Should physician-assisted suicide (PAS) be legalised in the UK? An innovative workshop exploring medical students' perspectives.

This workshop aimed to investigate students' perspectives on physician-assisted suicide (PAS) and its potential legalisation. A two-pronged strategy was used - a goldfish bowl roleplay simulation and a facilitated group discussion. The roleplay enabled students to engage with practical and emotional challenges related to responding to a PAS request, while the discussion encouraged open dialogue on the ethical complexities of legalising PAS. Students showed nuanced changes in perspectives on PAS by actively participating in roleplay and discussions, demonstrating the potential for these approaches to promote deeper understanding.

Examining willingness to donate frozen oocytes among women of reproductive age.

RESEARCH QUESTION: What are the predictors of willingness to donate frozen oocytes among women of reproductive age in Australia? DESIGN: An online survey involving 303 women of reproductive age (18-49 years) in Australia who had not frozen their oocytes or planned to freeze their oocytes in the next 12 months. The survey assessed demographic variables, prototype willingness model variables (attitude, subjective norm, prototype similarity and prototype favourability) and additional variables (altruism, empathy and infertility awareness) as predictors of hypothetical scenarios of willingness to donate frozen oocytes. A multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance explored differences in willingness to donate frozen oocytes. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis examined predictors of donor willingness. RESULTS: Women's willingness to donate their frozen oocytes was higher for donating to a friend or family member and to research compared with an egg bank or fertility clinic, or a couple advertising online for an egg donor (all P < 0.001). The prototype willingness model variables were significant predictors of willingness to donate showing slightly varied patterns across four scenarios. After accounting for demographics, regression models including prototype willingness model variables and additional variables accounted for 45-64% of variance in donor willingness. CONCLUSIONS: Frozen oocyte donation may be facilitated by improving attitudes towards donation and establishing positive images of donors. Professionals requiring frozen oocytes for research could focus on creating a sense of social approval for donating in this context. Encouraging frozen oocyte donation could increase access to oocytes for IVF treatment and aid in reducing the psychological burdens associated with involuntary childlessness.

Impact of front-of-pack nutrition labelling in consumer understanding and use across socio-economic status: A systematic review.

An unhealthy diet is a leading contributor to the increasing burden of overweight and obesity. Front-of-pack labelling (FOPL) is being recognized as a policy strategy to promote healthier choices yet there is limited evaluation of FOPL to suggest if it is effective for all population subgroups. This systematic review aimed to assess the impact of FOPL on consumer understanding and usage across socio-economic gradients. Six electronic databases were searched through a systematic search process using key terms for FOPL and socioeconomic status (SES) from 2011 to March 2022 to include studies evaluating the effectiveness of FOPL. A narrative synthesis was conducted and the results were assessed according to the effects of FOPL on consumer awareness, understanding, and usage across SES. The review included 36 articles. In general, people of all SES groups were aware of and more likely to pay attention towards FOPL than the nutrition information panel provided on the back of the package. However, the understanding and usage were relatively poor, particularly in low SES groups. While studies conducted in low SES populations suggest FOPL increased the purchase intention of healthy products, the stratified analysis across SES showed less beneficial effects in low SES individuals. The findings highlight simplified and easy-to-understand FOPLs such as Nutri-score and traffic light labelling are likely to be effective for all populations including low SES groups. Overall, the review suggests FOPLs are more visible than the nutrition information panel and may guide healthier food choices for people of all SES backgrounds. It is unclear whether FOPL influences actual purchasing and food intake as there are insufficient studies comparing the effects among higher and lower SES populations.

Non-Pharmacological and Non-Surgical Feeding Interventions for Hospitalized Infants with Pediatric Feeding Disorder: A Scoping Review.

Infants born prematurely or with complex medical conditions often require treatment to facilitate safe and efficient feeding. Practice is based on evidence, so frontline clinicians look to the literature to make informed clinical decisions. The aim of this scoping review was to map and describe the literature base for infant feeding and swallowing interventions and to identify areas for further research. Four electronic databases were searched from the sources' inceptions through April 2020 using a search strategy designed by a health sciences research librarian. Thirteen grey literature sources were searched and forward and backward citation chasing was performed. Inclusion criteria were English-language studies reporting non-pharmacological and non-surgical interventions for hospitalized infants. Exclusion criteria included interventions exclusively for infants with cleft lip or palate or for infants being fed exclusively though enteral feeding. Data were extracted using a form created a priori and data were reported descriptively. We reviewed 6654 abstracts: 725 were chosen for full-text review and 136 met inclusion. Most studies explored interventions for infants born prematurely (n = 128). Studies were stratified by intervention domain: bridging (n = 91) and feeding/swallowing (n = 45); intervention approach: direct (n = 72), indirect (n = 31), or combination (n = 33); and outcome: feeding performance (n = 125), physiologic stability (n = 40), and swallowing physiology (n = 12). The body of research in infant feeding has grown; however, a need remains for research focused on populations of infants with various medical complexities and for frequently used interventions that lack supporting evidence.

Clearing the way for participatory data stewardship in artificial intelligence development: a mixed methods approach.

Participatory data stewardship (PDS) empowers individuals to shape and govern their data via responsible collection and use. As artificial intelligence (AI) requires massive amounts of data, research must assess what factors predict consumers' willingness to provide their data to AI. This mixed-methods study applied the extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with additional predictors of trust and subjective norms. Participants' data donation profile was also measured to assess the influence of individuals' social duty, understanding of the purpose and guilt. Participants (N = 322) completed an experimental survey. Individuals were willing to provide data to AI via PDS when they believed it was their social duty, understood the purpose and trusted AI. However, the TAM may not be a complete model for assessing user willingness. This study establishes that individuals value the importance of trusting and comprehending the broader societal impact of AI when providing their data to AI.Practitioner summary: To build responsible and representative AI, individuals are needed to participate in data stewardship. The factors driving willingness to participate in such methods were studied via an online survey. Trust, social duty and understanding the purpose significantly predicted willingness to provide data to AI via participatory data stewardship.

A virtual reality paradigm with dynamic scene stimuli for use in memory research.

Episodic memory may essentially be memory for one's place within a temporally unfolding scene from a first-person perspective. Given this, pervasively used static stimuli may only capture one small part of episodic memory. A promising approach for advancing the study of episodic memory is immersing participants within varying scenes from a first-person perspective. We present a pool of distinct scene stimuli for use in virtual environments and a paradigm that is implementable across varying levels of immersion on multiple virtual reality (VR) platforms and adaptable to studying various aspects of scene and episodic memory. In our task, participants are placed within a series of virtual environments from a first-person perspective and guided through a virtual tour of scenes during a study phase and a test phase. In the test phase, some scenes share a spatial layout with studied scenes; others are completely novel. In three experiments with varying degrees of immersion, we measure scene recall, scene familiarity-detection during recall failure, the subjective experience of déjà vu, the ability to predict the next turn on a tour, the subjective sense of being able to predict the next turn on a tour, and the factors that influence memory search and the inclination to generate candidate recollective information. The level of first-person immersion mattered to multiple facets of episodic memory. The paradigm presents a useful means of advancing mechanistic understanding of how memory operates in realistic dynamic scene environments, including in combination with cognitive neuroscience methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiology.

A ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm and the difficulties of confirming syphilis.

A 43-year-old woman died suddenly and was found at PM to have a ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm. The endothelial surface of the aorta showed a 'tree-bark' appearance. Histology of the aneurysm wall showed a patchy, mainly perivascular, plasma cell infiltrate. Multiple spirochete-like organisms were identified on T. pallidum IHC. However, PM syphilis serology (screen including rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and T. pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA)) on femoral blood was negative. PCR testing on FFPE aortic wall tissue was negative. Further history revealed routine antenatal syphilis screening tests had been negative, no known history or risk of exposure to syphilis or other treponemes. This case raises the possibility of false negative syphilis testing. While acknowledged in RPR testing, with the modern testing regime using multiple methods, the rate of false negative results is now thought to be markedly reduced, and false positive results are a much greater problem in clinical medicine. The most common cause of false negative results is early in primary infection before an immune response has been mounted and in those patients that are immunocompromised. False negative results are also more often seen in tertiary syphilis, as in this case. Newer testing methods which include 16S rRNA sequencing have become available and early discussion with a microbiologist would be recommended. Strong macroscopic and microscopic suggestion of syphilis as the cause of the aneurysm makes it necessary to include the possibility of infection in the Post Mortem Report to Coroner as this will have implications for her sexual partners and children.

AAV9 Gene Therapy Increases Lifespan and Treats Pathological and Behavioral Abnormalities in a Mouse Model of CLN8-Batten Disease.

CLN8 disease is a rare form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis caused by biallelic mutations in the CLN8 gene, which encodes a transmembrane endoplasmic reticulum protein involved in trafficking of lysosomal enzymes. CLN8 disease patients present with myoclonus, tonic-clonic seizures, and progressive declines in cognitive and motor function, with many cases resulting in premature death early in life. There are currently no treatments that can cure the disease or substantially slow disease progression. Using a mouse model of CLN8 disease, we tested the safety and efficacy of an intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) delivered self-complementary adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (scAAV9) gene therapy vector driving expression of human CLN8. A single neonatal injection was safe and well tolerated, resulting in robust transgene expression throughout the CNS from 4 to 24 months, reducing histopathological and behavioral hallmarks of the disease and restoring lifespan from 10 months in untreated animals to beyond 24 months of age in treated animals. While it is unclear whether some of these behavioral improvements relate to preserved visual function, improvements in learning/memory, or other central or peripheral benefits, these results demonstrate, by far, the most successful degree of rescue reported in an animal model of CLN8 disease, and they support further development of gene therapy for this disorder.

Can cue familiarity during recall failure prompt illusory recollective experience?

Recognition memory is thought to involve two bases: familiarity (a sense that something was encountered previously) and recollection (retrieval of specifics or context). The present study investigated the hypothesis that a sensation of familiarity during cued-recall failure might increase illusory recollective experience. This hypothesis was driven, in part, by the suggestion in the literature that the type of familiarity-driven recollective confabulation often seen in populations experiencing memory impairment might actually be a common feature of normal human memory. We examined the hypothesis that as perceived cue familiarity increases during the uncertainty of target retrieval failure, so does illusory recollection of a contextual detail. Toward this end, we systematically varied the amount of cue-to-target(s) surface feature-overlap in the recognition without cued recall paradigm, which has been shown to increase perceived cue familiarity during target recall failure. Increasing perceived cue familiarity during target retrieval failure led to increased confidence in knowing a contextual detail that was not actually known. As perceived cue familiarity increased, so did erroneous confidence in knowing the arrow direction (left or right) that supposedly accompanied the unretrieved target (Experiment 1), the background color (Experiment 2), and whether an accompanying tone was high or low (Experiment 3).

Specifying a relationship between semantic and episodic memory in the computation of a feature-based familiarity signal using MINERVA 2.

Approaches to modeling episodic recognition memory often imply a separability from semantic memory insofar as an implicit tabula rasa (i.e., blank slate) assumption is apparent in many simulations. This is evident in the common practice of having new test probes correspond to zero memory traces in the store while old test probes correspond to traces representing instances of items' occurrence on a study list. However, in list-learning studies involving word lists, none of the test items would actually correspond to zero items in the person's memory, as all of the test words are generally known to participants, whether old or new. By focusing on a list-learning recognition phenomenon that likely results from feature-based familiarity detection and necessarily involves a role of preexisting knowledge in its mechanisms-the semantic-feature-based recognition without cued recall phenomenon-we show how incorporating preexisting knowledge into the MINERVA 2 model enables it to simulate previously shown empirical patterns with this phenomenon. The simulation patterns reported here raise new theoretical implications worth further exploration, such as the extent to which the variances change in the signal versus the noise distribution when preexisting knowledge is present versus absent in the simulations.

Do conspiracy theory and mistrust undermine people's intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine in Austria?

Conspiracy theories flourish during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic especially regarding vaccinations. As the vaccination reluctancy in Austria is high, it is important to understand the antecedents of vaccination intention at the preapproval stage of the vaccination process. An online survey was conducted in August 2020 in Austria with 217 primarily younger, female, educated participants. A two-step cluster analysis resulted in a sceptics cluster with a clear antivaccination tendency along with a right-wing political position, lower trust in general vaccines and lower education levels and the reference cluster. A considerable percentage of participants reported their reluctancy to have a COVID-19 vaccine. Although vaccination intention can be explained by attitude and subjective norm, this decision-making process is undermined by underlying factors such as conspiracy ideation and political position. Policy makers and health interventionists should take political background into consideration in efforts to increase vaccine compliance.

Speech acquisition within a 3-generation Vietnamese-English family: the influence of maturation and ambient phonology.

The emergence approach to speech acquisition theorises the influence of intrinsic capabilities (e.g., maturation), interactional capabilities, and extrinsic contexts (e.g., ambient phonology). Intrinsic and extrinsic influences were examined via a case study of a 3-generation Vietnamese-English family with two brothers (C1 aged 5;6 and C2 aged 3;10), their mother (M), grandfather (GF) and grandmother (GM). Their speech was assessed using the Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology (DEAP) and the Vietnamese Speech Assessment (VSA). Standard Australian English/Standard Vietnamese productions were defined as 'correct', even though the adults spoke different Vietnamese dialects. Their percentage of standard consonants correct (PSCC) was: C1 (English:92.27%, Vietnamese:89.05%), C2 (E:86.47%, VN:86.13%), M (E:90.34%, VN:96.35%), GF (E:82.61%, VN:97.81%), GM (VN:99.27%). Percentages were higher when dialectal variants were included. C1 and C2 had more pronunciation matches with English (86.96%) than Vietnamese (79.56%). C1's pronunciation matched: M (E:85.02%, VN:83.94%), GF (E:79.23%, VN:77.37%), GM (VN:73.72%) and C2's pronunciation matched: M (E:79.23%, VN:73.72%), GF (E:73.91%, VN:75.18%), GM (VN:72.26%). There was evidence of ambient phonology influences and cross-linguistic transfer. For example, in Vietnamese 'r' is produced as /ʐ/ or /r/ , but was produced by C1 as [ɹ] (English approximant) and by C2 [w] (age-appropriate/ɹ/substitution). The children demonstrated maturation influences for late-occurring English consonants (e.g., English /θ/ →[f]). This study found evidence for the emergence approach and recommends knowledge of the ambient phonology augments traditional child-focused understandings of children's speech acquisition.

Aberrant Cerebellar Resting-State Functional Connectivity Related to Reading Performance in Struggling Readers.

Reading is a critical neurodevelopmental skill for school-aged children, which requires a distributed network of brain regions including the cerebellum. However, we do not know how functional connectivity between the cerebellum and other brain regions contributes to reading. Here we used resting-state functional connectivity to understand the cerebellum's role in decoding, reading speed, and comprehension in a group of struggling readers (RD) and a group of adolescents and children with typical reading abilities (TD). We observed an increase in functional connectivity between the sensorimotor network and the left angular gyrus, left lateral occipital cortex, and right inferior frontal gyrus in the RD group relative to the TD group. Additionally, functional connectivity between the cerebellum network and the precentral gyrus was decreased and was related to reading fluency in the RD group. Seed-based analysis revealed increased functional connectivity between crus 1, lobule 6, and lobule 8 of the cerebellum and brain regions related to the default mode network and the motor system for the RD group. We also found associations between reading performance and the functional connectivity between lobule 8 of the cerebellum and the left angular gyrus for both groups, with stronger relationships in the TD group. Specifically, the RD group displayed a positive relationship between functional connectivity, whereas the TD group displayed the opposite relationship. These results suggest that the cerebellum is involved in multiple components of reading performance and that functional connectivity differences observed in the RD group may contribute to poor reading performance.

Short-term effectiveness of a theory-based intervention to promote diabetes management behaviours among adults with type 2 diabetes in Iran: A randomised control trial.

BACKGROUND: Diet and physical activity are recommended for diabetes management. Evidence suggests theory-based interventions are more efficacious than non-theory approaches. This study aimed to test the short-term effectiveness of an integrated theoretical model-based intervention to encourage compliance for low-fat food consumption, carbohydrate counting and physical activity in adults with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A 4-week parallel randomised control trial was conducted in Iran. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire at baseline and 8-weeks post-intervention. This survey assessed the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) constructs of attitude, subjective norm (others' approval) and perceived behavioural control (PBC). We also assessed risk perceptions (motivational) and planning (volitional) from the health action process approach (HAPA). Furthermore, weight, body mass index, triglyceride (TG) and LDL-cholesterol were measured, with a sub-sample of participants providing haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) assessments. RESULTS: For both low-fat food consumption and physical activity, only planning revealed a significant improvement over time for intervention rather than control participants (F = 8.78, P ≤ .001 for low-fat vs F = 11.26, P ≤ .001 for physical activity). For carbohydrate counting, significant effects were found for behaviour (F = 4.37, P = .03), intention (F = 8.14, P ≤ .001), PBC (F = 7.52, P ≤ .001) and planning (F = 4.54, P = .03), reflecting improvements over time in the intervention participants compared to controls. Furthermore, the effects of the intervention on behaviour were partially mediated via participants' degree of planning (B = 0.10, SE = 0.06, CI = 0.01 to 0.26). The serum TG level was significantly reduced from pre to post-intervention for intervention rather than for control participants (F = 18.69, P ≤ .001) as did Hb1Ac in a sub-sample of study participants. CONCLUSIONS: This intervention showed promising short-term effects for carbohydrate counting but did not show improvements for low-fat diet nor physical activity. Given the improvement in psychological measures and self-reported behaviour for carbohydrate counting, coupled with the findings for TG, future research is needed to demonstrate longer-term improvements.

A community-engaged approach to understanding environmental health concerns and solutions in urban and rural communities.

BACKGROUND: Focus groups and workshops can be used to gain insights into the persistence of and potential solutions for environmental health priorities in underserved areas. The objective of this study was to characterize focus group and workshop outcomes of a community-academic partnership focused on addressing environmental health priorities in an urban and a rural location in Alabama between 2012 and 2019. METHODS: Six focus groups were conducted in 2016 with 60 participants from the City of Birmingham (urban) and 51 participants from Wilcox County (rural), Alabama to discuss solutions for identified environmental health priorities based on previous focus group results in 2012. Recorded focus groups were transcribed and analyzed using the grounded theory approach. Four follow-up workshops that included written survey instruments were conducted to further explore identified priorities and determine whether the priorities change over time in the same urban (68 participants) and rural (72 participants) locations in 2018 and 2019. RESULTS: Consistent with focus groups in 2012, all six focus groups in 2016 in Birmingham identified abandoned houses as the primary environmental priority. Four groups listed attending city council meetings, contacting government agencies and reporting issues as individual-level solutions. Identified city-level solutions included city-led confiscation, tearing down and transferring of abandoned property ownership. In Wilcox County, all six groups agreed the top priority was drinking water quality, consistent with results in 2012. While the priority was different in Birmingham versus Wilcox County, the top identified reason for problem persistence was similar, namely unresponsive authorities. Additionally, individual-level solutions identified by Wilcox County focus groups were similar to Birmingham, including contacting and pressuring agencies and developing petitions and protesting to raise awareness, while local policy-level solutions identified in Wilcox County included government-led provision of grants to improve septic systems, and transparency in allocation of funds. Workshops in 2018 and 2019 further emphasized water quality as the top priority in Wilcox County, while participants in Birmingham transitioned from abandoned houses as a top priority in 2018 to drinking water quality as a new priority in 2019. CONCLUSIONS: Applying a community-engaged approach in both urban and rural locations provided better understanding of the unique opportunities and challenges for identifying potential interventions for environmental health priorities in both locations. Results can help inform future efforts to address locally defined environmental health issues and solutions.

Déjà vu and the feeling of prediction: an association with familiarity strength.

A recent laboratory study by Cleary and Claxton [2018. Déjà vu: An illusion of prediction. Psychological Science, 29(4), 635-644. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0956797617743018] documented a relationship between déjà vu and feelings of premonition. During instances of retrieval failure, participants reported stronger feelings of prediction during déjà vu than non-déjà vu states, despite displaying no actual predictive ability in such instances. The present study further explored the link between déjà vu reports and feelings of prediction. Although feelings of prediction were more likely to occur during reports of déjà vu than non-déjà vu, they were not the sole defining feature of déjà vu, accounting for just over half of all reported déjà vu states. Instances of déjà vu that were accompanied by feelings of prediction were associated with greater feelings of familiarity than instances that were not. This was shown by a greater likelihood of reporting that the scene felt familiar and also by a higher rated intensity of the feeling of familiarity elicited by the scene when it did feel familiar. Though the present study was mainly descriptive in characterising the interrelations between déjà vu, feelings of prediction, and familiarity, the full pattern points toward the possibility that high familiarity intensity may contribute to the feeling of prediction during déjà vu.

The Baby Steps Web Program for the Well-Being of New Parents: Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: New parents face increased risks of emotional distress and relationship dissatisfaction. Digital interventions increase support access, but few preventive programs are optimized for both parents. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to conduct the first randomized controlled trial on universal self-guided digital programs to support positive perinatal adjustment of both mothers and fathers. Effects of childcare information (Baby Care) and information plus an interactive program (Baby Steps Wellbeing) were compared from the third trimester baseline to 3 and 6 months subsequently. METHODS: The study recruited 388 co-parenting male-female adult couples expecting their first single child (26-38 weeks' gestation), using web-based registration. Most (337/388, 86.8%) were obtained from prenatal hospital classes. Couples' randomization was automated and stratified by Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores (50% couples scored high if either mother >7, father >5). All assessments were web-based self-reports: the EPDS and psychosocial quality of life were primary outcomes; relationship satisfaction, social support, and self-efficacy for parenting and support provision were secondary. Linear mixed models provided intention-to-treat analyses, with linear and quadratic effects for time and random intercepts for participants and couples. RESULTS: Selection criteria were met by 63.9% (248/388) of couples, who were all randomized. Most participants were married (400/496, 80.6%), tertiary educated (324/496, 65.3%), employed full time (407/496, 82%), and born in Australia (337/496, 67.9%). Their mean age was 32.2 years, and average gestation was 30.8 weeks. Using an EPDS cutoff score of 13, 6.9% (18/248) of men, and 16.1% (40/248) of women screened positive for depression at some time during the 6 months. Retention of both partners was 80.6% (201/248) at the 6-month assessments, and satisfaction with both programs was strong (92% ≥50). Only 37.3% (185/496) of participants accessed their program more than once, with higher rates for mothers (133/248, 53.6%) than fathers (52/248, 20.9%; P<.001). The EPDS, quality of life, and social support did not show differential improvements between programs, but Baby Steps Wellbeing gave a greater linear increase in self-efficacy for support provision (P=.01; Cohen d=0.26) and lower reduction in relationship satisfaction (P=.03; Cohen d=0.20) than Baby Care alone. Mothers had greater linear benefits in parenting self-efficacy over time than fathers after receiving Baby Steps Wellbeing rather than Baby Care (P=.01; Cohen d=0.51). However, the inclusion of program type in analyses on parenting self-efficacy and relationship satisfaction did not improve model fit above analyses with only parent gender and time. CONCLUSIONS: Three secondary outcomes showed differential benefits from Baby Steps Wellbeing, but for one (parenting self-efficacy), the effect only occurred for mothers, perhaps reflecting their greater program use. Increased engagement will be needed for more definitive testing of the potential benefits of Baby StepsWellbeing for perinatal adjustment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12614001256662; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=367277.

Successful implementation of a longitudinal skill-based teaching curriculum for residents.

BACKGROUND: Despite significant teaching responsibilities and national accreditation standards, most residents do not receive adequate instruction in teaching methods. Published reports of residents-as-teachers programs vary from brief one-time exposures to curricula delivered over several months. A majority of interventions described are one or two-day workshops with no clear follow-up or reinforcement of skills. A three-year longitudinal teaching skills curriculum was implemented with these goals: 1) deliver an experiential skill-based teaching curriculum allowing all residents to acquire, practice and implement specific skills; 2) provide spaced skills instruction promoting deliberate practice/reflection; and 3) help residents gain confidence in their teaching skills. METHODS: One hundred percent of internal medicine residents (82/82) participated in the curriculum. Every 10 weeks residents attended a topic-specific experiential skills-based workshop. Each workshop followed the same pedagogy starting with debriefing/reflection on residents' deliberate practice of the previously taught skill and introduction of a new skill followed by skill practice with feedback. Every year, participants completed: 1) assessment of overall confidence in each skill and 2) retrospective pre-post self-assessment. A post-curriculum survey was completed at the end of 3 years. RESULTS: Residents reported improved confidence and self-assessed competence in their teaching skills after the first year of the curriculum which was sustained through the three-year curriculum. The curriculum was well received and valued by residents. CONCLUSIONS: A formal longitudinal, experiential skills-based teaching skills curriculum is feasible and can be delivered to all residents. For meaningful skill acquisition to occur, recurrent continuous skill-based practice with feedback and reflection is important.

A theory-based examination of self-care behaviours among psychologists.

The present study examined psychological, spiritual, physical/leisure and social self-care behaviours among psychologists using a major model of predicting human behaviour, the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). The study used a mixed method approach with two stages of data collection. Psychologists (N = 200) completed an online questionnaire assessing TPB constructs (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control and intention) and additional constructs of action planning, coping planning, peer and supervisor norms and organizational climate. Two weeks later, participants (n = 110) completed a follow-up questionnaire assessing their self-care behaviour. Results indicated general support for the standard TPB constructs in predicting self-care intentions for psychologists and the additional construct of action planning mediated the intention-behaviour relationship across most self-care dimensions. Findings from the current research provide further understanding of the factors influencing self-care engagement among psychologists and can be used to inform development of strategies to foster greater engagement in self-care behaviour.

The impact of social media on self-evaluations of men striving for a muscular ideal.

This paper describes an innovative approach combining a content analysis of commentary and images on a Facebook page with a thematic analysis of the subjective experience expressed in interviews of those impacted by the text and images. Interview participants were asked about their perceptions of the representation of the muscularity-focused identity on social media, including the specific Facebook page. Content analysis of the Facebook page comments showed that very muscular male images attracted predominantly negative feedback from the public, a trend supported by the interview participants. Thematic analysis of the interviews indicated that a negative social media representation and commentary can affect young men's self-esteem and increase body concern. Some men represented on the Page found it humorous, which could serve as a form of bonding for the muscularity-focused online community. Other young men acknowledged how harmful such negative feedback can be on their self-evaluations and body image, consistent with the sociocultural framework whereby negative representations can lead to increased body dissatisfaction.