RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A trial performed among unvaccinated, high-risk outpatients with COVID-19 during the delta period showed remdesivir reduced hospitalization. We used our real-world data platform to determine the effectiveness of remdesivir on reducing 28-day hospitalization among outpatients with mild-moderate COVID-19 during an Omicron period including BQ.1/BQ.1.1/XBB.1.5. METHODS: We did a propensity-matched, retrospective cohort study of non-hospitalized adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection between April 7, 2022, and February 7, 2023. Electronic healthcare record data from a large health system in Colorado were linked to statewide vaccination and mortality data. We included patients with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test or outpatient remdesivir administration. Exclusion criteria were other SARS-CoV-2 treatments or positive SARS-CoV-2 test more than seven days before remdesivir. The primary outcome was all-cause hospitalization up to day 28. Secondary outcomes included 28-day COVID-related hospitalization and 28-day all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Among 29,270 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 1,252 remdesivir-treated patients were matched to 2,499 untreated patients. Remdesivir was associated with lower 28-day all-cause hospitalization (1.3% vs. 3.3%, adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.39 [95% CI 0.23-0.67], p < 0.001) than no treatment. All-cause mortality at 28 days was numerically lower among remdesivir-treated patients (0.1% vs. 0.4%; aOR 0.32 [95% CI 0.03-1.40]). Similar benefit of RDV treatment on 28-day all-cause hospitalization was observed across Omicron periods, aOR (95% CI): BA.2/BA2.12.1 (0.77[0.19-2.41]), BA.4/5 (0.50[95% CI 0.50-1.01]), BQ.1/BQ.1.1/XBB.1.5 (0.21[95% CI 0.08-0.57]. CONCLUSION: Among outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 during recent Omicron surges, remdesivir was associated with lower hospitalization than no treatment, supporting current National Institutes of Health Guidelines.
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Adenosina Monofosfato , Alanina , Antivirales , Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Hospitalización , Pacientes Ambulatorios , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Alanina/análogos & derivados , Alanina/uso terapéutico , Adenosina Monofosfato/análogos & derivados , Adenosina Monofosfato/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , COVID-19/mortalidad , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , SARS-CoV-2/efectos de los fármacos , Anciano , Pacientes Ambulatorios/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Colorado , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Burnout among clinicians is common and can undermine quality of care, patient outcomes, and workforce preservation, but sources of burnout or protective factors unique to clinicians working in safety-net settings are less well understood. Understanding these clinician experiences may inform interventions to reduce burnout. OBJECTIVE: To describe clinician perspectives on sources of burnout in a safety-net healthcare system. DESIGN: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with clinicians from multiple disciplines who provided care at a safety-net healthcare system from October 2018 to January 2019. Transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. PARTICIPANTS: Forty clinicians (25 female and 15 male; mean [SD] age, 41 [9.1]) participated, including physicians, social workers, advanced practice providers, nurses, psychologists, physical and occupational therapists, and other healthcare professionals. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Themes and subthemes that reflected clinician experiences, burnout, and workload expectations. KEY RESULTS: Five themes emerged: limited resources (entrenched social injustices, brokenness of the US healthcare system, precarious discharge options, and "revolving door" readmissions), barriers to building trust with patients (chasm of communication, addressing fear and mistrust, and being exposed to threats), administrative requirements (criticism hampering meaningful care, assuming extra workloads, bureaucratic burden), compassion fatigue (confronting traumatic situations, persistent worry about patient safety and welfare, witnessing mistreatment and stigmatization, overextending and overinvesting, withdrawing and shutting down, blaming self and career crisis), and advocacy as a counterbalance to burnout (solidarity when helping underserved communities, fervent advocacy, and patient gratitude). CONCLUSIONS: Among clinicians who provide care in a safety-net healthcare system, sources of burnout included limited resources, barriers to building trust with patients, administrative requirements, and compassion fatigue, but clinicians remained driven by their desire to advocate for patients. Policy-level interventions which increase funding to safety-net healthcare systems to bolster existing resources and staffing, create peer-support and wellness programs, and support advocacy efforts may mitigate burnout.
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Agotamiento Profesional , Desgaste por Empatía , Médicos , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Poblaciones Vulnerables , Atención a la Salud , Agotamiento Profesional/epidemiología , Agotamiento Profesional/prevención & controlRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: It is not known whether sotrovimab, a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment authorized for early symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, is also effective in preventing the progression of severe disease and mortality following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant infection. METHODS: In an observational cohort study of nonhospitalized adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 1 October 2021-11 December 2021, using electronic health records from a statewide health system plus state-level vaccine and mortality data, we used propensity matching to select 3 patients not receiving mAbs for each patient who received outpatient sotrovimab treatment. The primary outcome was 28-day hospitalization; secondary outcomes included mortality and severity of hospitalization. RESULTS: Of 10 036 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 522 receiving sotrovimab were matched to 1563 not receiving mAbs. Compared to mAb-untreated patients, sotrovimab treatment was associated with a 63% decrease in the odds of all-cause hospitalization (raw rate 2.1% vs 5.7%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], .19-.66) and an 89% decrease in the odds of all-cause 28-day mortality (raw rate 0% vs 1.0%; aOR, 0.11; 95% CI, .0-.79), and may reduce respiratory disease severity among those hospitalized. CONCLUSIONS: Real-world evidence demonstrated sotrovimab effectiveness in reducing hospitalization and all-cause 28-day mortality among COVID-19 outpatients during the Delta variant phase.
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COVID-19 , Pacientes Ambulatorios , Adulto , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/uso terapéutico , Hospitalización , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There is an urgent need to identify and address factors influencing uptake and equitable access to monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment for high-risk outpatients with COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: To assess clinician knowledge, beliefs, and experiences regarding obtaining mAb treatment for eligible patients. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Survey of clinicians (N = 374) practicing in the state of Colorado who care for patients with COVID-19 in primary care, emergency medicine, and other clinical settings. MAIN MEASURE(S): Diffusion of innovation theory concepts including knowledge, perceived strength of evidence, barriers, and experience with, ease of use, preparedness, and feasibility, appropriateness, and acceptability of mAb referral systems and processes. KEY RESULTS: Most respondents indicated little to no knowledge about mAb therapies for COVID-19 (67%, 74%, 77%, for bamlanivimab, bamlanivimab+etesivimab, and casirivimab+imdevimab, respectively). About half reported little to no familiarity with eligibility criteria (50.9%) and did not know the strength of evidence (31%, 43%, 52%, for bamlanivimab, bamlanivimab+etesivimab, and casirivimab+imdevimab, respectively). Lack of knowledge or confidence in treatment was a top barrier to mAbs use; other barriers included complicated referral processes, patients not eligible when seen, and out-of-pocket costs concerns. Respondents rated four mAb referral steps as generally acceptable, appropriate, and feasible to complete in their primary outpatient clinical setting. Only 24% indicated their clinical setting was very prepared to facilitate referrals, 40% had ever referred a patient for mAbs, and 43% intended to refer a patient in the next month. CONCLUSIONS: Clinician education on strength of evidence and eligibility criteria for mAbs is needed. However, education alone is not sufficient. Given the urgent need to rapidly scale up access to treatment and reduce hospitalizations and death from COVID-19, more efficient, equitable systems and processes for referral and delivery of care, such as those coordinated by health systems, public health departments, or disaster management services, are warranted.
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Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19 , Pacientes Ambulatorios , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Anticuerpos Monoclonales Humanizados , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , HumanosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are highly effective in reducing hospitalization and mortality among early symptomatic COVID-19 patients in clinical trials and real-world data. While resistance to some mAbs has since emerged among new variants, characteristics associated with treatment failure of mAbs remain unknown. METHODS: This multicenter, observational cohort study included patients with COVID-19 who received mAb treatment between November 20, 2020, and December 9, 2021. We utilized electronic health records from a statewide health system plus state-level vaccine and mortality data. The primary outcome was mAb treatment failure, defined as hospitalization or death within 28 days of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. RESULTS: COVID-19 mAb was administered to 7406 patients. Hospitalization within 28 days of positive SARS-CoV-2 test occurred in 258 (3.5%) of all patients who received mAb treatment. Ten patients (0.1%) died within 28 days, and all but one were hospitalized prior to death. Characteristics associated with treatment failure included having two or more comorbidities excluding obesity and immunocompromised status (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.52-5.56), lack of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (OR 2.73, 95% CI 2.01-3.77), non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.20-3.82), obesity (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.36-2.34), one comorbidity (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.11-2.57), age ≥ 65 years (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.13-2.35), and male sex (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.21-2.02). Immunocompromised status (none, mild, or moderate/severe), pandemic phase, and type of mAb received were not associated with treatment failure (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidities, lack of prior SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity, obesity, age ≥ 65 years, and male sex are associated with treatment failure of mAbs.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , Masculino , Anciano , SARS-CoV-2 , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , Pacientes Ambulatorios , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Hospitalización , Obesidad , Insuficiencia del Tratamiento , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Timely and accurate data on COVID-19 cases and COVID-19ârelated deaths are essential for making decisions with significant health, economic, and policy implications. A new report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine proposes a uniform national framework for data collection to more accurately quantify disaster-related deaths, injuries, and illnesses. This article describes how following the report's recommendations could help improve the quality and timeliness of public health surveillance data during pandemics, with special attention to addressing gaps in the data necessary to understand pandemic-related health disparities.
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COVID-19/prevención & control , Planificación en Desastres/organización & administración , Desastres/prevención & control , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Vigilancia de la Población/métodos , COVID-19/epidemiología , Control de Enfermedades Transmisibles/organización & administración , Desastres/estadística & datos numéricos , Brotes de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Registros Electrónicos de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , HumanosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has or threatens to overwhelm health care systems. Many institutions are developing ventilator triage policies. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the development of ventilator triage policies and compare policy content. DESIGN: Survey and mixed-methods content analysis. SETTING: North American hospitals associated with members of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors. PARTICIPANTS: Program directors. MEASUREMENTS: Characteristics of institutions and policies, including triage criteria and triage committee membership. RESULTS: Sixty-seven program directors responded (response rate, 91.8%); 36 (53.7%) hospitals did not yet have a policy, and 7 (10.4%) hospitals' policies could not be shared. The 29 institutions providing policies were relatively evenly distributed among the 4 U.S. geographic regions (range, 5 to 9 policies per region). Among the 26 unique policies analyzed, 3 (11.3%) were produced by state health departments. The most frequently cited triage criteria were benefit (25 policies [96.2%]), need (14 [53.8%]), age (13 [50.0%]), conservation of resources (10 [38.5%]), and lottery (9 [34.6%]). Twenty-one (80.8%) policies use scoring systems, and 20 of these (95.2%) use a version of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score. Among the policies that specify the triage team's composition (23 [88.5%]), all require or recommend a physician member, 20 (87.0%) a nurse, 16 (69.6%) an ethicist, 8 (34.8%) a chaplain, and 8 (34.8%) a respiratory therapist. Thirteen (50.0% of all policies) require or recommend that those making triage decisions not be involved in direct patient care, but only 2 (7.7%) require that their decisions be blinded to ethically irrelevant considerations. LIMITATION: The results may not be generalizable to institutions without academic bioethics programs. CONCLUSION: Over one half of respondents did not have ventilator triage policies. Policies have substantial heterogeneity, and many omit guidance on fair implementation. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: None.
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Infecciones por Coronavirus/terapia , Neumonía Viral/terapia , Respiración Artificial/ética , Respiración Artificial/normas , Triaje/ética , Triaje/normas , Betacoronavirus , Bioética , COVID-19 , Política de Salud , Hospitales , Humanos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados Unidos , Ventiladores Mecánicos/provisión & distribuciónRESUMEN
Public health agencies regularly survey randomly selected anonymous students to track drug use, sexual activities, and other risk behaviors. Students are unidentifiable, but a recent project that included school-level analysis discovered a school with alarmingly prevalent student suicidality. Given confidentiality protocols typical of surveillance, the surveyors were uncertain whether and how to intervene. We searched literature for duties to warn at-risk groups discovered during public health surveillance, but we found no directly applicable guidance or cases. Reasoning by analogy, we conclude that surveyors should contact the school's leaders to call attention to its outlier status, but public warning is unwarranted. However, such an ad hoc decision to issue a warning, even if only to school leaders, raises significant practical, legal and ethical issues. National public health and education associations should produce guidance that clarifies ethical and legal duties owed to schools and students involved in population health-risk surveillance.
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Suicidio , Humanos , Asunción de Riesgos , Instituciones Académicas , Estudiantes , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Background: In the United States, nearly half of undocumented immigrants with end-stage kidney disease receive hemodialysis only when they are evaluated in an emergency department and are found to have life-threatening renal failure ("emergency-only hemodialysis" [EOHD]). These patients experience psychosocial distress and much higher mortality than patients receiving regularly scheduled hemodialysis, but little is known about how providing EOHD affects the clinicians involved. Objective: To understand clinicians' experiences providing EOHD. Design: Qualitative study using semistructured interviews. Setting: A safety-net hospital in Denver, Colorado, and a safety-net system in Houston, Texas. Participants: Fifty interdisciplinary clinicians experienced in providing EOHD. Measurements: Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Outcomes included themes and subthemes. Results: Four themes and 13 subthemes (in parentheses) were identified: 1) drivers of professional burnout (emotional exhaustion from witnessing needless suffering and high mortality, jeopardizing patient trust, detaching from patients, perceived lack of control over EOHD criteria, and physical exhaustion from overextending to bridge care), 2) moral distress from propagating injustice (altered care based on nonmedical factors, focus on volume at the expense of quality, and need to game the system), 3) confusing and perverse financial incentives (wasting resources, confusing financial incentives, and concerns about sustainability), and 4) inspiration toward advocacy (deriving inspiration from patients and strengthened altruism). Limitation: Whether the findings apply to other settings is unknown, and social desirability response bias might have reduced reporting of negative perceptions and experiences. Conclusion: Clinicians in safety-net settings who provide EOHD to undocumented patients describe experiencing moral distress and being driven toward professional burnout. The burden of EOHD on clinicians should inform discussions of systemic approaches to support provision of adequate care based on medical need. Primary Funding Source: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and Doris Duke Charitable Foundation.
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Actitud del Personal de Salud , Médicos/psicología , Diálisis Renal , Inmigrantes Indocumentados , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital , Femenino , Accesibilidad a los Servicios de Salud , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Fallo Renal Crónico/terapia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Investigación Cualitativa , Diálisis Renal/psicología , Proveedores de Redes de Seguridad , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
This Viewpoint explains the 3 trendspersonal conscience, employment contracts, and lawsthat challenge physicians from putting their patients first and offers ways to reverse these barriers.
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Conciencia , Ética Médica , Médicos , Profesionalismo , Humanos , Contratos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Profesionalismo/ética , Estados Unidos , Médicos/ética , Médicos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Médicos/psicología , Empleo/legislación & jurisprudenciaAsunto(s)
Derechos Civiles , Personas con Discapacidad , Pandemias/legislación & jurisprudencia , Triaje/legislación & jurisprudencia , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Infecciones por Coronavirus , Cuidados Críticos , Humanos , Neumonía Viral , SARS-CoV-2 , Discriminación Social/legislación & jurisprudencia , SobrevidaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The success of initiatives intended to increase the value of health care depends, in part, on the degree to which cost-conscious care is endorsed by current and future physicians. This study aimed to first analyze attitudes of U.S. physicians by age and then compare the attitudes of physicians and medical students. METHODS: A paper survey was mailed in mid-2012 to 3897 practicing physicians randomly selected from the American Medical Association Masterfile. An electronic survey was sent in early 2015 to all 5,992 students at 10 U.S. medical schools. Survey items measured attitudes toward cost-conscious care and perceived responsibility for reducing healthcare costs. Physician responses were first compared across age groups (30-40 years, 41-50 years, 51-60 years, and > 60 years) and then compared to student responses using Chi square tests and logistic regression analyses (controlling for sex). RESULTS: A total of 2,556 physicians (65%) and 3395 students (57%) responded. Physician attitudes generally did not differ by age, but differed significantly from those of students. Specifically, students were more likely than physicians to agree that cost to society should be important in treatment decisions (p < 0.001) and that physicians should sometimes deny beneficial but costly services (p < 0.001). Students were less likely to agree that it is unfair to ask physicians to be cost-conscious while prioritizing patient welfare (p < 0.001). Compared to physicians, students assigned more responsibility for reducing healthcare costs to hospitals and health systems (p < 0.001) and less responsibility to lawyers (p < 0.001) and patients (p < 0.001). Nearly all significant differences persisted after controlling for sex and when only the youngest physicians were compared to students. CONCLUSIONS: Physician attitudes toward cost-conscious care are similar across age groups. However, physician attitudes differ significantly from medical students, even among the youngest physicians most proximate to students in age. Medical student responses suggest they are more accepting of cost-conscious care than physicians and attribute more responsibility for reducing costs to organizations and systems rather than individuals. This may be due to the combined effects of generational differences, new medical school curricula, students' relative inexperience providing cost-conscious care within complex healthcare systems, and the rapidly evolving U.S. healthcare system.
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Actitud del Personal de Salud , Control de Costos/estadística & datos numéricos , Educación Médica/estadística & datos numéricos , Médicos/psicología , Médicos/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudiantes de Medicina/psicología , Estudiantes de Medicina/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Animales , Estudios Transversales , Toma de Decisiones , Femenino , Costos de la Atención en Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Persona de Mediana Edad , Rol del Médico , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
In this Viewpoint, the author examines whether health care professionals have any responsibilities to speak out about the conflict in the Middle East.