Enhancing Electroreduction CO2 to Hydrocarbons via Tandem Electrocatalysis by Incorporation Cu NPs in Boron Imidazolate Frameworks.

Due to the higher value of deeply-reduced products, electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) to multi-electron-transfer products has received more attention. One attractive strategy is to decouple individual steps within the complicated pathway via multi-component catalysts design in the concept of tandem catalysts. Here, a composite of Cu@BIF-144(Zn) (BIF = boron imidazolate framework) is synthesized by using an anion framework BIF-144(Zn) as host to impregnate Cu2+ ions that are further reduced to Cu nanoparticles (NPs) via in situ electrochemical transformation. Due to the microenvironment modulation by functional BH(im)3 - on the pore surfaces, the Cu@BIF-144(Zn) catalyst exhibits a perfect synergetic effect between the BIF-144(Zn) host and the Cu NP guest during CO2 RR. Electrochemistry results show that Cu@BIF-144(Zn) catalysts can effectively enhance the selectivity and activity for the CO2 reduction to multi-electron-transfer products, with the maximum FECH4 value of 41.8% at -1.6 V and FEC2H4 value of 12.9% at -1.5 V versus RHE. The Cu@BIF-144(Zn) tandem catalyst with CO-rich microenvironment generated by the Zn catalytic center in the BIF-144(Zn) skeleton enhanced deep reduction on the incorporated Cu NPs for the CO2 RR to multi-electron-transfer products.

An update on the prevalence of eating disorders in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To update the prevalence of eating disorders in the general population before 2021 and to analyze the distribution characteristics at different times and in different regions and sexes, as well as the diagnostic criteria. METHODS: Based on the method from a previous report by the authors, studies were identified from the following databases: PubMed/Medline, PsycINFO, ISI Web of Knowledge, Ovid and the 4 most important Chinese databases. Articles in English and Chinese before 2021 were retrieved. The data retrieved at this time were pooled with the data from a previous report for analyses. RESULTS: Thirty-three studies were identified, which included 18 studies supplemented in this retrieval. The pooled lifetime and 12-month prevalence of eating disorders were 0.91% (95% CI, 0.48-1.71) and 0.43% (95% CI, 0.18-0.78), respectively. The pooled lifetime and 12-month prevalence of the subgroup EDs (any), which covers all types of eating disorders, were 1.69% and 0.72%, respectively. The lifetime prevalence of AN, BN and BED was 0.16% (95% CI, 0.06-0.31), 0.63% (95% CI, 0.33-1.02) and 1.53% (95% CI, 1.00-2.17), respectively. The lifetime prevalence of EDs in Western countries was 1.89%, and was high at 2.58% in females. Prevalence studies using DSM-5 criteria were scarce. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of eating disorders might be underestimated thus far. Not all types of EDs were included in a majority of epidemiological surveys, and the prevalence rates of the new types of EDs were significantly higher. Eating disorders were especially common in Western countries and in females. New diagnostic criteria should be used to comprehensively assess all types of eating disorders. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1, systematic review and meta-analysis.

Synthesis of Supramolecular Boron Imidazolate Frameworks for CO2 Photoreduction.

Presented here are two novel porous supramolecular boron imidazolate frameworks (BIF-106 and BIF-107), which are stabilized through relatively weak interactions between two-dimensional boron imidazolate layers. Moreover, BIF-107 exhibits efficient CO2 photoreduction to CO with a remarkable rate of 1186.0 µmol·g-1·h-1 under visible-light irradiation.

Identification of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) microRNAs and microRNA-related SNPs.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) exist pervasively across viruses, plants and animals and play important roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of genes. In the common carp, miRNA targets have not been investigated. In model species, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been reported to impair or enhance miRNA regulation as well as to alter miRNA biogenesis. SNPs are often associated with diseases or traits. To date, no studies into the effects of SNPs on miRNA biogenesis and regulation in the common carp have been reported. RESULTS: Using homology-based prediction combined with small RNA sequencing, we have identified 113 common carp mature miRNAs, including 92 conserved miRNAs and 21 common carp specific miRNAs. The conserved miRNAs had significantly higher expression levels than the specific miRNAs. The miRNAs were clustered into three phylogenetic groups. Totally 394 potential miRNA binding sites in 206 target mRNAs were predicted for 83 miRNAs. We identified 13 SNPs in the miRNA precursors. Among them, nine SNPs had the potential to either increase or decrease the energy of the predicted secondary structures of the precursors. Further, two SNPs in the 3' untranslated regions of target genes were predicted to either disturb or create miRNA-target interactions. CONCLUSIONS: The common carp miRNAs and their target genes reported here will help further our understanding of the role of miRNAs in gene regulation. The analysis of the miRNA-related SNPs and their effects provided insights into the effects of SNPs on miRNA biogenesis and function. The resource data generated in this study will help advance the study of miRNA function and phenotype-associated miRNA identification.

Molecular characterization of CART, AgRP, and MC4R genes and their expression with fasting and re-feeding in common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), agouti-related proteins (AgRP) and Melanocortin 4 Receptor (MC4R) involves in the control of appetite. The genes were cloned and characterized, and their regulation was studied in common carp. The CARTI and CARTII genes encode 117- and 120-amino acids, respectively. The AgRP-1 and AgRP-2 genes encode 128- and 136-amino acids, respectively. CARTI was principally expressed in the brain, eye and ovary, while CARTII was highly expressed in the brain. AgRP-1 was strongly expressed in the brain, intestine, testis and eye, while AgRP-2 was highly expressed only in the gill and eye. The MC4R gene, encoding 326-amino acids, was mainly expressed in the brain testis, pituitary and eye. Phylogenetic analysis had been conducted which implied that both CARTI/CARTII and AgRP-1/AgRP-2 might derived from gene duplication events during genome evolution of common carp. CART, AgRP and MC4R gene expression in brain were decreased after fasting treatment and increased sharply after refeeding comparing with normal fed controls, which suggested that CART, AgRP and MC4R are involved in appetite regulation in common carp.

A Cu(I) based boron imidazolate framework for visible light driven CO2 reduction.

A new Cu(i) based boron imidazolate framework, Cu[BH(im)3] (BIF-105, im = imidazole), with a two-dimensional fes-type layer structure was designed and synthesized. The resulting BIF-105 exhibited efficient photocatalytic performance for CO2 reduction with an evolution rate of 933 µmol g-1 h-1 and a selectivity of 83.4% for CO under visible light irradiation, with [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 as the light absorber and triethanolamine as a sacrificial agent.

[Isolation of microsatellite markers from Paralichthys olivaceus and its application in genetic structure analysis].

Magnetic bead enrich-method and plasmid detection-method were used to isolate microsatellite DNA from Paralichthys olivaceus genome. The microsatellite markers were applied to analyze natural population structure of four populations, which were collected from Dalian, Beidaihe, Dandong, and Qingdao. Two thousand eight hundred and five microsatellite sequence clones were isolated and 3120 microsatellite loci were obtained. From these sequences, 57.97% were perfect, 7.25% were imperfect and 34.78% were compound. This allowed to design 135 pairs of primers with the software Primer Premier 3.0. Seventy-eight pairs were synthesized and 30 pairs were polymorphic. The effective number of alleles ranged from 3.93 to 9.94 (6.95 in average) with observed and expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.532 to 0.895 (0.753 in average) and 0.635 to 0.902 (0.820 in average), respectively. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium analysis in 30 microsatellite loci by genetic deviation index (d) ranged from -0.247 to 0.512, among which 7 loci had heterozygote excess (d>0) and the rest showed heterozygote deficit (damp;0). A dendrogram was constructed based on NJ methods using MEGA3.0 software package. Four populations were divided into two clusters. Dalian population and Dandong population were grouped in one cluster, while Beidaihe population and Qingdao population were classified into another cluster.

Appraisal of the methodological quality and summary of the findings of systematic reviews on the relationship between SSRIs and suicidality.

BACKGROUND: Several systematic reviews have been published about the relationship of the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and risk of suicidal ideation or behavior but there has been no formal assessment of the quality of these reports. AIM: Assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews about the relationship of SSRI use and suicidal ideation and behavior; and provide overall conclusions based on this assessment. METHODS: Systematic reviews of RCTs that compared SSRIs to placebo and used suicidal ideation or behavior as a key outcome variable were identified by searching Pubmed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PsycINFO, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chongqing VIP database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, WANFANG DATA, and the Chinese Biological Medical Literature Database. The methodological quality of included reviews was independently assessed by two expert raters using the 11-item Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) scale. RESULTS: Twelve systematic reviews and meta-analyses were identified. The inter-rater reliability of the overall AMSTAR quality score was excellent (ICC=0.86) but the inter-rater reliability of 5 of the 11 AMSTAR items was poor (Kappa <0.60). Based on the AMSTAR total score, there was one high-quality review, eight moderate-quality reviews, and three low-quality reviews. The high-quality review and three of the moderate-quality reviews reported a significantly increased risk of suicidal ideation or behavior in the SSRI group compared to the placebo group. Three of the four reviews limited to children and adolescents found a significantly increased risk of suicidal ideation or behavior with SSRI use which was most evident in teenagers taking paroxetine and in teenagers with depressive disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence suggests that adolescents may experience an increase in suicidal ideation and behavior with SSRI use, particularly those who have a depressive disorder and those treated with paroxetine. However, there are few high-quality reviews on this issue, so some doubt about the evidence remains. The AMSTAR scale may be useful in the ongoing efforts to improve the quality of systematic reviews, but further work is needed on tightening the operational criteria for some of the items in the scale.

Prevalence of eating disorders in the general population: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The estimated prevalence of eating disorders reported in community surveys from different parts of the world varies widely but there has been no systematic attempt to identify the reasons for these differences. OBJECTIVE: Use meta-analysis methods to pool data from community surveys about the prevalence of eating disorders in different locations and to identify the factors that are associated with the reported prevalence of eating disorders. METHODS: Based on pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, studies were identified from the following databases: PubMed/Medline, PsycINFO, ISI web of knowledge, Ovid, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chongqing VIP database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, WANFANG DATA, and Chinese Biological Literature Service System. Statistical analysis was conducted using R software. RESULTS: Among the 9315 unduplicated reports reviewed (one-fourth of which were published in Chinese) only 15 - with a pooled sample size of 72,961 individuals - met the inclusion criteria for the analysis. None of the included studies were from China and only one Asian country (South Korea) was included in the analysis. The estimated lifetime prevalence, 12-month prevalence, and 4-week prevalence of any eating disorder was 1.01% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-1.89), 0.37% (CI, 0.22-0.63), and 0.21% (CI, 0.15-0.28), respectively. Estimated lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder was 0.21% (CI, 0.11-0.38), 0.81% (CI, 0.59-1.09), and 2.22% (CI, 1.78-2.76), respectively. The estimated female-male ratio for lifetime prevalence of any eating disorder was 4.2. The lifetime prevalence of any eating disorder reported from studies conducted in Western countries was 6.1-fold greater than that reported in a single study from South Korea. Over time there has been a non-significant increase in reported prevalence of any eating disorder and a significant increase in reported prevalence of anorexia nervosa. CONCLUSIONS: Eating disorders are common in the general population, more common in women than men, and more common in Western countries than in Asian countries.The reported prevalence is increasing over time, but this may be due to changes in diagnostic criteria. There are serious limitations in the available epidemiological data, primarily differences in the conditions included among eating disorders and the lack of acceptable epidemiological studies from low- and middle-income countries (including China).

Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders among children in China: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: There are no reliable estimates of the prevalences of autism and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in China. OBJECTIVE: Combine results across studies to estimate the prevalences of autism and ASD among Chinese children under the age of 18, and assess variations in the prevalences with respect to gender, ethnicity, and urban versus rural residence. METHODS: Based on pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, studies were identified by searching the following databases: Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chongqing VIP database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, WANFANG DATA, Chinese Biological Medical Literature Database, Pubmed, and Web of Science. Statistical analysis was conducted using R-2.15.2 software. RESULTS: The 24 studies meeting inclusion criteria included 5 registry studies from Taiwan and Hong Kong (covering a total of 14570 369 children) and 19 community-based screening and diagnostic studies from mainland China (with a combined sample of 771 413 children). The annually reported prevalence of autism in the registry studies ranged from 1.8 to 424.6 per 10 000. A meta-analysis of 18 of the studies from mainland China (excluding a large nationwide study with the lowest prevalence of autism) with a range in rates from 2.8 to 30.4 per 10 000 generated an estimated pooled prevalence of autism of 12.8 per 10 000 (95%CI, 9.4 to 17.5). The pooled prevalence of ASD estimated from 5 of these studies (which had a range in rates from 7.3 to 75.3 per 10 000) was 24.5 per 10000 (95%CI, 10.4 to 57.4). The reported prevalence of autism varied substantially by gender, location of residence, date of publication, and source of the sample. CONCLUSION: The huge difference between the rates for autism reported from registry systems in Hong Kong and Taiwan (a 200-fold difference) and the large differences in rates reported from community-based screening studies in mainland China (a 10- to 15-fold difference) highlight the urgent need for establishing standardized methods for estimating the prevalences of autism and ASD. Until these methodological improvements have been made, it will not be possible to develop evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies for the management of these uncommon but seriously disabling conditions.