New Phenanthro[9,10-d]oxazole-Based Fluorophores with Hybridized Local and Charge-Transfer Characteristics for Highly Efficient Blue Non-Doped OLEDs with Negligible Efficiency Roll-Off.

It is vital to develop highly efficient non-doped blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with high color purity and low-efficiency roll-off for applications in display and lighting. Herein, two blue D-A fluorophores TPA-PO and TPA-DPO are designed and synthesized, in which phenanthro[9,10-d]oxazole (PO) acts as the acceptor and triphenylamine as the donor. TPA-PO and TPA-DPO display good thermal stability and efficient luminescence efficiency in neat film. Results based on photophysical property and theoretical calculation demonstrate that TPA-PO and TPA-DPO possess the hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) feature, which can utilize the triplet exciton to achieve highly efficient electroluminance (EL). The non-doped OLEDs with TPA-PO/TPA-DPO as pure emissive layer show the uniform EL emission peak at 468 nm, corresponding to CIE coordinates of (0.168, 0.187) and (0.167, 0.167), respectively. The TPA-DPO-based non-doped OLEDs provide the maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 7.99 % and high exciton utility efficiency of 48.4 %~72.6 %. Moreover, the TPA-DPO-based device exhibits low-efficiency roll-off, still maintaining the EQE of 6.03 % at the high luminance of 5000 cd m-2. Those findings state clearly that PO is a promising building block of blue fluorophore with a potential HLCT feature to be applied in non-doped OLEDs.

Prospective, Single-Center Comparison of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Plus Electroacupuncture and Standard Analgesia in Patients After Total Knee Arthroplasty: Effect on Rehabilitation and Functional Recovery.

BACKGROUND The aim of this prospective study was to compare transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) plus electroacupuncture with standard analgesia in patients after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) to determine the effects on rehabilitation and functional recovery. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty patients with osteoarthritis of the knee who underwent TKA were included in the study. They were divided into experimental (n=40) and control groups (n=40) according to postoperative analgesia method. The control group received multimodal analgesia after TKA and the experimental group received additional tDCS plus electroacupuncture. Postoperative pain, knee function, and quality of life were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the experimental group had significantly lower visual analog scale scores at 3 and 7 days and 3 and 6 weeks after TKA (P<0.05). At 6 weeks after TKA, knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome and Hospital for Special Surgery scores and maximum knee flexion in the experimental group were significantly better than those in the control group (P<0.05). In the experimental group compared with the control group, the Short Form-36 Health Survey score also was significantly increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study showed that tDCS plus electroacupuncture effectively reduced pain after TKA and improved rehabilitation and functional recovery.

Pathogenic pseudorabies virus, China, 2012.

In 2012, an unprecedented large-scale outbreak of disease in pigs in China caused great economic losses to the swine industry. Isolates from pseudorabies virus epidemics in swine herds were characterized. Evidence confirmed that the pathogenic pseudorabies virus was the etiologic agent of this epidemic.

Mmu_circ_0005373 and hsa_circ_0136255 participate in the pulmonary fibrosis of systemic sclerosis.

The pathogenesis of SSc pulmonary fibrosis is complex and prognosis is poor. In order to find biomarkers to provide assistance in the diagnosis and treatment of systemic sclerosis (SSc), this study explored the role of SSc-related differentially expressed circRNAs in the fibrosis process. This study explored whether circular RNA (circRNA) mediated the mTOR signaling pathway by interacting with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), participated in a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network, and regulated the mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc). The results showed that the expression of mmu_circ_0005373 was reduced, and mmu_circ_0005373 may regulate the mTOR signaling pathway by inhibiting the interacting with 4E-BP1 protein in the lung of SSc mice, and promote fibrosis in SSc. Hsa_circ_0136255, which is homologous to mmu_circ_0005373, is also reduced in SSc peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and predicted to interact with 4E-BP1 protein. Hsa_circ_0136255/hsa-miR-330-3p/TNFAIP3 ceRNA network had biological significance in SSc, and correlated with clinical data, including high-resolution CT, average expiratory flow at 25% vital capacity, neutrophil count, lymphocyte percentage, standard deviation of red blood cell distribution width, coefficient of variation of red blood cell distribution width, platelet distribution width, glutamic transaminase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, lymphocyte percentage, basophils percentage, red blood cell, plateletcrit, cholinesterase, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Hsa_circ_0136255, hsa-miR-330-3p, and TNFAIP3 may be used as biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and treatment of SSc.

A novel porcine circovirus type 2a strain, 10JS-2, with eleven-nucleotide insertions in the origin of genome replication.

Here, we report a novel porcine circovirus type 2a (PCV2a) strain with 11 nucleotides (nt) inserted in the origin of genome replication (Ori). This is the first report of a PCV2a strain with nucleotide insertion in Ori. Our study will help further epidemiological studies and extend our knowledge of evolutionary characteristics of PCV2.

Muscle-targeted nanoparticles strengthen the effects of small-molecule inhibitors in ameliorating sarcopenia.

Background: Sarcopenia is an aging-related degeneration of muscle mass and strength. Small-molecule inhibitor SW033291 has been shown to attenuate muscle atrophy. Targeted nanodrug-delivery systems can improve the efficacy of small-molecule inhibitors. Methods: The skeletal muscle cell-targeted nanoparticle was called AP@SW033291, which consisted of SW033291, modular peptide ASSLNIAGGRRRRRG and PEG-DSPE. Nanoparticles were featured with particle size, fluorescence emission spectra and targeting ability. We also investigated their effects on muscle mass and function. Results: The size of AP@SW033291 was 125.7 nm and it demonstrated targeting effects on skeletal muscle; thus, it could improve muscle mass and muscle function. Conclusion: Nanoparticle AP@SW033291 could become a potential strategy to strengthen the treatment effects of small-molecule inhibitors in sarcopenia.

Identification of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks in circulating exosomes as potential biomarkers for systemic sclerosis.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze potential biomarkers for systemic sclerosis (SSc) by constructing lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks in circulating exosomes (cirexos). Materials and methods: Differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) in SSc cirexos were screened using high-throughput sequencing and detected with real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed using the DisGeNET, GeneCards, GSEA4.2.3, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, correlation analyses, and a double-luciferase reporter gene detection assay were used to analyze competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks and clinical data. Results: In this study, 286 DEmRNAs and 192 DElncRNAs were screened, of which 18 DEGs were the same as the SSc-related genes. The main SSc-related pathways included extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction, local adhesion, platelet activation, and IgA production by the intestinal immune network. A hub gene, COL1A1, was obtained by a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Four ceRNA networks were predicted through Cytoscape. The relative expression levels of COL1A1, ENST0000313807, and NON-HSAT194388.1 were significantly higher in SSc, while the relative expression levels of hsa-miR-29a-3p, hsa-miR-29b-3p, and hsa-miR-29c-3p were significantly lower in SSc (P < 0.05). The ROC curve showed that the ENST00000313807-hsa-miR-29a-3p-COL1A1 network as a combined biomarker of SSc is more valuable than independent diagnosis, and that it is correlated with high-resolution CT (HRCT), Scl-70, C-reactive protein (CRP), Ro-52, IL-10, IgM, lymphocyte percentage, neutrophil percentage, albumin divided by globulin, urea, and RDW-SD (P < 0.05). Double-luciferase reporter gene detection showed that ENST00000313807 interacts with hsa-miR-29a-3p, which interacts with COL1A1. Conclusion: The ENST00000313807-hsa-miR-29a-3p-COL1A1 network in plasma cirexos represents a potential combined biomarker for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of SSc.

Detection of Neospora caninum from farm-bred young blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) in China.

Neospora caninum has been detected in several wild mammalian species, i.e., deer, coyotes, dingoes, and foxes. Farm-bred foxes were rarely reported to be affected by the parasite. In this study, we detected for the first time the infection of N.caninum in farm-bred young blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) in China. Neospora-like tissue cysts were observed in brains and kidneys of the foxes by histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. One hundred and three sera from the clinically normal vixens were tested for the presence of N.caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies by two commercial ELISA test kits. Twenty-eight of 103 (27.2%) sera were positive for N. caninum and 1 serum (0.97%) was positive for T. gondii. A portion of the Nc5 gene of N. caninum was amplified from the DNA extracted from the fox brains by semi-nested PCR, further confirmed the existence of N. caninum among the farm-bred fox herd in China.

Assessment of the safety and efficacy of an attenuated live vaccine based on highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

The safety and efficacy of the JXA1-R vaccine, an attenuated strain of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV), were examined using an intramuscular challenge model in piglets. The JXA1-R vaccine was obtained by passing HP-PRRSV JXA1 through Marc-145 cells (82nd passage). Genomic sequence comparisons showed that strain JXA1-R and its parental strain, JXA1, differ by 47 amino acids, and most of these differences are scattered throughout the PRRSV genome. Four-week-old PRRSV-free piglets were inoculated intramuscularly with JXA1-R vaccine (10(3.0), 10(4.0), 10(5.0), 10(6.0), and 10(7.0) 50% tissue culture infective doses [TCID50]/ml for groups 1 to 5, respectively) and then challenged intramuscularly with the 5th passage virus of JXA1 virus (JXA1-F5, 3 ml × 10(4.5) TCID50/ml) 28 days after inoculation. The humoral immune response, swine growth, clinical signs, and differential organ lesions were monitored. The results showed that all vaccinated piglets had a perceptible humoral immune response to vaccination after day 7, which then promptly increased, almost reaching the maximum sample/positive (S/P) ratio value at 28 days postimmunization. Viremia detection indicated that the viral replication levels of the challenge virus in the immunized groups (immunization doses ≥10(4.0)/ml) were significantly lower than that of the virus-challenged unvaccinated control group. Piglets in groups 2 to 5 were effectively protected against lethal HP-PRRSV infection and did not show any obvious changes in body temperature or clinical signs of disease at any point during the experiment. However, two of five piglets in group 1 showed mild pathological lesions and transitory high fever. These results suggest that JXA1-R (TCID50/ml ≥10(4.0)) is sufficiently attenuated and can provide effective protection against the lethal wild-type HP-PRRSV.

Genomic sequencing reveals mutations potentially related to the overattenuation of a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) continues to evolve when serially passaged in Marc-145 cells. In this study, we analyzed the genomic and antigenic variants of HP-PRRSV strain JXA1 during in vitro passage. Protective efficacies of JXA1 from passages 100, 110, 120, 140, and 170 against the high-virulence parental virus were evaluated by inoculating pigs with each of these viruses and then challenging with JXA1 from passage 5 at 28 days postimmunization. We found that the antigenicities of JXA1 from passages after 110 were significantly reduced. Inoculation with JXA1 from passages after 110 provided only insufficient protection against the parental strain challenge, indicating that the immunogenicity of JXA1 is significantly decreased when it is in vitro passaged for 110 times and more. To identify the genomic variants that emerged during the overattenuation, eight complete genomes of highly passaged JXA1 were sequenced. One guanine deletion in the 5' untranslated region (UTR), two nucleotide substitutions in the 3' UTR, and 65 amino acid mutations in nonstructural and structural proteins that accompanied with the attenuation and overattenuation were determined. Genomic sequencing of in vitro serially passaged HP-PRRSV first identified the mutations potentially correlated with the overattenuation of a HP-PRRSV strain. These results facilitate the research aimed at elucidating the mechanisms for PRRSV genomic and antigenic changes and may also contribute to developing a safe and effective PRRSV vaccine.

[Expression and identification of truncated Nsp7 protein of North American and Europe genotype porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus].

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) non-structural protein 7 (Nsp7) plays an important role in the induction of host humoral immune response and could serve as an ideal antigen for serological genotyping assay for PRRSV based on the significant difference in immunoreactivities of North American (NA) and European (EU) PRRSV Nsp7. In this study, Nsp7 of NA and EU PRRSVwas separately expressed and purified using prokaryotic expression system. The purified recombinant Nsp7 proteins reacted with serum antibodies against corresponding genotype PRRSV in Western blotting. However, nonspecific reaction of whole recombinant Nsp7 with antibodies against another genotype PRRSV was observed, indicating that whole NA PRRSV Nsp7 and EU PRRSV Nsp7 have similar antigenic epitopes and recombinant proteins could not be used for genotyping of antibodies against PRRSV. Based on the analysis of similar antigenic epitopes at the hydrophilic region of NA PRRSV Nsp7 and EU PRRSV Nsp7 by bioinformatics assessment, partial Nsp7 gene region deleted sequences encoding similar antigenic epitopes was constructed by fusion PCR. The recombinant truncated Nsp7 (NA-deltaNsp7 and EU-deltaNsp7, about 43 kDa) was expressed and the molecular weight was about 43 kDa. The results of Western blotting showed that NA-deltaNSP7 and EU-deltaNSP7 could be specifically recognized by positive serum to NA or EU PRRSV individually and nonspecific reaction was eliminated. This study provided a basis for further development of serological genotyping assay for North American and European genotype PRRSV infection.

Identification of an emerging recombinant cluster in porcine circovirus type 2.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is continuously evolving through point mutation and genome recombination. In the present study, genetic affiliations of 40 PCV2 strains were determined by amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses during the nationwide molecular epidemiology investigation from 2009 to 2010 in mainland China. The results revealed that PCV2b was the predominant genotype in mainland China from 2009 to 2010 and PCV2b-1C within PCV-2b genotype was an emerging predominant subtype. More interestingly, five strains (09HaiN-1, 09HaiN-2, 10AH, 10GX and 10QH) were classified into a novel cluster along with the two main PCV2 genotypes PCV2a and PCV2b. Further analyses revealed that this novel cluster arose from recombination between PCV2a and PCV2b stains within the ORF2 gene. Moreover, BLAST search on NCBI website revealed that PCV2 strains of the novel cluster also emerged in Thailand, Indonesia and Laos, indicating that the novel cluster of PCV2 has also been circulating in some other Asian countries. This study is the first time to perform comprehensive analyses to demonstrate a cluster of PCV2 strains derived from the same type of inter-genotypic recombination pattern. Our findings provide valuable information on PCV2 evolution.

Rapid differential detection of classical and highly pathogenic North American Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus in China by a duplex real-time RT-PCR.

Since the emergence of highly pathogenic North American Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (H-US-PRRSV) in 2006, the classical North American PRRSV (C-US-PRRSV) and H-US-PRRSV isolates have coexisted in Chinese swine herds. A duplex real-time RT-PCR assay using minor groove binder (MGB) probes for differential detection of the two US PRRSV isolates was developed. The specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and interference test of this assay were validated. The sensitivity of the assay was 3.2TCID(50)/ml or 38 RNA copies/microl for C-US-PRRSV and 0.4 TCID(50)/ml or 14 RNA copies/microl for H-US-PRRSV. Both assays were 10 times more sensitive than the current methods. A total of 302 clinical samples were tested by duplex real-time RT-PCR and conventional RT-PCR assays, and the results showed over 98.7% agreement. In addition, the new assay can be completed in less than 2h. This duplex real-time RT-PCR assay is a promising tool for rapid differential detection and epidemiology of US PRRSV in China.