Chemoproteomic discovery of a covalent allosteric inhibitor of WRN helicase.

WRN helicase is a promising target for treatment of cancers with microsatellite instability (MSI) due to its essential role in resolving deleterious non-canonical DNA structures that accumulate in cells with faulty mismatch repair mechanisms1-5. Currently there are no approved drugs directly targeting human DNA or RNA helicases, in part owing to the challenging nature of developing potent and selective compounds to this class of proteins. Here we describe the chemoproteomics-enabled discovery of a clinical-stage, covalent allosteric inhibitor of WRN, VVD-133214. This compound selectively engages a cysteine (C727) located in a region of the helicase domain subject to interdomain movement during DNA unwinding. VVD-133214 binds WRN protein cooperatively with nucleotide and stabilizes compact conformations lacking the dynamic flexibility necessary for proper helicase function, resulting in widespread double-stranded DNA breaks, nuclear swelling and cell death in MSI-high (MSI-H), but not in microsatellite-stable, cells. The compound was well tolerated in mice and led to robust tumour regression in multiple MSI-H colorectal cancer cell lines and patient-derived xenograft models. Our work shows an allosteric approach for inhibition of WRN function that circumvents competition from an endogenous ATP cofactor in cancer cells, and designates VVD-133214 as a promising drug candidate for patients with MSI-H cancers.

Structure-activity relationship study of central pyridine-derived TYK2 JH2 inhibitors: Optimization of the PK profile through C4' and C6 variations.

Efforts directed at improving potency and preparing structurally different TYK2 JH2 inhibitors from the first generation of compounds such as 1a led to the SAR study of new central pyridyl based analogs 2-4. The current SAR study resulted in the identification of 4h as a potent and selective TYK2 JH2 inhibitor with distinct structural differences from 1a. In this manuscript, the in vitro and in vivo profiles of 4h are described. The hWB IC50 of 4h was shown as 41 nM with 94% bioavailability in the mouse PK study.

DCAF11 Supports Targeted Protein Degradation by Electrophilic Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras.

Ligand-induced protein degradation has emerged as a compelling approach to promote the targeted elimination of proteins from cells by directing these proteins to the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery. So far, only a limited number of E3 ligases have been found to support ligand-induced protein degradation, reflecting a dearth of E3-binding compounds for proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) design. Here, we describe a functional screening strategy performed with a focused library of candidate electrophilic PROTACs to discover bifunctional compounds that degrade proteins in human cells by covalently engaging E3 ligases. Mechanistic studies revealed that the electrophilic PROTACs act through modifying specific cysteines in DCAF11, a poorly characterized E3 ligase substrate adaptor. We further show that DCAF11-directed electrophilic PROTACs can degrade multiple endogenous proteins, including FBKP12 and the androgen receptor, in human prostate cancer cells. Our findings designate DCAF11 as an E3 ligase capable of supporting ligand-induced protein degradation via electrophilic PROTACs.

Identification of bicyclic hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol sulfonamides as retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ/RORc) inverse agonists. Employing structure-based drug design to improve pregnane X receptor (PXR) selectivity.

We disclose the optimization of a high throughput screening hit to yield benzothiazine and tetrahydroquinoline sulfonamides as potent RORγt inverse agonists. However, a majority of these compounds showed potent activity against pregnane X receptor (PXR) and modest activity against liver X receptor α (LXRα). Structure-based drug design (SBDD) led to the identification of benzothiazine and tetrahydroquinoline sulfonamide analogs which completely dialed out LXRα activity and were less potent at PXR. Pharmacodynamic (PD) data for compound 35 in an IL-23 induced IL-17 mouse model is discussed along with the implications of a high Ymax in the PXR assay for long term preclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) studies.

Tyrosine Kinase 2-mediated Signal Transduction in T Lymphocytes Is Blocked by Pharmacological Stabilization of Its Pseudokinase Domain.

Inhibition of signal transduction downstream of the IL-23 receptor represents an intriguing approach to the treatment of autoimmunity. Using a chemogenomics approach marrying kinome-wide inhibitory profiles of a compound library with the cellular activity against an IL-23-stimulated transcriptional response in T lymphocytes, a class of inhibitors was identified that bind to and stabilize the pseudokinase domain of the Janus kinase tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2), resulting in blockade of receptor-mediated activation of the adjacent catalytic domain. These Tyk2 pseudokinase domain stabilizers were also shown to inhibit Tyk2-dependent signaling through the Type I interferon receptor but not Tyk2-independent signaling and transcriptional cellular assays, including stimulation through the receptors for IL-2 (JAK1- and JAK3-dependent) and thrombopoietin (JAK2-dependent), demonstrating the high functional selectivity of this approach. A crystal structure of the pseudokinase domain liganded with a representative example showed the compound bound to a site analogous to the ATP-binding site in catalytic kinases with features consistent with high ligand selectivity. The results support a model where the pseudokinase domain regulates activation of the catalytic domain by forming receptor-regulated inhibitory interactions. Tyk2 pseudokinase stabilizers, therefore, represent a novel approach to the design of potent and selective agents for the treatment of autoimmunity.

Discovery of acylurea isosteres of 2-acylaminothiadiazole in the azaxanthene series of glucocorticoid receptor agonists.

Acylureas and acyclic imides are found to be excellent isosteres for 2-acylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole in the azaxanthene-based series of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists. The results reported herein show that primary acylureas maintain high affinity and selectivity for GR while providing improved CYP450 inhibition and pharmacokinetic profile over 2-acylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles. General methods for synthesis of a variety of acylureas and acyclic imides from a carboxylic acid were utilized and are described.

Pyrazole-based sulfonamide and sulfamides as potent inhibitors of mammalian 15-lipoxygenase.

A series of inhibitors of mammalian 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) based on a 3,4,5-tri-substituted pyrazole scaffold is described. Replacement of a sulfonamide functionality in the lead series with a sulfamide group resulted in improved physicochemical properties generating analogs with enhanced inhibition in cell-based and whole blood assays.

Discovery of BMS-986202: A Clinical Tyk2 Inhibitor that Binds to Tyk2 JH2.

A search for structurally diversified Tyk2 JH2 ligands from 6 (BMS-986165), a pyridazine carboxamide-derived Tyk2 JH2 ligand as a clinical Tyk2 inhibitor currently in late development for the treatment of psoriasis, began with a survey of six-membered heteroaryl groups in place of the N-methyl triazolyl moiety in 6. The X-ray co-crystal structure of an early lead (12) revealed a potential new binding pocket. Exploration of the new pocket resulted in two frontrunners for a clinical candidate. The potential hydrogen bonding interaction with Thr599 in the pocket was achieved with a tertiary amide moiety, confirmed by the X-ray co-crystal structure of 29. When the diversity search was extended to nicotinamides, a single fluorine atom addition was found to significantly enhance the permeability, which directly led to the discovery of 7 (BMS-986202) as a clinical Tyk2 inhibitor that binds to Tyk2 JH2. The preclinical studies of 7, including efficacy studies in mouse models of IL-23-driven acanthosis, anti-CD40-induced colitis, and spontaneous lupus, will also be presented.

Discovery of novel dihydro-9,10-ethano-anthracene carboxamides as glucocorticoid receptor modulators.

A series of dihydro-9,10-ethano-anthracene-11-carboxamides as novel glucocorticoid receptor modulators is reported. SAR exploration identified compounds from this series displaying a promising dissociation profile in discriminating between transrepression and transactivation activities. 17a is a partial agonist of GR-mediated transactivation which elicits potent and efficacious transrepression in reporter gene assays. A hypothetical binding mode is provided which accounts for the induction of functional activity by a bridgehead methyl group.

Identification of N-Methyl Nicotinamide and N-Methyl Pyridazine-3-Carboxamide Pseudokinase Domain Ligands as Highly Selective Allosteric Inhibitors of Tyrosine Kinase 2 (TYK2).

As a member of the Janus (JAK) family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, TYK2 plays an important role in mediating the signaling of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-12, IL-23, and type 1 interferons. The nicotinamide 4, identified by a SPA-based high-throughput screen targeting the TYK2 pseudokinase domain, potently inhibits IL-23 and IFNα signaling in cellular assays. The described work details the optimization of this poorly selective hit (4) to potent and selective molecules such as 47 and 48. The discoveries described herein were critical to the eventual identification of the clinical TYK2 JH2 inhibitor (see following report in this issue). Compound 48 provided robust inhibition in a mouse IL-12-induced IFNγ pharmacodynamic model as well as efficacy in an IL-23 and IL-12-dependent mouse colitis model. These results demonstrate the ability of TYK2 JH2 domain binders to provide a highly selective alternative to conventional TYK2 orthosteric inhibitors.

Highly Selective Inhibition of Tyrosine Kinase 2 (TYK2) for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases: Discovery of the Allosteric Inhibitor BMS-986165.

Small molecule JAK inhibitors have emerged as a major therapeutic advancement in treating autoimmune diseases. The discovery of isoform selective JAK inhibitors that traditionally target the catalytically active site of this kinase family has been a formidable challenge. Our strategy to achieve high selectivity for TYK2 relies on targeting the TYK2 pseudokinase (JH2) domain. Herein we report the late stage optimization efforts including a structure-guided design and water displacement strategy that led to the discovery of BMS-986165 (11) as a high affinity JH2 ligand and potent allosteric inhibitor of TYK2. In addition to unprecedented JAK isoform and kinome selectivity, 11 shows excellent pharmacokinetic properties with minimal profiling liabilities and is efficacious in several murine models of autoimmune disease. On the basis of these findings, 11 appears differentiated from all other reported JAK inhibitors and has been advanced as the first pseudokinase-directed therapeutic in clinical development as an oral treatment for autoimmune diseases.

Identification of Imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine Derivatives as Potent, Selective, and Orally Active Tyk2 JH2 Inhibitors.

In sharp contrast to a previously reported series of 6-anilino imidazopyridazine based Tyk2 JH2 ligands, 6-((2-oxo-N1-substituted-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)amino)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine analogs were found to display dramatically improved metabolic stability. The N1-substituent on 2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine ring can be a variety of alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups, but among them, 2-pyridyl provided much enhanced Caco-2 permeability, attributed to its ability to form intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Further structure-activity relationship studies at the C3 position led to the identification of highly potent and selective Tyk2 JH2 inhibitor 6, which proved to be highly effective in inhibiting IFNγ production in a rat pharmacodynamics model and fully efficacious in a rat adjuvant arthritis model.

Autoimmune pathways in mice and humans are blocked by pharmacological stabilization of the TYK2 pseudokinase domain.

TYK2 is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase involved in adaptive and innate immune responses. A deactivating coding variant has previously been shown to prevent receptor-stimulated activation of this kinase and provides high protection from several common autoimmune diseases but without immunodeficiency. An agent that recapitulates the phenotype of this deactivating coding variant may therefore represent an important advancement in the treatment of autoimmunity. BMS-986165 is a potent oral agent that similarly blocks receptor-stimulated activation of TYK2 allosterically and with high selectivity and potency afforded through optimized binding to a regulatory domain of the protein. Signaling and functional responses in human TH17, TH1, B cells, and myeloid cells integral to autoimmunity were blocked by BMS-986165, both in vitro and in vivo in a phase 1 clinical trial. BMS-986165 demonstrated robust efficacy, consistent with blockade of multiple autoimmune pathways, in murine models of lupus nephritis and inflammatory bowel disease, supporting its therapeutic potential for multiple immune-mediated diseases.

Improving the pharmacokinetic and CYP inhibition profiles of azaxanthene-based glucocorticoid receptor modulators-identification of (S)-5-(2-(9-fluoro-2-(4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)phenyl)-5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-2-methylpropanamido)-N-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxamide (BMS-341).

An empirical approach to improve the microsomal stability and CYP inhibition profile of lead compounds 1a and 1b led to the identification of 5 (BMS-341) as a dissociated glucocorticoid receptor modulator. Compound 5 showed significant improvements in pharmacokinetic properties and, unlike compounds 1a-b, displayed a linear, dose-dependent pharmacokinetic profile in rats. When tested in a chronic model of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rat, the ED50 of 5 (0.9 mg/kg) was superior to that of both 1a and 1b (8 and 17 mg/kg, respectively).

Azaxanthene based selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators: design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of (S)-4-(5-(1-((1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)amino)-2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-N,N-dimethylbenzamide (BMS-776532) and its methylene homologue (BMS-791826).

Structurally novel 5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridine (azaxanthene) selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modulators have been identified. A screening paradigm utilizing cellular assays of GR-mediated transrepression of proinflammatory transcription factors and transactivation of GR-dependent genes combined with three physiologically relevant assays of cytokine induction in human whole blood has allowed for the identification of high affinity, selective GR ligands that display a broad range of pharmacological profiles. Agonist efficacy in reporter assays can be tuned by halogenation of a pendent phenyl ring and correlates well with efficacy for cytokine inhibition in human whole blood. A hypothetical binding mode is proposed, invoking an expanded ligand binding pocket resembling that of arylpyrazole-bound GR structures. Two compounds of close structural similarity (35 and 37; BMS-776532 and BMS-791826, respectively) have been found to maintain distinct and consistent levels of partial agonist efficacy across several assays, displaying anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of prednisolone 2 in suppressing cytokine production in whole blood and in rodent models of acute and chronic inflammation.

Dimethyl-diphenyl-propanamide derivatives as nonsteroidal dissociated glucocorticoid receptor agonists.

A series of 2,2-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-propanamides as novel glucocorticoid receptor modulators is reported. SAR exploration led to the identification of 4-hydroxyphenyl propanamide derivatives displaying good agonist activity in GR-mediated transrepression assays and reduced agonist activity in GR-mediated transactivation assays. Compounds 17 and 30 showed anti-inflammatory activity comparable to prednisolone in the rat carrageenan-induced paw edema model, with markedly decreased side effects with regard to increases in blood glucose and expression of hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase. A hypothetical binding mode accounting for the induction of the functional activity by a 4-hydroxyl group is proposed.

Discovery of selective imidazole-based inhibitors of mammalian 15-lipoxygenase: highly potent against human enzyme within a cellular environment.

A series of 2,4,5-tri-substituted imidazoles has proven to be highly potent in inhibiting mammalian 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) with excellent selectivity over human isozymes 5- and P-12-LO. Non-symmetrical sulfamides (e.g., 21a-n) were found to be suitable replacements for the earlier arylsulfonamide-containing members of this series (e.g., 2, 14a-p). Several members of these series also demonstrated potent inhibition of human 15-LO in a cell-based assay.

Tryptamine and homotryptamine-based sulfonamides as potent and selective inhibitors of 15-lipoxygenase.

A series of inhibitors of mammalian 15-lipoxygenase based on tryptamine and homotryptamine scaffolds is described. Compounds with aryl substituents at C-2 of the indole core of tryptamine and homotryptamine sulfonamides (e.g., 37a-p) proved to be potent inhibitors of the isolated enzyme. Selected compounds also demonstrated desirable inhibition selectivities over isozymes 5- and P-12-LO.

Aminoimidazoles as bioisosteres of acylguanidines: novel, potent, selective and orally bioavailable inhibitors of the sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform-1.

Inhibition of the sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform-1 (NHE-1) has been shown to limit damage to the myocardium under ischemic conditions in animals. While most known NHE-1 inhibitors are acylguanidines, this report describes the design and synthesis of a series of heterocyclic inhibitors of NHE-1 including aminoimidazoles with undiminished in vitro activity and oral bioavailability.