Hidden hotspots of amphibian biodiversity in China.

Identifying and protecting hotspots of endemism and species richness is crucial for mitigating the global biodiversity crisis. However, our understanding of spatial diversity patterns is far from complete, which severely limits our ability to conserve biodiversity hotspots. Here, we report a comprehensive analysis of amphibian species diversity in China, one of the most species-rich countries on Earth. Our study combines 20 y of field surveys with new molecular analyses of 521 described species and also identifies 100 potential cryptic species. We identify 10 hotspots of amphibian diversity in China, each with exceptional species richness and endemism and with exceptional phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic endemism (based on a new time-calibrated, species-level phylogeny for Chinese amphibians). These 10 hotspots encompass 59.6% of China's described amphibian species, 49.0% of cryptic species, and 55.6% of species endemic to China. Only four of these 10 hotspots correspond to previously recognized biodiversity hotspots. The six new hotspots include the Nanling Mountains and other mountain ranges in South China. Among the 186 species in the six new hotspots, only 9.7% are well covered by protected areas and most (88.2%) are exposed to high human impacts. Five of the six new hotspots are under very high human pressure and are in urgent need of protection. We also find that patterns of richness in cryptic species are significantly related to those in described species but are not identical.

A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the genus Sylvirana (Anura: Ranidae) highlights unrecognized diversity, revised classification and historical biogeography.

The genus Sylvirana includes 12 species widely distributed in South China and Southeast Asia. The phylogenetic relationships and species diversity for Sylvirana and allied genera remain unresolved and controversial due to insufficient data and incomplete taxon sampling. Using a combined dataset of mitochondrial genes (16S and COI) and 101 nuclear genes obtained through the amplicon sequence capture approach, we generated the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis for the genus Sylvirana to date, inferring diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and historical biogeography with unprecedented levels of taxon and geographic sampling. Our results conservatively reveal six undescribed species, mostly distributed in peninsular Indochina. Phylogenetic analyses strongly support the non-monophyly of Sylvirana with respect to Pterorana. Additionally, phylogenetic results place Sylvirana guentheri and Pelophylax lateralis into genus Humerana, supporting the inclusion of Hylarana latouchii, Papurana milleti, and Hylarana attigua within Pterorana + Sylvirana. The long-disputed species of Hylarana bannanica (previously Sylvirana) cluster with genus Papurana. Because the results of multiple non-monophyletic genera create taxonomic confusion, we suggest relegating all genera to subgenus rank of Hylarana. Sylvirana is a junior synonym of the Pterorana. Biogeographically, we trace the origin of Pterorana to Southeast Asia during the early Miocene, with subsequent dispersal thereafter. Our study shows that climatic changes may have profoundly influenced the diversification of Pterorana during the Miocene.

Antifungal activity and mechanism of oxanthromicin against Verticillium dahliae.

Oxanthromicin is an anthranone-type natural product isolated from Streptomyces sp. TRM 15522, which exhibits antifungal activity. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study, therefore, aimed at investigating the mode of action of oxanthromicin against the phytopathogen Verticillium dahliae. We found that oxanthromicin substantially suppressed spore germination and mycelial growth in V. dahliae. Further, electron microscopy and staining with propidium iodide and Rhodamine 123 indicated that oxanthromicin causes cell membrane damage and induces changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. These findings suggest that oxanthromicin exhibits its antifungal activity by damaging fungal cell membranes. This discovery could potentially facilitate the development of oxanthromicin as a biological pesticide.

Liver abscess after drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization for hepatic malignant tumors: Clinical features, pathogenesis, and management.

AIM: The study aimed to investigate the clinical features, incidence, pathogenesis, and management of liver abscess after drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) for primary and metastatic hepatic malignant tumors. METHODS: From June 2019 to June 2021, patients with liver abscess after DEB-TACE for primary and metastatic hepatic malignant tumors were reviewed and evaluated at our hospital. Demographic and clinical data, radiological findings, management approaches, and prognosis were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 419 DEB-TACE procedures were carried out in 314 patients with primary and metastatic liver tumors at our medical center. Twelve patients were confirmed to have liver abscesses after DEB-TACE through clinical manifestations, laboratory investigations, and imaging. In this study, the incidence of liver abscess was 3.82% per patient and 2.86% per DEB-TACE procedure. After percutaneous drainage and anti-inflammatory treatments, 10 patients recovered, and the remaining 2 patients died due to direct complications of liver abscess, such as sepsis and multiple organ failure. The mortality rate of liver abscesses after DEB-TACE was 16.7% (2/12). CONCLUSION: The incidence of liver abscess after DEB-TACE is relatively high and can have serious consequences, including death. Potential risk factors could include large tumor size, history of bile duct or tumor resection, history of diabetes, small DEB size (100-300 µm). Sensitive antibiotics therapy and percutaneous abscess aspiration/drainage are effective treatments for liver abscess after DEB-TACE.

Talaroterpenoids A-F: Six New Seco-Terpenoids from the Marine-Derived Fungus Talaromyces aurantiacus.

Six new highly oxidized seco-terpenoids, including three 3-nor-labdane type diterpenes, talaroterpenoids A-C (1-3), and three meroterpenoids containing an orthoester group, talaroterpenoids D-F (6-8), together with five known compounds (4-5 and 9-11), were isolated from the marine-derived fungus Talaromyces aurantiacus. Their chemical structures were elucidated through 1D, 2D NMR, HRESIMS, J-based configuration analysis (JBCA), computational ECD calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 contain an unusual 6,20-γ-lactone-bridged scaffold. Compounds 10 and 11 presented inhibitory effects on NO release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 cells with IC50 values of 11.47 and 11.32 µM, respectively. Talaroterpenoid C (3) showed moderate antifungal activity against A. alternata and P. theae Steyaert.

Linewidth Measurement of a Narrow-Linewidth Laser: Principles, Methods, and Systems.

Narrow-linewidth lasers mainly depend on the development of advanced laser linewidth measurement methods for related technological progress as key devices in satellite laser communications, precision measurements, ultra-high-speed optical communications, and other fields. This manuscript provides a theoretical analysis of linewidth characterization methods based on the beat frequency power spectrum and laser phase noise calculations, and elaborates on existing research of measurement technologies. In addition, to address the technical challenges of complex measurement systems that commonly rely on long optical fibers and significant phase noise jitter in the existing research, a short-delay self-heterodyne method based on coherent envelope spectrum demodulation was discussed in depth to reduce the phase jitter caused by 1/f noise. We assessed the performance parameters and testing conditions of different lasers, as well as the corresponding linewidth characterization methods, and analyzed the measurement accuracy and error sources of various methods.

Mechanical Strain Induces and Increases Vesicular Release Monitored by Microfabricated Stretchable Electrodes.

Exocytosis involving the fusion of intracellular vesicles with cell membrane, is thought to be modulated by the mechanical cues in the microenvironment. Single-cell electrochemistry can offer unique information about the quantification and kinetics of exocytotic events; however, the effects of mechanical force on vesicular release have been poorly explored. Herein, we developed a stretchable microelectrode with excellent electrochemical stability under mechanical deformation by microfabrication of functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) conductive ink, which achieved real-time quantitation of strain-induced vesicular exocytosis from a single cell for the first time. We found that mechanical strain could cause calcium influx via the activation of Piezo1 channels in chromaffin cell, initiating the vesicular exocytosis process. Interestingly, mechanical strain increases the amount of catecholamines released by accelerating the opening and prolonging the closing of fusion pore during exocytosis. This work is expected to provide revealing insights into the regulatory effects of mechanical stimuli on vesicular exocytosis.

[Research advances on B-cell activating factor and its targeted agents in inflammatory bowel disease]. / Bç»†èƒžæ¿€æ´»å› å­åŠå ¶é¶å‘è¯ç‰©ä¸Žç‚Žç—‡æ€§è‚ ç— çš„ç ”ç©¶è¿›å±•.

B-cell activating factor (BAFF), a critical regulator of B cells, is involved in various autoimmune diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic and recurrent intestinal inflammatory disorders with unclear etiology, and its global incidence has been increasing in recent years. Abnormal immune responses triggered by multiple factors are closely related to the pathogenesis of IBD. Previous studies have confirmed the association of B-cell abnormal activation and increased production of autoantibodies with the development of ulcerative colitis. However, the involvement of BAFF in the mechanisms of IBD remains unclear. This review summarizes the potential role of BAFF in the pathogenesis of IBD and provides an overview of targeted therapies on BAFF in IBD, aiming to contribute insights for targeted treatments of IBD.

Hybrid biodegradable materials from starch and hydrocolloid: fabrication, properties and applications of starch-hydrocolloid film, gel and bead.

The potential for utilizing starch and hydrocolloids as sustainable biomaterials has garnered significant attention among researchers. The biodegradability and functional properties of composite films, gels, and beads, as well as their environmental friendliness, make them attractive options for a variety of applications. However, the hydrophilicity, brittleness, and regeneration limitations of starch materials can be addressed through the incorporation of non-starch hydrocolloids. This article summarizes the formation mechanisms and interactions of starch-hydrocolloid films, gels, and gel beads, evaluates the factors that affect their structural and functional properties, and presents an overview of the progress made in their physicochemical and functional applications. The structure of starch-hydrocolloid composites is primarily formed through hydrogen bond interactions, and the source, proportion, and preparation conditions of the components are critical factors that affect the properties of the biomaterials. Starch-hydrocolloid films are primarily used for extending the shelf life of food products and detecting food freshness. Starch-hydrocolloid gels are utilized as adsorption materials, wound dressings, and flexible sensors, and starch-hydrocolloid beads are primarily employed for the controlled release of bioactive substances. It is clear that starch-hydrocolloid composites have the potential to develop novel advanced materials for various applications in the food, biological, and materials industries.

Biodegradation behavior and digestive properties of starch-based film for food packaging - a review.

Non-degradable plastic places a serious burden on the environment, so consumers and researchers are working to develop biodegradable, safe, and sustainable food packaging materials. The starch-based film has become emerging material for food packaging. Not only does it shows excellent physicochemical properties, but also provides the desired degradation characteristics after use or the digestive properties after consumption, thus needing to comprehensively evaluate the quality of starch-based food packaging materials. This review summarizes the degradation behavior of the starch-based film in different degradation environments, and compares the suitability of degradation environments. Besides, the physicochemical properties of the composite or blend film during the degradation process were further discussed. The factors affecting the digestibility of starch-based edible film were reviewed and analyzed. Finally, the application and the future trend of the biodegradable starch-based film in the food packaging field were proposed. Future studies should combine and evaluate the physical properties and biodegradability of the composite/blend film, to develop food packaging materials with good characteristics and biodegradability.

First-in-Human Clinical Trial of the WeFlow-JAAA Endograft System in Patients With Juxtarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: To preliminarily evaluate the safety and efficacy of the WeFlow-JAAA endograft, a novel off-the-shelf device designed for the repair of juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (JRAAAs) and pararenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (PRAAAs). METHODS: This prospective single-arm first-in-human clinical trial included patients with JRAAAs (infrarenal necks ≤10 mm) or PRAAAs with at least a 5 mm sealing zone below the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) who underwent endovascular repair using the WeFlow-JAAA endograft system. With this system, the celiac artery was addressed with a wide scallop, the renal arteries (RAs) were addressed with 2 standard inner branches, and the SMA was addressed with a "mini-inner-cuff" reinforced fenestration. The primary efficacy endpoint was the clinical success at 12 months. The primary safety endpoint was the freedom from major adverse events (MAEs) in the first 30 days after surgery. RESULTS: Fifteen patients (all men; mean age 68.5±6.0 years) were enrolled between October 2019 and August 2021. The median infrarenal neck length was 0 mm (IQR, 0-4 mm). Technical success was achieved in all patients. No MAEs occurred in the first 30 days. The mean fluoroscopy time was 73.1±27.8 minutes, and the mean volume of contrast media was 130.7±29.4 mL. Clinical success was maintained in all patients at 12 months. No aortic-related deaths, aneurysm rupture, type I or type III endoleak, or open surgery conversion occurred during the follow-up period. The secondary intervention was required only in 1 patient who developed an occluded right RA stent 14 months after the procedure. CONCLUSION: The WeFlow-JAAA endograft device appears to be safe and efficacious in selected patients with JRAAAs or PRAAAs with more than 5 mm sealing zone below SMA. Large-scale, multicenter, and prospective studies with long-term follow-ups are ongoing to validate our findings in China. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04745546 (URL: Guo's Visceral Arteries Reconstruction: The First in Man Study of WeFlow-JAAA Stent Graft System-Full-Text View-ClinicalTrials.gov). CLINICAL IMPACT: The first-in-human clinical trial of the WeFlow-JAAA endograft system demonstrates promising safety and efficacy in treating juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (JRAAAs) and partial pararenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (PRAAAs). This innovative off-the-shelf device offers a potential alternative to traditional endovascular aortic repair. The successful outcomes, including technical success in all patients, freedom from major adverse events, and maintenance of clinical success at 12 months, suggest a potential shift in clinical practice towards using the WeFlow-JAAA endograft system for selected patients. This study paves the way for larger-scale, multicenter, prospective studies to further validate its long-term safety and efficacy, offering clinicians a new option for managing complex abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Fox transcription factor AccGRF1 in response to glyphosate stress in Apis cerana cerana.

Glyphosate is an herbicide commonly used in agriculture, and its widespread use has adversely affected the survival of nontarget organisms. Among these organisms, bees in particular are important pollinators, and declining bee populations have severely affected crop yields around the world. However, the molecular mechanism by which glyphosate harms bees remains unclear. In our experiment, we screened and cloned a glyphosate-induced gene in Apis cerana cerana (A. c. cerana) and named glyphosate response factor 1 (AccGRF1). Sequence analysis showed that AccGRF1 contains a winged-helix DNA binding domain, which suggests that it belongs to the Forkhead box (Fox) protein family. qRT-PCR and heterologous expression in Escherichia coli and yeast showed that AccGRF1 can respond to glyphosate and oxidative stress. After AccGRF1 knockdown by means of RNA interference (RNAi), the resistance of A. c. cerana to glyphosate stress improved. The results suggested that AccGRF1 is involved in A. c. cerana glyphosate stress tolerance. This study reveals the functions of Fox transcription factors in response to glyphosate stress and provides molecular insights into the regulation of glyphosate responses in honeybees.

Analysis of Significant Genes and Pathways in Esophageal Cancer Based on Gene Expression Omnibus Database.

Objective To screen antigen targets for immunotherapy by analyzing over-expressed genes, and to identify significant pathways and molecular mechanisms in esophageal cancer by using bioinformatic methods such as enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and survival analysis based on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database.Methods By screening with highly expressed genes, we mainly analyzed proteins MUC13 and EPCAM with transmembrane domain and antigen epitope from TMHMM and IEDB websites. Significant genes and pathways associated with the pathogenesis of esophageal cancer were identified using enrichment analysis, PPI network, and survival analysis. Several software and platforms including Prism 8, R language, Cytoscape, DAVID, STRING, and GEPIA platform were used in the search and/or figure creation.Results Genes MUC13 and EPCAM were over-expressed with several antigen epitopes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissue. Enrichment analysis revealed that the process of keratinization was focused and a series of genes were related with the development of esophageal cancer. Four genes including ALDH3A1, C2, SLC6A1,and ZBTB7C were screened with significant P value of survival curve.Conclusions Genes MUC13 and EPCAM may be promising antigen targets or biomarkers for esophageal cancer. Keratinization may greatly impact the pathogenesis of esophageal cancer. Genes ALDH3A1, C2, SLC6A1,and ZBTB7C may play important roles in the development of esophageal cancer.

Health Behaviours among Travellers Regarding Risk Compensation Following COVID-19 Vaccination in Taizhou, China.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, public transport was restricted in many countries because of the transmission risk. According to the risk compensation theory, travellers post-COVID-19 vaccination may encounter higher risks; however, no real-world studies provide such evidence. Therefore, we conducted a survey to assess whether risk compensation would occur among travellers' health-related behaviours after COVID-19 vaccination, potentially aggravating the transmission of the virus. Materials and Methods: A self-administered online survey was designed and distributed over WeChat to identify the difference in health behaviours before and after COVID-19 vaccination among travellers at a train station in Taizhou, China, from 13 February to 26 April 2022. Results: A total of 602 individuals completed the questionnaire. The results revealed no statistical difference between the health behaviours reported by the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. Participants who received the first dose of the vaccine earlier showed no statistical difference in harmful health behaviours (hand washing frequency decreased by 4.1% (P=0.145) and the duration of public transport travel increased by 3.4% (P=0.437)), but showed better protective health behaviours (mask-wearing duration increased by 24.7% (P=0.014)). Compared to those vaccinated less than three times, participants vaccinated against COVID-19 three times showed no statistical differences in harmful health behaviours mask-wearing duration decreased by 7.0% (P=0.927), their hand washing frequency decreased by 4.8% (P=0.905), and the duration of public transport travel increased by 2.5% (P=0.287). After vaccination, when compared to themselves before vaccination, participants exhibited better health behaviours (increased hand washing frequency and mask-wearing duration, and decreased duration of public transport travel) to some extent. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study found no evidence of risk compensation among travellers. After being vaccinated, health behaviours partly improved among travellers.

Application of Targeted Coronary Angiography in the Diagnosis of Sudden Cardiac Death.

OBJECTIVES: To diagnose coronary artery stenosis by using the postmortem computed tomography angiography (PMCTA), and to explore the diagnostic value of PMCTA in sudden cardiac death. METHODS: Six death cases were selected, and the contrast medium iohexol was injected under high pressure through femoral artery approach with 5F pigtail catheter to obtain coronary image data and then the data was analyzed. The results of targeted coronary imaging and coronary artery calcium score (CaS) were compared with the results of conventional autopsy and histopathological examination. RESULTS: The autopsy and histopathological examination of cases with coronary artery stenosis obtained similar results in targeted coronary angiography, with a diagnostic concordance rate of 83.3%. Targeted coronary angiography could effectively show coronary artery diseases, and the CaS was consistent with the results of conventional autopsy and histopathological examination. CONCLUSIONS: Targeted coronary angiography can be used as an effective auxiliary method for conventional autopsy in cases of sudden cardiac death.

Broad tuning range, high power quantum cascade laser at λ ∼ 7.4 µm.

In this article, we report a high power quantum cascade laser (QCL) at λ∼7.4 µm with a broad tuning range. By carefully designing and optimizing the active region and waveguide structure, a continuous-wave (CW) output power up to 1.36 W and 0.5 W is achieved at 293 K and 373 K which shows the excellent temperature stability. A high wall-plug efficiency (WPE) of 8% and 13.6% in CW and pulsed mode at 293 K are demonstrated. The laser shows a characteristic temperature T0 of 224 K and T1 of 381 K over a temperature range from 283 K to 373 K. In addition, a far field of pure zero order transverse mode and a fairly wide external cavity (EC) tuning range (280 cm-1) from 6.54 µm to 8 µm are achieved in pulsed operation. In addition, an EC single mode output power of 226 mW is obtained under CW operation at 293K.

GaSb surface grating distributed feedback interband cascade laser emitting at 3.25 µm.

A second-order distributed feedback interband cascade laser emitting at 3.25 µm was designed, grown, and fabricated. By coherent epitaxy of a GaSb cap layer instead of the conventional thin InAs cap on top of the laser structure, a high-quality surface grating was made of GaSb and gold. Enough coupling strength and a significant inter-modal loss difference were predicted according to the simulation within the framework of couple-wave theory. Lasers having 2-mm-long cavities and 4.5-µm-wide ridges with high-/anti-reflection coatings were fabricated. The continuous-wave threshold current and maximum single-mode output power were 60 mA and 24 mW at 20°C, respectively. The output power of 5 mW was still kept at 55°C. Continuous tuning free from mode hopping and high single-mode suppression ratios (>20 dB) were realized at all injection currents and heat-sink temperatures, covering a spectral range of over 20 cm-1.

Association of leptin and leptin receptor genes variants and pulmonary tuberculosis susceptibility, clinical manifestations in a Chinese population.

BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to investigate the association of leptin (LEP) gene (rs11761556, rs12706832, rs2167270), leptin receptor (LEPR) gene (rs1137100, rs1137101, rs1805096) variants and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) susceptibility, as well as their several clinical manifestations, in a Chinese population. METHODS: This study included a cohort of 489 PTB patients and 489 healthy controls, and six SNPs were genotyped by improved multiple ligase detection reaction (iMLDR). RESULTS: We found that there were no significant differences regarding the allele and genotype frequencies of LEP rs11761556, rs12706832, rs2167270, LEPR rs1137100, rs1137101, rs1805096 between PTB patients and healthy controls (all P > 0.05), as well as the results of the dominant model and recessive model (all P > 0.05). In the LEP gene, the rs11761556 AA genotype frequency was significantly associated with the development of fever and pulmonary infection in PTB patients (P = 0.035, P = 0.049). In addition, the relation between main haplotypes and PTB patients was also analyzed, but only haplotype CAG in LEP was significantly associated with PTB susceptibility (P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: LEP and LEPR heritable variation were not contribute to the pathogenesis of PTB in Chinese. While rs11761556 variant might associate with several clinical features of PTB.

Factors affecting energy efficiency of microwave drying of foods: an updated understanding.

Microwave drying (MWD) is an efficient dielectric drying method in food, with advantages such as volumetric heating, fast drying, safety, and good product quality. As a key indicator of a dryer's market value, energy efficiency is of concern to sellers and dryer manufacturers. This paper systematically reviewed the quantification methods and influencing factors of energy efficiency of microwave drying in food application from different perspectives. Mechanisms and possible improvements of these factors are highlighted. Future trends in improving the energy efficiency of MWD are proposed. Energy consumption of MWD depends on a variety of factors such as equipment structure, drying conditions (microwave power, frequency, temperature, and air velocity), material properties, and combined/hybrid drying technologies. The drying system can be effectively improved if these parameters are adjusted appropriately and taking the processing cost into consideration. Although a good product can be obtained by pretreatment or combined/hybrid drying method, it may consume more energy. Future research should develop artificial intelligence, renewable energy, and computational fluid dynamics technology to pave the way for large-scale application of MWD and reduce energy consumption.