Tonsilar metastases of melanoma in an older person.

We presented a rare case of metastasis of melanoma in palatine tonsils alerting healthcare professionals to this diagnose in black oral lesions.

Incidence and evolution of nasal polyps in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis.

UNLABELLED: Nasal polyps are a clinical sign of alert for investigating Cystic Fibrosis (CF). AIMS: To study the incidence of nasal polyps in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis, its possible association with age, gender, clinical manifestations, genotype and sweat chlorine level, and its evolution with topical steroid therapy. METHODS: Clinical symptoms, sweat chlorine level and genotype were studied in 23 cystic fibrosis patients. Nasal polyps were diagnosed by nasal endoscopy and treated with topical steroids during 6 months, followed by a second nasal endoscopy. Fisher test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Nasal polyps were found in 39.1% of the patients (five bilateral, four unilateral), all older than six years, recurrent pneumonia in 82.6%, pancreatic insufficiency in 87% and malnutrition in 74%. No association was seen between nasal polyps and sweat chlorine level, genotype, clinical sings of severity and nasal symptoms. Seven patients improved in their nasal polyps with topical steroids, six showed complete resolution. CONCLUSION: The study showed a high incidence of nasal polyps in older children, who span the entire range of clinical severity, even in the absence of clinical nasal symptoms. Topical steroid therapy showed good results. An interaction among pediatricians and otolaryngologists is necessary for diagnosis and follow-up.

The triad of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, COPD, and obesity: sensitivity of sleep scales and respiratory questionnaires.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the presence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) alters the perception of respiratory symptoms and quality of life in COPD patients, by using specific questionnaires, as well as to determine whether scales for assessing daytime sleepiness and for screening for OSAS can be used in the triad of OSAS, COPD, and obesity. METHODS: We included 66 patients diagnosed with mild-to-moderate or severe COPD and presenting with a body mass index > 27 kg/m2. After polysomnography, patients completed the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), the Berlin questionnaire (BQ), the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale, the Baseline Dyspnea Index (BDI), and the Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). RESULTS: Patients were first divided into two groups: COPD + OSAS (n = 46); and COPD-only (n = 20). The COPD + OSAS group was subdivided into a COPD + mild-to-moderate OSAS group (n = 32) and a COPD + severe OSAS group (n = 14), all of which were compared with the COPD-only group. There was a significant difference in mean FEV1 (L) between the COPD + OSAS groups and the COPD-only group (p = 0.073). The presence of the triad did not lead to significantly higher ESS scores, and scores > 10 had a specificity of 0.58. The BQ did not identify high risk for OSAS in the presence of the triad (specificity of 0.31). There were no significant differences in domain or total scores of the SGRQ between the COPD + OSAS groups and the COPD-only group. CONCLUSIONS: The confounding factors present in the triad of OSAS, COPD, and obesity prevented the perception of increased daytime sleepiness and high risk for OSAS. We observed no worsening of dyspnea perception or quality of life.

Hyperactivity and attention deficit syndrome in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: is there improvement with surgical management?

UNLABELLED: Neuropsychological disorders are frequently associated with obstructive ventilatory disorders (OVD). AIM: To analyze the incidence of neuropsychological disorders in Brazilian children with OVD, using a screening questionnaire and to compare the answers given before and after surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 30 children with clinical diagnosis of OVD. The children were divided into 3 groups: group I, children aged 4 to 7; group II, from 8 to 10; and group III, children over 11. The applied questionnaires were answered by the parents or tutors, and comprised 30 questions, 10 for each disorder: attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity. The children were diagnosed with one of the disorders when presented 3 or more positive answers. The follow up interview occurred 6 months after adenotonsillectomy. RESULTS: There was a predominance of male gender (60.6%) over female gender (39.4%). Group II presented the highest number of significant changes, with reductions raging from 87.5% to 33.3% of patients with attention deficit, 75% to 50% of the hyperactive patients, and 50% to 33% of the impulsive patients. CONCLUSION: There was neuropsychological improvement after the surgery, which occurred mainly in the children from group II. More interaction among health professionals is necessary when diagnosing and following up similar cases.

[Pediatricians and sleep-disordered breathing in the child]. / Pediatras e os distúrbios respiratórios do sono na criança.

OBJECTIVES: Assessment of opinions and practices of pediatricians concerning sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in children. METHODS: Randomly 516 pediatricians were selected in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. A survey mailed to them included questions regarding: their professional profile, knowledge about SDB in childhood, opinions and practices for diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. RESULTS: 112 anonymous completed surveys were returned (21.7%). The teaching of SDB during medical school and pediatric residency raining was considered unsatisfactory respectively by 65.2% and 34.8% of the pediatricians. Forty-nine respondents (43.8%) rated their knowledge about SDB in children as regular, 39 (34.8%) as good and 17 (15.2%) as unsatisfactory. The most important sleep-related questions were: mouth breathing, breathing pauses, sleep amount, excessive daytime sleepiness and nocturnal wheezing. Clinical aspects regarded as the most significant for suspecting obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) were: breathing pauses, adenoid hypertrophy, mouth breathing, craniofacial anomaly and snoring. The most frequent practices for evaluation of OSAS in children were: cavum radiography with referral to an otorhinolaryngologist (25%) and nocturnal pulse oximetry (14.2%). Only 11.6% of pediatricians recommended overnight polysomnography and 4.5%, nap polysomnography. The most effective practices for SDB were considered to be: adenoidectomy and adenotonsillectomy, parents counseling, weight loss and sleep hygiene. CONCLUSIONS: There is a gap between research on SDB in childhood and pediatric practice.

The triad of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, COPD, and obesity: sensitivity of sleep scales and respiratory questionnaires / Tríade síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono, DPOC e obesidade: sensibilidade de escalas de sono e de questionários respiratórios

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate whether the presence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) alters the perception of respiratory symptoms and quality of life in COPD patients, by using specific questionnaires, as well as to determine whether scales for assessing daytime sleepiness and for screening for OSAS can be used in the triad of OSAS, COPD, and obesity. Methods: We included 66 patients diagnosed with mild-to-moderate or severe COPD and presenting with a body mass index > 27 kg/m2. After polysomnography, patients completed the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), the Berlin questionnaire (BQ), the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale, the Baseline Dyspnea Index (BDI), and the Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Results: Patients were first divided into two groups: COPD + OSAS (n = 46); and COPD-only (n = 20). The COPD + OSAS group was subdivided into a COPD + mild-to-moderate OSAS group (n = 32) and a COPD + severe OSAS group (n = 14), all of which were compared with the COPD-only group. There was a significant difference in mean FEV1 (L) between the COPD + OSAS groups and the COPD-only group (p = 0.073). The presence of the triad did not lead to significantly higher ESS scores, and scores > 10 had a specificity of 0.58. The BQ did not identify high risk for OSAS in the presence of the triad (specificity of 0.31). There were no significant differences in domain or total scores of the SGRQ between the COPD + OSAS groups and the COPD-only group. Conclusions: The confounding factors present in the triad of OSAS, COPD, and obesity prevented the perception of increased daytime sleepiness and high risk for OSAS. We observed no worsening of dyspnea perception or quality of life.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se a presença de síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) modifica a percepção de queixas respiratórias e de qualidade de vida em pacientes com DPOC por meio de questionários específicos, além de verificar se escalas de sonolência diurna e de rastreamento para SAOS podem ser empregadas na tríade SAOS, DPOC e obesidade. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo 66 portadores diagnosticados com DPOC leve/moderada ou grave e com índice de massa corpórea > 27 kg/m2. Após a polissonografia, foram aplicados escala de sonolência de Epworth (ESE), Questionário de Berlim (QB), escala modificada do Medical Research Council (mMRC), Baseline Dyspnea Index (BDI) e Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Resultados: Foram analisados os grupos DPOC e SAOS (n = 46) vs. DPOC sem SAOS (n = 20). Do primeiro grupo, foram formados os subgrupos DPOC+SAOS leve/moderada (n = 32) e DPOC+SAOS grave (n = 14), que foram comparados com o grupo DPOC sem SAOS. Houve diferença significativa nas médias de VEF1 (l) entre os grupos DPOC com e sem SAOS (p = 0,073). A presença da tríade não aumentou significativamente o escore de ESE, tendo o escore > 10 especificidade de 0,58. O QB não identificou alto risco para SAOS na presença da tríade (especificidade de 0,31). Não houve diferenças significativas nos domínios e no escore total do SGRQ entre os grupos DPOC com e sem SAOS. Conclusões: Os fatores de confusão presentes na tríade SAOS, DPOC e obesidade impediram a percepção de maior sonolência diurna e de risco elevado de SAOS. Não foi identificada piora na percepção de dispneia e na qualidade de vida.

Prevalence of broncopulmonary and otorhinolaryngologic symptoms in children under investigation for gastroesophageal reflux disease: retrospective analysis.

UNLABELLED: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common ailment in children, adding up to the evidence that gastroesophageal reflux is an important cofactor in upper airway disorders, especially in the pediatric population. It is very common for it to impact the upper and lower airways. Our goal was to assess the presence of otorhinolaryngological symptoms in children aged between one and twelve years in whom gastroesophageal reflux is suspected. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed data from the charts of patients up to 12 years of age submitted to 24 hour pH measuring of one of two channels, placed at 2 and 5 cm from the LEE in order to confirm the diagnosis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. RESULTS: We studied 143 charts from children who underwent 24 hour pH measuring to investigate GERD; however, only 65 were included. The most prevalent symptoms in the children were bronchopulmonary, found in 89.2%, of sinonasal symptoms (72.3%), otologic (46.1%) and repetition UAW infections (44.6%). When we compared the presence of each group of symptoms of the results from the pH measuring, no significant differences were found between the symptoms and the pH measuring results. CONCLUSION: GERD can manifest in different ways and otorhinolaryngological symptoms are frequent in children.

[Sequelae lesions in the larynxes of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis]. / Lesões sequelares na laringe em pacientes com paracoccidiodomicose.

UNLABELLED: Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic disease that in its aftermath form is characterized by clinical manifestations related to anatomic or functional sequelae of organs and systems affected during the period of state. AIM: To describe the anatomical and functional sequelae in patients with treated laryngeal PCM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study. We reviewed the charts from of 49 male patients, aged between 30 to 60 years, diagnosed with laryngeal PCM during the period of 1999 to 2004. In all patients the diagnosis of PCM was confirmed by demonstration of the fungus in sputum, cytological or histopathological examination and being followed up by the Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Department. RESULTS: The vocal folds were the most affected laryngeal structure, being affected in 67% of the patients. The epiglottis and the aryepiglottic folds were affected in 55% and 53% of the cases, respectively. Vestibular folds were changed in 46% of the patients. In 40% of the cases there were changes in the arytenoids. During phonation, 28% of the patients showed limited movement of the vocal folds, unilateral vocal fold paralysis was found in 4%. 24% of the cases had glottic lumen reduction and 4% showed glottic stenosis, 2% needed tracheostomy. CONCLUSION: Sequela lesions of the laryngeal PCM are extensive and cause functional limitations in most cases.

Basal cell adenoma of the upper lip from minor salivary gland origin.

Basal cell adenoma is an uncommon benign salivary gland neoplasm, presenting isomorphic basaloid cells with a prominent basal cell layer. Taking into account that basal cell adenomas represent 1% of all salivary gland tumors, being the majority of cases in the parotid glands, the goal of this paper is to report a case of basal cell adenoma of the upper lip arising from minor salivary gland.

Lesões sequelares na laringe em pacientes com paracoccidiodomicose / Sequelae lesions in the larynxes of patients with paracoccidioidomycosis

A Paracoccidioidomicose (PCM) é uma doença sistêmica que em sua forma sequelar se caracteriza por manifestações clínicas relacionadas às alterações anatômicas ou funcionais de órgãos e sistemas comprometidos no período de estado. OBJETIVO: Descrever as alterações anatômicas e funcionais laríngeas sequelares em pacientes com paracoccidioidomicose. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, sendo avaliados 49 pacientes do sexo masculino, na faixa etária de 30 a 60 anos, entre 1999 a 2004, com diagnóstico de PCM em acompanhamento pela disciplina de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, confirmado pela demonstração do fungo em escarro, exame citológico ou histopatológico. RESULTADOS: As pregas vocais foram a estrutura laríngea mais afetada, em 67 por cento dos pacientes verificaram-se alterações. A epiglote estava acometida em 55 por cento dos casos. As pregas ariepiglóticas tinham modificações em 53 por cento dos pacientes. As pregas vestibulares estavam alteradas em 46 por cento dos casos. Em 40 por cento dos casos verificaram-se alterações em aritenoides. Na fonação, 28 por cento tinham limitação ao movimento das cordas vocais, paresia unilateral ocorreu em 4 por cento casos. Em 24 por cento havia restrição da luz supraglótica e 4 por cento tinham estenose glótica, sendo que 2 por cento precisaram de traqueotomia. CONCLUSÃO: As lesões sequelares na laringe devido à infecção pelo P. brasilienses são extensas e causam restrições funcionais na maioria dos casos.

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic disease that in its aftermath form is characterized by clinical manifestations related to anatomic or functional sequelae of organs and systems affected during the period of state. AIM: To describe the anatomical and functional sequelae in patients with treated laryngeal PCM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study. We reviewed the charts from of 49 male patients, aged between 30 to 60 years, diagnosed with laryngeal PCM during the period of 1999 to 2004. In all patients the diagnosis of PCM was confirmed by demonstration of the fungus in sputum, cytological or histopathological examination and being followed up by the Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Department. RESULTS: The vocal folds were the most affected laryngeal structure, being affected in 67 percent of the patients. The epiglottis and the aryepiglottic folds were affected in 55 percent and 53 percent of the cases, respectively. Vestibular folds were changed in 46 percent of the patients. In 40 percent of the cases there were changes in the arytenoids. During phonation, 28 percent of the patients showed limited movement of the vocal folds, unilateral vocal fold paralysis was found in 4 percent. 24 percent of the cases had glottic lumen reduction and 4 percent showed glottic stenosis, 2 percent needed tracheostomy. CONCLUSION: Sequela lesions of the laryngeal PCM are extensive and cause functional limitations in most cases.

Prevalence of broncopulmonary and otorhinolaryngologic symptoms in children under investigation for gastroesophageal reflux disease: retrospective analysis / Prevalência de achados broncopulmonares e otorrinolaringológicos em crianças sob investigação de doença do refluxo gastroesofágico: análise retrospectiva

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common ailment in children, adding up to the evidence that gastroesophageal reflux is an important cofactor in upper airway disorders, especially in the pediatric population. It is very common for it to impact the upper and lower airways. Our goal was to assess the presence of otorhinolaryngological symptoms in children aged between one and twelve years in whom gastroesophageal reflux is suspected. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed data from the charts of patients up to 12 years of age submitted to 24 hour pH measuring of one of two channels, placed at 2 and 5 cm from the LEE in order to confirm the diagnosis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. RESULTS: We studied 143 charts from children who underwent 24 hour pH measuring to investigate GERD; however, only 65 were included. The most prevalent symptoms in the children were bronchopulmonary, found in 89.2 percent, of sinonasal symptoms (72.3 percent), otologic (46.1 percent) and repetition UAW infections (44.6 percent). When we compared the presence of each group of symptoms of the results from the pH measuring, no significant differences were found between the symptoms and the pH measuring results. CONCLUSION: GERD can manifest in different ways and otorhinolaryngological symptoms are frequent in children.

A Doença do Refluxo Gastroesofágico (DRGE) é uma afecção comum na infância, aumentando as evidências de que o refluxo gastroesofágico seja um cofator importante que contribui para as desordens de vias aéreas, principalmente na população pediátrica. É muito comum serem observadas manifestações em vias aéreas superiores e inferiores. Nosso objetivo é avaliar a presença de sintomas otorrinolaringológicos em crianças com idade de um a 12 anos e suspeita de doença do refluxo gastroesofágico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODO: Foram avaliados dados de prontuários de pacientes de até 12 anos submetidos à pHmetria de 24 horas de um ou dois canais, locados a 2 e 5 cm do EEI para confirmação de diagnóstico de Doença do Refluxo Gastroesofágico. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 143 prontuários de crianças que realizaram pHmetria de 24 horas para investigação de DRGE; porém 65 foram incluídas. Os sintomas mais prevalentes nas crianças eram os broncopulmonares, encontrados em 89,2 por cento, de sintomas nasossinusais (72,3 por cento) , otológicos (46,1 por cento) e de infecções de VAS de repetição (44,6 por cento). Quando comparada a presença de cada grupo de sintomas com o resultado da pHmetria, não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre os sintomas e o resultado da pHmetria. CONCLUSÃO: DRGE pode se manifestar de diversas maneiras e os sintomas otorrinolaringológicos são frequentes em crianças.

Incidência e evolução da polipose nasal em crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística / Incidence and evolution of nasal polyps in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis

A polipose nasal é manifestação clínica de alerta para investigação de fibrose cística (FC). OBJETIVO: Avaliar incidência de pólipos nasais em crianças e adolescentes com FC, sua associação com idade, sexo, sintomas clínicos, achados laboratoriais e genótipo, e sua evolução com corticoterapia tópica. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados sintomas clínicos, níveis de cloro no suor e mutações genéticas de 23 pacientes com FC. A polipose nasal foi investigada por exame endoscópico e quando presente, o paciente recebeu 6 meses de tratamento com corticosteróide tópico e foi realizada nova endoscopia depois. Para análise estatística utilizou-se média, desvio padrão e Teste de Fisher. RESULTADOS: 39,1 por cento dos pacientes apresentaram polipose nasal (cinco bilateral, quatro unilateral), todos com mais de seis anos, 82,6 por cento, pneumonias recorrentes, 87 por cento, insuficiência pancreática e 74 por cento, desnutrição. Não houve associação entre polipose e nível de cloro no suor, genótipo, fenótipo clínico e sintomas nasais. Houve melhora da polipose com tratamento clínico em sete pacientes, com regressão completa em seis. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo mostrou elevada incidência de polipose em crianças com FC, sendo encontrada em todos os espectros de gravidade clínica, mesmo na ausência de sintomas nasais. O tratamento com corticosteróide tópico mostrou-se eficaz. A interação de pneumopediatra e do otorrinolaringologista é fundamental para diagnóstico e seguimento.

Nasal polyps are a clinical sign of alert for investigating Cystic Fibrosis (CF). AIMS: To study the incidence of nasal polyps in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis, its possible association with age, gender, clinical manifestations, genotype and sweat chlorine level, and its evolution with topical steroid therapy. METHODS: Clinical symptoms, sweat chlorine level and genotype were studied in 23 cystic fibrosis patients. Nasal polyps were diagnosed by nasal endoscopy and treated with topical steroids during 6 months, followed by a second nasal endoscopy. Fisher test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Nasal polyps were found in 39.1 percent of the patients (five bilateral, four unilateral), all older than six years, recurrent pneumonia in 82.6 percent, pancreatic insufficiency in 87 percent and malnutrition in 74 percent. No association was seen between nasal polyps and sweat chlorine level, genotype, clinical sings of severity and nasal symptoms. Seven patients improved in their nasal polyps with topical steroids, six showed complete resolution. CONCLUSION: The study showed a high incidence of nasal polyps in older children, who span the entire range of clinical severity, even in the absence of clinical nasal symptoms. Topical steroid therapy showed good results. An interaction among pediatricians and otolaryngologists is necessary for diagnosis and follow-up.

Distúrbio de hiperatividade e déficit de atenção na síndrome de apnéia obstrutuiva do sono: há melhora com tratamento cirúrgico? / Hyperactivity and attention deficit syndrome in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: is there improvement with surgical management?

Distúrbios neuropsicológicos são encontrados em até 30 por cento de crianças com Distúrbio Ventilatório Obstrutivo (DVO). OBJETIVO: Analisar a incidência de distúrbios neuropsicológicos em crianças brasileiras com diagnóstico de DVO, através de um questionário de screening, e comparar respostas antes e depois do tratamento cirúrgico. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas 30 crianças com diagnóstico clínico de DVO divididas em 3 grupos etários: grupo I com crianças de 4 a 7 anos, grupo II de 8 a 10 anos e grupo III com 11 anos ou mais. Os questionários foram respondidos pelos pais/responsáveis, contendo 30 questões divididas em bloco de 10 sobre déficit de atenção, hiperatividade e impulsividade. As crianças receberam o diagnóstico de um dos distúrbios quando apresentavam 3 ou mais questões positivas. A segunda entrevista ocorreu 6 meses após a adenotonsilectomia. RESULTADOS: Houve predomínio do sexo masculino (60,6 por cento) em relação ao sexo feminino (39,4 por cento). O grupo II foi o que apresentou mais significativas mudanças, com redução de 87,5 por cento a 33,3 por cento dos pacientes com déficit de atenção, 75 por cento a 50 por cento dos hiperativos e 50 por cento a 33 por cento dos impulsivos. CONCLUSÕES: Houve melhora neuropsicológica após a cirurgia, o que ocorreu principalmente no grupo de escolares (8 a 10 anos). Maior interação entre os profissionais de saúde é necessária no diagnóstico e acompanhamento dessas crianças.

Neuropsychological disorders are frequently associated with obstructive ventilatory disorders (OVD). AIM: To analyze the incidence of neuropsychological disorders in Brazilian children with OVD, using a screening questionnaire and to compare the answers given before and after surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 30 children with clinical diagnosis of OVD. The children were divided into 3 groups: group I, children aged 4 to 7; group II, from 8 to 10; and group III, children over 11. The applied questionnaires were answered by the parents or tutors, and comprised 30 questions, 10 for each disorder: attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity. The children were diagnosed with one of the disorders when presented 3 or more positive answers. The follow up interview occurred 6 months after adenotonsillectomy. RESULTS: There was a predominance of male gender (60.6 percent) over female gender (39.4 percent). Group II presented the highest number of significant changes, with reductions raging from 87.5 percent to 33.3 percent of patients with attention deficit, 75 percent to 50 percent of the hyperactive patients, and 50 percent to 33 percent of the impulsive patients. CONCLUSION: There was neuropsychological improvement after the surgery, which occurred mainly in the children from group II. More interaction among health professionals is necessary when diagnosing and following up similar cases.

Pediatras e os distúrbios respiratórios do sono na criança / Pediatricians and sleep-disordered breathing in the child

OBJETIVOS: pesquisar as opiniões e condutas de pediatras frente aos distúrbios respiratórios do sono (DRS) em crianças. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 516 pediatras do Estado de São Paulo. Foi enviado aos pediatras, por correio, um formulário de questões sobre: perfil profissional, seu conhecimento do DRS na criança, opiniões e condutas para diagnóstico e tratamento dessa doença. RESULTADOS: Retornaram preenchidos 112 questionários anônimos (21,7 por cento). O ensino de DRS na infância durante a graduação e a residência médica em Pediatria foi considerado insatisfatório, respectivamente, por 65,2 por cento e 34,8 por cento dos pediatras. Quarenta e nove pediatras (43,8 por cento) avaliaram seu conhecimento de DRS na criança como regular, 39 (34,8 por cento) como bom e 17 (15,2 por cento) como insatisfatório. As questões de anamnese do sono consideradas mais importantes foram: respiração bucal, pausas respiratórias, número de horas de sono, sonolência diurna excessiva e chiado noturno. Os dados clínicos considerados mais importantes para a suspeita de síndrome da apnéia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) foram: pausas respiratórias, hipertrofia da adenóide, respiração bucal, presença de anomalia craniofacial e ronco. As principais condutas citadas para diagnóstico de SAOS na criança foram: radiografia do cavum e avaliação com otorrinolaringologista (25 por cento) e oximetria de pulso noturna (14,2 por cento). Somente 11,6 por cento dos pediatras indicaram a polissonografia de noite inteira e 4,5 por cento, a polissonografia breve diurna. As condutas consideradas mais eficazes para tratamento de DRS foram: cirurgias de adenoidectomia e adenotonsilectomia, orientação aos pais, perda de peso e higiene do sono. CONCLUSÕES: Há um descompasso entre as pesquisas sobre DRS na infância e sua abordagem na prática pediátrica.

Ronco e apnéia obstrutiva do sono em crianças: impacto nas funçöes neuropsicológicas / Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea in cchildren: neuropsychological functions

Objetivo: revisar a literatura sobre a relaçäo entre ronco primário, apnéia obstrutiva do sono e funçöes neuropsicológicas na criança. Métodos: foram selecionados trabalhos indexados na base de dados Medline sob os unitermos "child", "sleep apnea, obstructive", "snoring", "learning" e "cognition". Näo foram encontrados artigos sobre o assunto na base de dados LILACS. Resultados: o ronco primário afeta de 7 a 9 por cento das crianças, enquanto a apnéia obstrutiva do sono ocorre em aproximadamente 3 por cento das crianças, notadamente as pré-escolares. O ronco primário e a apnéia obstrutiva do sono, geralmente, resultam da hipertrofia adenotonsilar e podem provocar alteraçöes cognitivas na infância-especialmente déficit de inteligência e atençäo-, levando ap mau desempenho escolar. Sonolência excessiva diurna é um sintoma ocasional da apnéia obstrutiva do sono na faixa etária pediátrica. As alteraçöes de comportamento mais comuns nessas crianças sä a agressividade e a hiperatividade, ambas reversíveis após adenotonsilectomia. Em cerca de 1/5 das crianças com déficit de atençäo e distúrbio de hiperatividade, coexistem distúrbios respiratórios do sono