Effect of protective atmosphere on color of goose meat.

The objective of the work was to characterize the color of the of the goose breast meat packaged in protective atmosphere and stored in the refrigerated conditions. The aim was realized by determination of total heme pigment concentration; relative concentration of myoglobin, oxymyoglobin, and metmyoglobin; parameters of color L* (lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness); and sensory evaluation of the surface color. The experimental material was White Koluda goose boneless breast meat with the skin from industrial slaughter. The following 2 protective atmospheres were used in the study: vacuum and modified atmosphere (MA) consisting of 80% O2 and 20% CO2. The muscles packed in protective atmosphere were examined on d 4, 7, 11, and 14 of storage. A control sample was goose breast meat stored in air and tested after 24 h after slaughter. The total pigment concentration decreased gradually within 14 d of storage for samples packed in 2 types of atmospheres. The increase in relative concentration of metmyoglobin and the decrease in oxymyoglobin relative concentration in total heme pigments in the meat stored in MA was noticed. However, in all times of storage, the relative concentration of the 3 samples of myoglobin forms stored in vacuum was unchanged. The color parameters (L*, a*, b*) did not change for 14 d of storage in the muscles packed in vacuum. One can state a decrease of the value of the color parameter a* as well as an increase of the value of the color parameter b* in the samples packed in MA. From d 11 to 14 of storage, goose meat packed under MA had lower sensory evaluation intensity of color than muscles under vacuum. The obtained data indicated that the surface color of goose breast meat packed in MA (consisting of 80% O2, 20% CO2) or vacuum packed was maintained for 11 and 14 d, respectively.

Chemical composition and amino acid profiles of goose muscles from native Polish breeds.

The aim of the study was to compare the chemical and amino acid composition of breast (pectoralis major) and thigh (biceps femoris) muscles in 17-wk-old geese from 2 Polish conservative flocks: Rypinska (Ry, n = 20) and Garbonosa (Ga, n = 20). The geese were fed ad libitum during the experimental period on the same complete feed. Genotypes affected the moisture and fat content of breast and thigh meat. The Ga geese were characterized by higher moisture as well as lower fat lipid content compared with the Ry breast and thigh muscles. The amino acid proportions of meat proteins depended on the goose flock and type of muscles, where significant differences were found. The proteins of Ga breast muscles contained more glutamic acid, glycine, lysine, tryptophan, histidine, and methionine, and less aspartic acid, proline, serine, leucine, valine, phenyloalanine, tyrosine, and threonine than the Ry geese (P ≤ 0.05). The proteins of Ry thigh muscles were characterized by higher content of proline, serine, and essential amino acids (without lysine and methionine) and lower glutamic and asparagine acid, alanine, and glycine compared with the Ga flock. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (1991) standard, tryptophan was the amino acid limiting the nutritional value of meat proteins of Ry breast muscles (amino acid score for tryptophan = 90%). Except for tryptophan, the meat proteins of the investigated raw materials contained more essential amino acids than the standard. The total content of essential amino acids for all investigated muscles was also higher (52.51 to 55.54%) than the standard (33.90%). It is evident that muscle protein from both flocks of geese have been characterized by high nutritional value. The values of the essential amino acid index of breast muscle proteins were similar in both flocks.

The effects of sous-vide, microwave cooking and stewing of goose meat on fatty acid profile and lipid indices.

The effect of sous-vide (S-V), microwave cooking (M) and stewing (S) on the fatty acid profile and lipid indices of goose meat was investigated. The research material involved breast muscles (24 with skin and 24 without skin) cut from carcasses of 17-week-old females "Polish oat geese." Gas chromatography was used to establish the fatty acid profile and lipid indices were calculated. The kind of heat treatment and the type of goose meat (muscles with- and without skin) affected the fatty acid profile and lipid indices. The sum of SFA was higher in S-V, M, and S samples for both kinds of meat than in raw ones. The cooked samples with skin had a lower percentage of Æ© SFA than the skinless meat. S-V and M cooking (for meat with skin) caused an increase, while in the case of S heating (for both kinds of meat) there were no significant differences in Æ© MUFA compared to raw samples. The S-V, M, and S meat with skin was characterized by a higher value of Æ© MUFA than skinless ones. The Æ© PUFA was lower in S-V and M than in raw meat, wherein this decline was higher for M ones (for both kinds of meat). The M meat with skin had the lowest and S without skin the highest share of Σ PUFA. Heat treatment caused an increase in Σ PUFA n-6/n-3 ratio, the lowest value was shown by the S-V muscles. Sous-vide cooking was more beneficial for consumers than the remaining methods in terms of Σ DFA/Σ OFA, Σ UFA/Σ SFA, NVI, health-promoting index (HPI), inflammatory biomarker indexes, and Σ SFA, Σ OFA, Σ UFA, Σ DFA values for meat with skin (but not all of these were significant). In turn, stewing of meat without skin was more favorable than S-V and microwave cooking in relation to indexes such as: Σ DFA/Σ OFA, Σ UFA/Σ SFA, Σ PUFA/Σ SFA, PI, UI, AI, TI, HPI.

Impact of frozen storage on oxidation changes of some components in goose meat.

The objective of this study was to investigate the oxidation activity and lipid oxidation changes in breast (BM) and leg (LM) muscles from 17-wk-old female White Koluda geese packaged in a vacuum, and stored in freezing conditions at -20°C. The geese were fed ad libitum during the experimental period (up to 17 wk) on the same complete feed. The samples of LM (n = 18) and BM (n = 18) from the right carcass were stored for 30, 90, 80, 270, and 365 d. Lipid oxidation was described by determining changes in: TBARS value expressing the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) measured by DPPH and ABTS methods and total reduction potential (TRP) measured by FRAP method. Moreover, total heam pigments pigment (THP), relative concentration of myoglobin (Mb), oxymyoglobin (MbO2), and metmyoglobin (MMb) were determined in this study. Time of storage affected the TAC, TRP, TBARS, and the color stability of BM and LM. The THP concentration and Mb proportion decrease gradually during the 365 d of frozen storage, while the relative concentration of MMb increase in BM and LM. It was noted that the shares of MMb in both analyzed types of muscles stored for 365 d did not exceed 0.4. This value is considered to be the limit, after which the meat takes on an intense gray-brown color not accepted by the consumer. The oxidation processes occurring during frozen storage caused an increase of TBARS and a decrease of DPPH•, ABTS•+, FRAP values in both kinds of muscles. The amounts of TBARS during frozen storage of muscles did not exceed 2.0 mg MDA/kg of meat. A higher value of TBARS than 2.0 causes a lack of acceptance by consumers of the flavor profile. Based on the results concerning changes in the heam pigments, as well as changes related to the oxidation of lipids, we cannot unequivocally state in which types of muscles the changes had a more intense course.

False-negative test results in the Slidex Staph Plus (bioMérieux) agglutination test are mainly caused by spa-type t001 and t001-related strains.

The relative sensitivity of commercial agglutination kits for fast identification of S. aureus is usually given to be about 98%. This reported sensitivity has sometimes been questioned. In this study, three collections of molecularly defined, single-copy strains of S. aureus were used to compare the sensitivities of agglutination-based identification and the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry-based identification using the Biotyper 2.0 database to a molecularly defined reference method. Clinical isolates (n = 363) of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and 240 clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were included. In order to rule out a predominance of local MRSA-strains, a collection of 104 pulsed-field-gel electrophoresis divergent MRSA strains were also tested. MALDI-TOF MS using Biotyper database (Bruker) identified all isolates, whereas the Slidex Staph Plus (bioMérieux) detected only 98.0% of the MSSA, 94.5% of the MRSA and only 70.1% of the MRSA of the molecularly divergent strain collection. Interestingly, strains with a false-negative test result in the agglutination methods were mostly spa-type t001 and t001 related. The MALDI-TOF MS based identification can thus be used as an alternative identification method for suspected false-negative results from the agglutination tests, especially if the local prevalence of t001 and t001 related strains is high.

Fatty acid profile and health lipid indicies of goose meat in relation to various types of heat treatment.

The effect of water bath cooking (WBC), oven convection roasting (OCR), grilling (G), pan-frying (PF) on the fatty acid profile and health lipid indices of goose meat was investigated in this study. The experimental material covered 80 breast muscles (40 with skin and subcutaneous fat and 40 without skin) cut from carcasses of 17-week-old "Polish oat geese". The fatty acid profile of meat was determined by gas chromatography and health lipid indices were calculated. It was stated that the kind of heat treatment as well as the type of goose meat (muscles with and without skin) affected the fatty acid profile and health lipid indices. The sum of SFA was significantly higher in cooked samples for both kinds of meat than in raw ones. The cooked samples with skin had a lower increase in Æ© SFA than the skinless meat. Boiling (meat without skin) and pan-frying (both kinds of meat) caused a slight decrease, while grilling and oven convection roasting (both kinds of meat) caused an increase of Æ© MUFA in comparison to raw samples. Moreover, meat with skin is characterized by a higher value of Æ© MUFA than meat without skin for all cooking methods. The Æ© PUFA was lower in all cooked samples than in raw meat, wherein this decline was usually higher for skinned meat. The G meat was the lowest and PF the highest in Σ PUFA for both kinds of meat after heat treatment. The highest loss showed C20:4 n-6 in OCR samples and the lowest C18:2 n-6 in PF (both kinds of meat). Heat treatment caused an increase in the Σ PUFA n-6/n-3 ratio, wherein the lowest value was shown by the WBC samples without skin, and the highest by OCR with skin. Water bath cooking of meat was more beneficial for consumers in terms of AI, TI, Σ DFA/Σ OFA, Σ PUFA/Σ SFA, Σ UFA/Σ SFA indexes and Σ SFA, Σ OFA values than the remaining methods.

The selected goose meat quality traits in relation to various types of heat treatment.

The effect of water bath cooking (WBC), oven convection roasting (OCR), grilling (G), pan frying (PF) on selected physical properties of goose meat was compared in this study. A measurement of cooking loss, texture, color parameters, and sensory evaluation was carried out. The experimental material covered 96 breast muscles cut from carcasses of 17-week-old "Polish oat geese." The kind of goose meat (with and without skin) and the type of heat treatment affected cooking loss, shear force (SF), and rheological parameters (hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness). The water bath-cooked and pan-fried samples for both kinds of meat were characterized by lower cooking loss than other ones. Goose meat with skin and subcutaneous fat showed higher cooking loss and lower SF value, hardness, gumminess, and chewiness than that without skin for all methods. The water bath-cooked samples were characterized by the lowest SF value, hardness, and chewiness for both kinds of meat. They had the highest value of L∗ parameter and were characterized by a lighter color among others, too. Pan-fried meat showed the highest value of a∗ and lowest of ho parameters; the color of these samples was redder. Moreover, the lower C values of oven convection-roasted and grilled samples showed that they were brighter. According to the Comission Internationale de l'Eclairage classification, the ΔE parameter only for G and OCR indicated noticeable color differences (<2), whereas other pairs had visible differences. The method of cooking affected sensory descriptors such as the intensity of flavor and aroma, tenderness, juiciness, springiness, cohesiveness, and overall palatability of goose meat. The goose samples of PF, G, and OCR were characterized as very good and WBC as extremely desirable overall palatability. However, in the next stage of research, there is a need to study changes in the chemical composition, the degree of lipid oxidation, and the nutritional value of this meat that underwent different methods of cooking. Only then it will be possibly to clearly determine which method of the heat treatment of goose meat is optimal.

The impact of supplementation with pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum L.) juice on selected antioxidant parameters and markers of iron metabolism in rowers.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of pomegranate juice (POM) supplementation on the levels of selected pro-inflammatory cytokines, hepcidin and markers of iron metabolism in well-trained rowers. METHOD: The double-blind placebo-controlled study included 19 members of the Polish Rowing Team. The athletes were randomised into the supplemented group (n = 10), receiving 50 ml of standardised POM daily for two months, or the placebo group (n = 9). The subjects performed a 2000 m test on the rowing ergometer at the start of the project (baseline) and end of follow-up period. Blood samples from the antecubital vein were obtained three times during each trial: prior to the exercise, one minute after the test, and following a 24 h recovery. RESULTS: The study documented the beneficial effect of supplementation with pomegranate fruit juice on TAC (P < 0.002). During the resting period, TAC level in the supplemented group was significantly higher than in the placebo group (x ± SD, 2.49 ± 0.39 vs. 1.88 ± 0.45, P < 0.05). The ergometric test conducted at baseline demonstrated a significant post-exercise increase in the concentrations of soluble transferrin receptors (P < 0.04), iron (P < 0.002) and IL-6 (P < 0.02), and to a significant post-exercise decrease in TAC. A significant increase in IL-6 concentration was also observed 24 h post-exercise. The exercise test conducted at the end of the follow-up period resulted in a significant decrease in TBIC and a significant increase in UIBC (P < 0.001), observed in both groups, both immediately post-exercise and after the resting period. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with POM contributed to a significant strengthening of plasma antioxidant potential in the group of well-trained rowers, but had no effect on iron metabolism markers.

Management of civilian gunshot fractures of the extremities.

One hundred thirty-two gunshot fractures of the extremities in 126 patients were studied retrospectively and followed until clinical union from January 1980 to January 1985. Civilian handgun missile velocities have increased; should the trend continue, treatment protocols will need to be modified. All uncomplicated low-velocity gunshot fractures, less than 615 m/second, (2000 feet/second), can be managed conservatively, with superficial debridement, surgical cleansing, immobilization, and antibiotics. Seventeen orthopedic procedures were performed; specific treatment was dictated by the type or location of the fracture caused by the missile. One hundred thirty-two fractures were treated with antibiotic therapy, 80 intravenously and 52 oral administration. Only two infections were encountered, both in the oral therapy group. No statistically significant advantage of intravenous over oral administration was found. Emergency room debridement along with oral antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated low-velocity gunshot fractures not requiring operative fixation yielded results comparable to those of hospitalization, with dramatically reduced medical costs.