study-11 (JALSG-CS-11).

This report covers acute myeloid leukemia (AML) results from a multicenter, prospective observational study of AML, myelodysplastic syndromes, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia in Japan. From August 2011 to January 2016, 3728 AML patients were registered. Among them, 42% were younger than 65, and the male-to-female ratio was 1.57:1. With a median follow-up time of 1807 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1732-1844 days), the estimated 5-year overall survival (OS) rate in AML patients (n = 3707) was 31.1% (95% CI: 29.5-32.8%). Trial-enrolled patients had a 1.7-fold higher OS rate than non-enrolled patients (5-year OS, 58.9% [95% CI: 54.5-63.1%] vs 35.5% [33.3-37.8%], p < 0.0001). Women had a higher OS rate than men (5-year OS, 34% [95% CI; 31.4-36.7%] vs 27.7% [25.7-29.7%], p < 0.0001). The OS rate was lower in patients aged 40 and older than those under 40, and even lower in those over 65 (5-year OS for ages < 40, 40-64, 65-74, ≥ 75: 74.5% [95% CI; 69.3-79.0%] vs 47.5% [44.4-50.6%] vs 19.3% [16.8-22.0%] vs 7.3% [5.5-9.4%], respectively). This is the first paper to present large-scale data on survival and clinical characteristics in Japanese AML patients.

Real-world data of MDS and CMML in Japan: results of JALSG clinical observational study-11 (JALSG-CS-11).

We conducted a multicenter, prospective observational study of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) in Japan. From August 2011 to January 2016, we enrolled 6568 patients. Herein, we report the results for MDS (n = 2747) and CMML (n = 182). The percentage of patients aged 65 years or older was 79.5% for MDS and 79.7% for CMML. The estimated overall survival (OS) rate and cumulative incidence of AML evolution at 5 years were 32.3% (95% confidence interval: 30.2-34.5%) and 25.7% (23.9-27.6%) for MDS, and 15.0% (8.9-22.7%) and 39.4% (31.1-47.6%) for CMML. Both diseases were more common in men. The most common treatment for MDS was azacitidine, which was used in 45.4% of higher-risk and 12.7% of lower-risk MDS patients. The 5-year OS rate after treatment with azacitidine was 12.1% (9.5-15.1%) for of higher-risk MDS patients and 33.9% (25.6-42.4%) for lower-risk patients. The second most common treatment was erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, given to just 20% of lower-risk patients. This is the first paper presenting large-scale, Japanese data on survival and clinical characteristics in patients with MDS and CMML.

Hepatocyte proliferation activity in untreated rats, measured by immunohistochemical detection of Ki-67: The effect of age on the repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay.

The repeated-dose liver micronucleus (RDLMN) assay is a widely accepted method for detecting genotoxic substances. We investigated the effect of animal age on this assay. Proliferation activity in the liver tissue of untreated rats at age = 3.5, 6, 8, 10, or 12 weeks was measured via immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 protein. The percentage of Ki-67-positive hepatocytes decreased markedly with age, reaching very low levels after 10 weeks, indicating decline with age of proliferative capacities in the liver. We calculated the area under the curve (AUC) of the approximate curve generated from the percentage of Ki-67-positive cells, to estimate the hepatocyte proliferation activity over the dosing period in the two regimens of the 4-week RDLMN assay: dosing initiated at age = 6 or 8 weeks. Hepatocyte proliferation activity of the former regimen was approximately double that of the latter. We also calculated the AUC for the juvenile-rat method, in which rats are treated for two days at age = 3.5 weeks. The AUC calculated for that method was approximately half of that for the 4-week repeated-dosing regimen initiated at 6 weeks of age. These findings suggest that the 4-week RDLMN assay with dosing initiated at age = 6 weeks could be approximately twice as sensitive as the other two methods.

Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in SD rats detected by polyacrylamide-gel disk electrophoresis.

Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity is frequently measured in toxicity studies. In the present study, we assessed the usefulness of a commercially available polyacrylamide-gel disk electrophoresis kit used in humans (AlkPhor System, Jokoh Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) for identifying serum ALP isoenzymes in rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain (SD rats), which are commonly used in toxicity studies. We also examined age-related changes in serum ALP isoenzymes in SD rats. In order to identify the origin of each ALP isoenzyme, tissue ALP extracts from the liver, bone and small intestine (SI) and serum samples were treated with neuraminidase, antiintestinal ALP antibody, ALP inhibitor levamisole, and/or wheat germ agglutinin. It became clear that pretreatment of serum with neuraminidase is necessary for rat serum ALP isoenzyme analysis. The kit revealed that the main serum ALP isoenzymes in fasted 8-week-old intact rats were bone- and SI-derived and they tended to decrease with age. Serum liver-derived isoenzyme was slightly detected in both sexes of all ages examined, but it greatly increased in cholestasis model rats with bile-duct ligation, and rats of this model also had large molecular ALP detected in the stacking gel, suggesting hepatic damage. High-molecular intestinal ALP isoenzyme was slightly observed at the most cathodal side of the resolving gel. These results suggest that the present method is a useful tool for detecting serum ALP isoenzymes in SD rats and that concomitant levamisole inhibition with another gel is applicable for the evaluation of organ toxicity.

The effect of aging on the repeated-dose liver micronucleus assay using diethylnitrosamine.

BACKGROUND: The repeated-dose liver micronucleus (RDLMN) assay has been well-developed and applied because of its simplicity and the ease of integration into general toxicity studies which is the preferred method from the 3R's point of view. In this assay, we observed micronucleated hepatocytes which accumulated during a rather long-term dosing period. When considering integration into general toxicity studies, the effects of age of the animals used in the micronucleus assay becomes a major issue. The effect of age on the micronucleus induction rate has been reported in bone marrow micronucleus assays, and it is considered that the decrease in cell proliferation rate due to aging is the cause of the decrease in sensitivity. A decrease in sensitivity due to aging was also reported in a liver micronucleus assay using clofibrate and the cause is considered to be a decrease in hepatocyte proliferation activity due to aging. However, no actual decrease in hepatocyte proliferation rate due to aging has been reported. In addition, there are no reports, so far, on whether similar effects of aging appear when other substances were administered. To investigate the effects of aging in the RDLMN assay, this study focused on the effects of 14-day repeated administration of DEN, a well-known genotoxic hepatocarcinogen with the hepatocyte toxicity which should cause an elevation of cell proliferation rate as a reflective regeneration. RESULTS: The liver micronuclei induced by DEN were equivalent between the two age groups (i.e., six and eight weeks of age at the start of dosing). In the histopathological examination for the liver, single cell necrosis, karyomegaly, and increased mitosis were observed in the hepatocytes, and the frequency and severity were increased dose-dependently. Ki-67 immunohistochemical analysis which can detect all cells in the cell cycle other than those in the G0 phase revealed dose-dependent increase of cell proliferation activity, and the difference between ages was not observed. CONCLUSION: The effect of aging on the RDLMN assay could not be recognized when DEN was administered for 14 days in rats. Meanwhile, it was supported by the histopathological examination and Ki-67 immunohistochemical analysis that such an effect of aging was masked by the compensatory hepatocyte proliferation which was induced by the hepatocyte toxicity of DEN.

Evaluation of the reproducibility and positive controls of cellular immortality test for the detection of immortalized cellular impurities in human cell-processed therapeutic products.

Introduction: Contamination of human cell-processed therapeutic products (hCTPs) with tumorigenic/immortalized cellular impurities is a major concern in the manufacturing and quality control of hCTPs. The cellular immortality test based on cell growth analysis is a method for detecting tumorigenic/immortalized cellular impurities in hCTPs. However, the performance of the cellular immortality test has not yet been well characterized. In this study, we examined the reproducibility of the cellular immortality test in detecting HeLa cells as a model of tumorigenic cellular impurities, as well as the applicability of other models of cellular impurities with different tumorigenicity to the cellular immortality test. Methods: Using HeLa cells as a model for cellular impurities, we measured the growth rate of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) supplemented with HeLa cells at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.0001% at each passage in three laboratories and evaluated the reproducibility of the detection of immortalized cellular impurities. In addition, HEK293 cells (another immortalized cell line) and MRC-5 cells (a non-immortalized cell line) were employed as cellular impurity models that exhibit different growth characteristics from HeLa cells, and the ability of the cellular immortality test to detect these different impurities when mixed with hMSCs was examined. Results: In the multisite study, the growth rate of hMSCs supplemented with 1 and 10 HeLa cells (0.0001% and 0.001%) significantly increased and reached a plateau in all three laboratories, whereas those of hMSCs alone eventually decreased. Moreover, when hMSCs were supplemented with 10 and 100 HEK293 and MRC-5 cells (0.001% and 0.01%), the growth rate significantly increased. The growth rate of hMSCs supplemented with HEK293 cells increased with passage and remained high, whereas that of hMSCs supplemented with MRC-5 cells eventually decreased, as in the case of hMSCs alone. Conclusions: These results indicate that the cellular immortality test is reproducible and can detect immortalized (i.e., potentially tumorigenic) cells such as HEK293 cells with a lower growth rate than HeLa cells by discriminating against normal cells, which could contribute to ensuring the safety and quality of hCTPs.

The Asn505 mutation of the c-MPL gene, which causes familial essential thrombocythemia, induces autonomous homodimerization of the c-Mpl protein due to strong amino acid polarity.

We previously reported that a dominant-positive activating mutation (Asn505) in the transmembrane domain (TMD) of c-MPL, which encodes the thrombopoietin receptor, caused familial essential thrombocythemia. Here, we show that the Asn505 mutation induces both autonomous dimerization of c-Mpl and signal activation in the absence of its ligand. Signal activation was preserved in a truncated mutant of Asn505 that lacked the extracellular domain of c-MPL. We also found that the substitution of the amino acid (AA) residue at position 505 with others of strong polarity (Glu, Asp, or Gln) also resulted in activated dimerization without ligand stimulation. Overall, these data show that the Asn505 mutation transduced the signal through the autonomous dimerization of the c-MPL protein due to strong AA polarity. This finding provides a new insight into the mechanism of disease causation by mutations in the TMD of cytokine/hematopoietic receptors.

An efficient one-pot procedure for asymmetric bifunctionalization of 5,15-disubstituted porphyrins: a simple preparation of meso acyl-, alkoxycarbonyl-, and carbamoyl-substituted meso-formylporphyrins.

An efficient one-pot procedure which converts 5,15-disubstituted porphyrins into their corresponding meso acyl-, alkoxycarbonyl-, and carbamoyl-substituted meso-formylporphyrins has been developed, where the procedure involves a sequential S(N)Ar reaction of porphyrins with PyMe(2)SiCH(2)Li, followed by acylation or related reactions and oxidation.

[Characteristics of elderly patients with acute myelogenous leukemia].

The average life span of our country is the longest in the world, and rapid aging is taking place, besides. Therefore the elderly patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (EAML) is increasing. The biological characteristic of EAML is deteriorating internal organs function, and high ratios having the complication of the patient. Leukemic cells in the elderly has the biologic characteristic that non-usual case, for example hypoplastic leukemia, is many, and a case having abnormal chromosomal aberration is also. A social characteristic of EAML is that they are treated at a general hospital such as the municipal hospital not a university hospital, and in many cases the only family is the elderly spouse. Enough understanding of the nation is necessary to overcome such a disadvantageous point and to improve treatment results of EAML.

One-pot synthesis of meso-formylporphyrins by S(N)Ar reaction of 5,15-disubstituted porphyrins with (2-pyridyldimethylsilyl)methyllithium.

A simple, one-pot procedure that converts 5,15-substituted porphyrins into the corresponding meso-formylated porphyrins has been developed. The method, based on a new synthetic concept for functionalized porphyrins utilizing the (2-pyridyldimethylsilyl)methyl group as a latent formyl functionality, affords the desired product in good yield and is especially appropriate for the direct formylation of free base porphyrins, which has never been achieved by known methods.

Clinical significance of CCR4 expression in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: its close association with skin involvement and unfavorable outcome.

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a distinct clinical entity among mature T-cell neoplasms, and its causative agent has been confirmed to be long-term infection by human T-lymphotropic virus type 1. A recent study demonstrated frequent expression of a chemokine receptor, CC chemokine receptor (CCR)4, which is known as a Th2 marker but not CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)3, which is known as a Th1 marker, among both ATLL- and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-immortalized T cells. In this study, immunostaining analysis for CCR4 and CXCR3 expression in ATLL cells obtained from 103 patients with ATLL was performed, and the clinical parameters and overall survival of the CCR4-positive and -negative cases were compared. Ninety-one (88.3%) of the 103 cases were positive for CCR4 staining, whereas only 5 (4.9%) were positive for CXCR3 staining. Positivity for CCR4 was significantly associated with skin involvement (P < 0.05), although there were no significant differences in clinical characteristics between the CCR4-positive and -negative cases at the time of initial diagnosis. CCR4(+) ATLL cells may accumulate in the skin because of the expression of a CCR4 ligand, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), on normal and inflamed cutaneous endothelia. As for survival analysis, positivity for CCR4 expression was extracted as an unfavorable prognostic factor as well as other factors, including the presence of B symptoms and extranodal involvement of more than one site. Multivariate analysis confirmed that CCR4 expression was an independent and significant prognostic factor (P < 0.05). Thus, our finding may provide a novel insight into not only the biological but also the clinical features of ATLL.

Lymphoid blastic crisis of chronic myelogenous leukaemia with inv(16)(p13;q22).

We report a case of chronic myelogeneous leukaemia (CML) in B-lineage lymphoid blastic crisis (BC) having chromosome abnormality, inv(16)(p13;q22) in addition to Philadelphia chromosome, in 20/20 marrow metaphase. Inv(16)(p13;q22) was not observed in cells of chronic phase or accelerate phase. Abnormalities of chromosome 16, including inv(16)(p13;q22), del(16)(q22) and t(16;16)(p13;q22), have been reported mostly in acute myelomonocytic leukaemia (AML), (FAB M4-Eo), and some in CML-BC and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) cases. Most of the cases showed increase of myelomonocytic components and abnormal eosinophils with dysplastic granules in the bone marrow (BM). However, our case was diagnosed as lymphoid BC without increase of myelomonocytic components, although some abnormal eosinophilia was seen. To date, lymphoid BC of CML having inv(16)(p13;q22) abnormality has not been reported. The case presented here could be a clue to understand the pathophysiology of inv(16)(p13;q22) leukaemia.

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia as a secondary leukemia after a 3-year remission of acute myelocytic leukemia.

Therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome and therapy-related acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) are now recognized as hematologic malignancies that occur a few years after chemotherapy for primary malignancy with alkylating agents or topoisomerase II inhibitors. The secondary leukemia is usually AML and sometimes is preceded by a myelodysplastic syndrome. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) as a secondary leukemia is quite rare, and secondary T-cell ALL after AML is even rarer. We report a case of a 56-year-old woman who developed T-cell ALL after a 3-year remission of AML (M2). We thought that this case would be extremely valuable for studying the etiology and biological characteristics of T-cell ALL as a secondary leukemia after AML.

Lineage conversion from acute lymphoblastic leukemia to acute myeloid leukemia on rearrangement of the IgH gene in a patient with Down syndrome.

A patient with Down syndrome (DS) at the time of diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) had a relapse with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after 4 years of complete remission. Although the diagnosis was AML, the leukemic blasts at relapse showed an immunoglobulin H rearrangement that turned out to be identical to that of the initial ALL blasts. It is thought that the leukemic precursor cells of this patient had the potential to differentiate into both lymphoid and myeloid lineages. This case is important for investigating target cells for leukemogenesis in DS.

Twenty years' experience in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the Nagoya Blood and Marrow Transplantation Group.

Between October 1981 and December 2000, 46 patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in the Nagoya Blood and Marrow Transplantation Group. The median age was 28.5 years (range, 4-51 years). All but one patient achieved engraftment. Grade II-to-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) developed in 32.5% of patients, and chronic GVHD developed in 40.5%. The incidences of relapse and treatment-related mortality (TRM) at 5 years were 65% and 26%, respectively. The estimated overall survival rate at 5 years was 23%. Univariate analysis showed that improved disease-free survival (DFS) was independently associated with complete remission (CR) at transplantation (39%), compared with non-CR (8%) (P = .023). Non-CR at transplantation was associated with a higher risk of relapse. Donor type, acute GVHD, and time from diagnosis to HSCT all had a significant effect on TRM. In a multivariate analysis, 9 months or more from diagnosis to HSCT was the only variable statistically significant for DFS (relative risk, 3.22; P = .01). This study demonstrates that allogeneic HSCT cures a significant population of patients with Ph+ ALL. Relapse is the major obstacle limiting the success of HSCT. Early transplantation during CR from donors, including unrelated persons or mismatched relatives, may offer improved long-term DFS.

Successful treatment of nasal T-cell lymphoma with a combination of local irradiation and high-dose chemotherapy.

Nasal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma is characterized by an aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis. The term "NK/T-cell" lymphoma includes both the NK-cell type and the T-cell type, which are classified by immunophenotyping and according to T-cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement. In addition, CD56+ T-cell lymphoma is defined as NK-like T-cell lymphoma. This report concerns a 54-year-old woman with nasal T-cell lymphoma. Its phenotype showed pure T-cell type with CD3+, CD56-, and TCR+ accompanied by Epstein-Barr virus infection. Although the lesions were localized in the nasal mucosa and facial skin (stage IE), local irradiation could not achieve complete remission (CR). We then administered 5 courses of CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone) regimen followed by high-dose chemotherapy with an autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. This therapy resulted in CR. Our results suggest that this lymphoma subtype may be cured by means of intensive treatment soon after diagnosis.