Effect of toothpaste containing d-limonene on natural extrinsic smoking stain: a 4-week clinical trial.

PURPOSE: To determine whether natural smoking stain could be removed/inhibited effectively by a toothpaste containing 5% d-limonene. For comparison and contrast, the effects of d-limonene on tea stain were also assessed. METHODS: The design was a randomized controlled double-blind trial with parallel groups. Toothpastes were: A: positive control with perlite whitening formulation; B: A+5% d-limonene; C: D + 5% d-limonene; D: negative control. The extrinsic stains were measured using Lobene Stain Index. Following baseline examination, all subjects were randomly assigned to one of the four toothpaste groups and instructed to brush with the assigned products twice daily. Subjects returned to the clinic after 4-week brushing for stain removal assessment, then all extrinsic stains, plaque and supragingival calculus were removed and use of assigned products was continued for another 4 weeks, and the stain scores were repeated for inhibition assessment. RESULTS: A total of 408 subjects, 201 with smoking stains and 207 with tea stains, participated in the trial. 5% d-limonene combined with Perlite whitening formulation significantly reduced stain scores both for smoking stain removal and inhibition (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 5% d-limonene alone (in negative formulation) exhibited an additional advantage for smoking stain inhibition (P < 0.05), but the advantage was not found for long-standing smoking stain removal (P > 0.05). The additional advantage of 5% d-limonene was shown neither for removal nor for inhibition in the tea stain study (P > 0.05). All test products were well tolerated over the study period.

[Effects of glycyrrhizic acid on the growth and acid-producing of Streptococcus mutans in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antibacterial activity of glycyrrhizic acid against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans, ATCC 25175) in vitro. METHODS: The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of glycyrrhizic acid against S. mutans were detected using doubling dilution. The effects of glycyrrhizic acid on the growth and acidogenic profile of S. mutans and the inhibition ratio of glycyrrhizic acid on growth and acid-producing of S. mutans were investigated by detecting the Abs of bacteria suspension and the pH value of medium at definite time intervals (0 h, 3 h, 7 h, 12 h, 23 h, 40 h) during cultivation. RESULTS: The MIC determined for glycyrrhizic acid was 1.57 mg/mL and there was no bactericidal effect when concentration of glycyrrhizic acid up to 12.5 mg/mL. The glycyrrhizic acid inhibited the multiplication and acid-producing of S. mutans significantly and the effects became stronger with concentration increasing. When concentration up to 1.57 mg/mL, the inhibition ratio of glycyrrhizic acid on the growth and acid-producing of S. mutans were exceeded 80 and 70 percent, respectively. CONCLUSION: The glycyrrhizic acid can inhibit the growth and acid-producing of S. mutans in vitro.

Clinical investigation of the anticaries efficacy of a 1.14% sodium monofluorophosphate (SMFP) calcium carbonate-based dentifrice: a two-year caries clinical trial on children in China.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this two-year comparative investigation was to assess the anticaries efficacy of three dentifrices commercially available in China. Two products contained the stated active agent sodium monofluorophosphate (SMFP) at a concentration of 1.14%; one was calcium carbonate-based, the second was silica-based. The third dentifrice tested contained no fluoride and was calcium carbonate-based. METHODS: Prior to the start of this double-blind, parallel-group study, all aspects of the study were reviewed and approved by the human review committee of the West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University. All parents signed the approved consent form before the initial evaluations. A total of 1200 qualifying children living in the Chengdu, China area entered the study, and 998 children completed all aspects of the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to use one of the three dentifrices: 328 participants used the non-fluoride calcium carbonate-based dentifrice; 341 participants used the 1.14% SMFP silica-based dentifrice; and 329 participants used the 1.14% SMFP calcium carbonate-based dentifrice. Participants were instructed to brush their teeth with their assigned dentifrice twice daily. Brushing instructions were reinforced. RESULTS: At the baseline examination, the mean dfs (decayed and filled tooth surfaces) scores of the non-fluoride dentifrice group (3.60 +/- 6.07),the 1.14% SMFP silica-based dentifrice group (3.53 +/- 5.62), and the 1.14% SMFP calcium carbonate-based dentifrice group (3.54 +/- 5.34) were not statistically different (p > 0.05). After one year, the mean dfs increment of the non-fluoride dentifrice group was 2.19 +/- 4.12, 1.69 +/- 3.12 for the 1.14% for the SMFP silica-based dentifrice group, and 1.53 +/- 3.09 for the 1.14% SMFP calcium carbonate-based dentifrice group; after two years, the mean dfs increments were 4.73 +/- 5.17, 2.98 +/- 4.42, and 2.75 +/- 4.33, respectively. Both the 1.14% SMFP calcium carbonate-based and the 1.14% SMFP silica-based dentifrices provided significantly more caries reduction than the non-fluoride silica-based dentifrice after one year (-30% and -23%) and two years (-42% and -37%) of product use. The 1.14% SMFP calcium carbonate-based dentifrice was not significantly different from the 1.14% SMFP silica-based dentifrice after one and two years of use. CONCLUSION: The results of this clinical study indicate that the 1.14% SMFP calcium carbonate-based and the 1.14% SMFP silica-based dentifrices are effective against tooth decay compared to brushing with a non-fluoride toothpaste.

[Oral treatment for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome].

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common clinical disease with high incidence and low treating proportion, difficult evaluation, and complicated nosogenesis. OSAS can cause systematic impairments. Various treatment methods were applied in clinical setting with the tendency of cross-disciplinary promotion. Oral treatment plays an exceedingly important role in OSAS research and therapy. This study reports the oral treatment involving OSAS therapy.

[Clinical observation of toothpaste containing zanthoxylum nitidum extract on dental plaque and gingivitis].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical efficacy of drug toothpaste containing 2% Zanthoxylum Nitidum extract in reducing accumulation of dental plaque and occurrence of gingivitis in adults. METHODS: Adopting double-blind, stratified and parallel design, the status of dental plaque and gingivitis in 200 healthy adults enrolled in the trial (100 in the treated group took the drug toothpaste to clean teeth, and 100 in the control group use common toothpaste instead) were assessed at before experiment, 3 months and 6 months after experiment. RESULTS: At the end of the 3rd month and the 6th month, as compared with the control group, the L e-Silness Gingival Index (GI) in the treated group was decreased by 9.1% (P > 0.05) and 13.9 % (P< 0.5), in the same period, the Quigley-Hein(Turesky Modification) Plaque Index (PlI) decreased by 18.7% and 22.6% (P<0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION: Toothpaste containing Zanthoxylum Nitidum extract can obviously decrease the incidence of dental plaque and enhance gingival health.

[Dental caries conditions of 3,439 disabled Yi and Han individuals in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan province, China].

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to conduct a survey of the oral health status of disabled individuals in Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan province. This study was also conducted to prepare caries prevention planning in the region. METHODS: On the basis of the Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods of WHO and the Third National Oral Health Epidemiological Sample Survey Scheme, we investigated caries infecting disabled individuals who live in one big city (Xichang city), three counties (Bhutto county, Muli Tibetan autonomous county, and Huili county), and 46 towns and villages of Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan province, by multi-stage stratified and cluster sampling. RESULTS: Among 3,439 disabled individuals, 2,085 were males and 1,354 were females; among these individuals, 815 live in the city and 2,624 live in rural areas. Furthermore, 2,177 were Han natives and 1,262 were Yi natives (ethnic). The caries prevalence rate and mean DMFT of disabled individuals in Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan province were 87.1% and 9.53, respectively. In Yi, the caries prevalence rate and mean DMFT of disabled individuals in Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan province were 85.8% and 9.93, respectively; in Han, the caries prevalence rate and mean DMFT of disabled individuals in Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan province were 87.9% and 9.29, respectively. No significant difference was found in the two groups of native (P > 0.05). A very low filling rate of 0.2% was also recorded. CONCLUSION: Disabled individuals from Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan province exhibited a high prevalence of caries in permanent teeth. The oral health status of this special group of disabled individuals should be provided intensive care.

[Effect of glycyrrhizic acid on growth of Streptococcus mutans under acid environment in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antibacterial activity of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) under acidic environment in vitro. METHODS: Working culture were prepared by inoculation of S. mutans into TPY broth followed by static incubation under anaerobic condition at 37 degrees C for 24 h. TPY broth was supplemented with three kinds density of GA (0.78, 1.57, 3.13 mg x mL(-1)), whose acidity was regulated to pH7.0, pH 5.5 and pH4.0. And the group of pH 7.0 was used as negative control. The growth of S. mutans was measured by A600 of bacteria suspension and counting colony forming unit (CFU). In addition, the survival rate of S. mutans was calculated. RESULTS: In pH 5.5 groups, the survival rates of 0.78, 1.57 and 3.13 mg x mL(-1) GA groups were 60.96%, 60.27% and 45.58%, respectively, and in pH4.0 groups, the survival rates were 68.75%, 53.12% and 45.83%. In 0.78, 1.57 and 3.13 mg x mL(-1) GA groups, the survival rates of pH5.5 and pH4.0 were 52.25% and 39.05%, 74.39% and 43.11%, 86.38% and 55.30%, respectively. CONCLUSION: GA could inhibit the growth of S. mutans under acidic environment, which the effect is improved as the acidity increased.

[Study on protein extraction methods for Streptococcus mutans].

OBJECTIVE: To establish an efficient and stable method for protein extraction of Streptococcus mutans. METHODS: The collected bacteria were treated by freeze-thaw and ultrasonic (method 1), ultrasonic (method 2), boiling (method 3), boiling and ultrasonic (method 4), respectively. The index such as state of bacteria broken, concentration of extracted protein and SDS-PAGE of protein were employed to evaluate the effects of above four methods. RESULTS: Beside the method 3, the other three methods could break the bacteria effectively, of which ultrasonic was the key factor. The pattern of SDS-PAGE which treated by method 1, method 2 and method 4 was almost same, but method 1 resulted in the best abundance. There was significantly difference among the four protein concentration extracted by four methods (P < 0.05). All methods exhibited good stability and reproducibility. CONCLUSION: Method of freeze-thaw and ultrasonic resulted in an efficient proteins extraction of Streptococcus mutans which demonstrated good stability and reproducibility and easy to handle.

[Effect of decoction of Radix glycyrrhizae on the growth and acid-production of Streptococcus mutans in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antibacterial activity of decoction of Radix glycyrrhizae against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in vitro. METHODS: The decoction of Radix glycyrrhizae was prepared by boiling particles of Radix glycyrrhizae, the diameter was 0.2-3.2 mm. In distilled water and filtered, the filtrate was collected for study. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the decoction against S. mutans were detected using double dilution. The effect of decoction on growth and acidogenic profile of S. mutans were investigated by detecting the Abs of bacteria suspension and the pH value of medium at definite time intervals(0, 3, 7, 12, 23, 40 h) during cultured. RESULTS: The MIC determined for decoction was 50 mg x mL(-1) and there was no bactericidal effect when concentration of decoction lower than 100 mg x mL(-1). The decoction inhibitted multiplication of bacteria significantly and the effects became stronger with concentration increasing. The decoction also inhibitted S. mutans producing acid and the effect became stronger with concentration increasing. The most efficient inhibition were observed when incubated 12 hours. CONCLUSION: The decoction of Radix glycyrrhizae can inhibite the growth and acid-production of S. mutans in vitro.

[Stomatological disaster medicine in earthquake rescue].

This article is to explore how to participate disaster medical rescue. Specific cases, concerned experiences and effects obtained from the big earthquake occurred in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province May 12, 2008 were presented for researching consideration. According to conclusion of this report, it is urgently necessary and vitally important for stomatologists to study disaster medicine rescue.

[Clinical effects of Fu Fang Ya Tong Ding on gingivitis and pericoronitis].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical effects of Fu Fang Ya Tong Ding on treatment of gingivitis and pericoronitis. METHODS: 120 clinical patients with gingivitis or pericoronitis were randomly divided into 3 groups (40 patients in each group). After routine rinse treatment for all patients, patients in the test group were treated with Fu Fang Ya Tong Ding, patients in the positive group were treated with iodine glycerol, while that time patients in the negative group received no treatment anymore. Ten minutes after treatment, visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to record the severity of pain for each patient. 3 days and 7 days later, pain and inflammation degree were also recorded by pain three-degree scoring method and index of gingivitis. The total treatment effects were evaluated under a comprehensive clinical treatment standard. RESULTS: 10 minutes after treatment, 40.0% of patients in the test group had almost no pain, while no obvious reduction of pain was found in the control group. 3 days, 7 days after the treatment, 92.5%, 95.0% of patients in the test group had no pain, and 55.0%, 90.0% of patients in the positive group had no pain. In the negative group, there were 47.5% of patients which pain was still remained in 7 days. 7 days after treatment, gingival index in the test group reduced by 25.0% and 42.8% compared with the positive and negative groups (P<0.05). 3 days after treatment, 62.5%, 45.0% and 30.0% patients separately in the test, positive and negative groups manifested good effects under the comprehensive clinical treatment standard; after 7 days, 97.5%, 92.5% and 77.5% patients in the 3 groups manifested good effect. The group using Fu Fang Ya Tong Ding had better effects than groups using iodine glycerol or only applying routine rinsing treatment group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Fu Fang Ya Tong Ding can treat gingivitis and pericoronitis through significantly reducing inflammation and pain.

[The prevalence of permanent caries in adolescent in Sichuan province].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this survey was to obtain some information of the prevalence of dental caries in the youth aged 12, 15 and 18 years of Sichuan province. METHODS: Based on WHO and national oral health survey standards, dental caries prevalence and treatment needs were investigated randomly in selected young individuals of Sichuan province in 1995. RESULTS: The prevalent rates of caries of 12-, 15-, and 18-year-old adolescents were 28.47% and 36.40% and 39.54% respectively. The mean DMFT of 12-, 15- and 18-year-old were 0.52, 0.81, and 0.99. There are more pit and fissure caries than smooth caries in the young of 12-year-old than those of 15- and 18-year-old. CONCLUSION: Despite improvement can be seen in adolescents' oral health in Sichuan, there remains a proportion of active untreated decays. Some simple prevention programs are needed to stabilize the caries.

[Atraumatic restorative treatment restorations placed in school children].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the long effect of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) restorations in a school environment. METHODS: Five middle-level dentists placed 294 ART restorations in the permanent teeth of 197 children. Standard instruments and procedures for ART were used. The restorative material used was a high-strength glass-ionomer. The restorations were evaluated annually by the same examiner who was not involved in the placement of the restorations. Occlusal wear of the restoration was assessed using a standard rheinberger scale. At the 5th year examination an independent external examiner evaluated the restorations using USPHS criteria. RESULTS: The cumulative survival rates of small class I restorations in the sixth year it was 75%. The corresponding figures for large class I restorations were 61% (P < 0.05). The net wear rate for both the small and large class I restorations in the first year was about 48 microm, which was significantly higher than those of the later years, which were about 20 - 25 micro m (P < 0.05). In the fifth year 93% of the small restorations were assessed as being satisfactory for marginal integrity, as against 80% for the large ones by using USPHS criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The ART approach for treating tooth decay in school children was appropriate, effective and acceptable. The 6-year survival rates of the restorations are high but are related to the size and type of the restoration.

[A survey on knowledge and habits of oral health in freshmen of Sichuan University].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the oral health knowledge and habits of freshmen of Sichuan University and promote the prophylactic therapy of dental diseases in the university. METHODS: The table and the standard on oral health survey authorized by WHO were employed in this study. RESULTS: Only 13.1% of all the investigated freshmen had periodic oral health examination. 74.4% brush teeth twice per day, only 7.7% brush teeth over 3 minutes, 16.6% insist in fluoridated toothpaste, and only 6% had applied dental floss. 51.9% do not often take snack food and 94.7% are non-smokers; (4) Tests of prophylactic therapy of dental caries and periodontal diseases and oral health knowledge have poor results. CONCLUSION: The freshmen have limited knowledge of oral health and lack serious attitude toward oral cleaning behaviors.