Rice responds to Spodoptera frugiperda infestation via epigenetic regulation of H3K9ac in the jasmonic acid signaling and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways.

KEY MESSAGE: This study provided important insights into the complex epigenetic regulatory of H3K9ac-modified genes involved in the jasmonic acid signaling and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways of rice in response to Spodoptera frugiperda infestation. Physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying plant responses to insect herbivores have been well studied, while epigenetic modifications such as histone acetylation and their potential regulation at the genomic level of hidden genes remain largely unknown. Histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) is an epigenetic marker widely distributed in plants that can activate gene transcription. In this study, we provided the genome-wide profiles of H3K9ac in rice (Oryza sativa) infested by fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, FAW) using CUT&Tag-seq and RNA-seq. There were 3269 and 4609 up-regulated genes identified in plants infested by FAW larvae for 3 h and 12 h, respectively, which were mainly enriched in alpha-linolenic acid and phenylpropanoid pathways according to transcriptomic analysis. In addition, CUT&Tag-seq analysis revealed increased H3K9ac in FAW-infested plants, and there were 422 and 543 up-regulated genes enriched with H3K9ac observed at 3 h and 12 h after FAW feeding, respectively. Genes with increased H3K9ac were mainly enriched in the transcription start site (TSS), suggesting that H3K9ac is related to gene transcription. Integrative analysis of both RNA-seq and CUT&Tag-seq data showed that up-expressed genes with H3K9ac enrichment were mainly involved in the jasmonic acid (JA) and phenylpropanoid pathways. Particularly, two spermidine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase genes SHT1 and SHT2 involved in phenolamide biosynthesis were highly modified by H3K9ac in FAW-infested plants. Furthermore, the Ossht1 and Ossht2 transgenic lines exhibited decreased resistance against FAW larvae. Our findings suggest that rice responds to insect herbivory via H3K9ac epigenetic regulation in the JA signaling and phenolamide biosynthesis pathways.

Stray light control for the space-agile optical system with a pointing mirror.

The space-agile optical composite detection (SOCD) system with a pointing mirror possesses flexible and fast response ability. Like other space telescopes, if the stray light is not properly eliminated, it may result in a false response or noise that floods the real light signal due to the low illuminance and large dynamic range of the target. The paper shows the optical structure layout, the decomposition of the optical processing index and roughness control index, the stray light suppression requirements, and the detailed stray light analysis process. The pointing mirror and ultra-long afocal optical path increase the difficulty of stray light suppression in the SOCD system. This paper presents the design method of a special-shaped aperture diaphragm and entrance baffle, black baffle surface testing, simulating, selection, and stray light suppression analysis process. The special-shaped entrance baffle has a significant effect on the suppression of stray light and reduced dependence on the platform posture of the SOCD system.

Biomineralization and Properties of Guanine Crystals.

Guanine crystals with unique optical properties in organisms have been extensively studied and the biomineralization principles of guanine are being established. This review summarizes the fundamental physicochemical properties (solubility, tautomers, bands, and refractivity), polymorphs, morphology of biological and synthetic forms, and the reported biomineralization principles of guanine (selective recrystallization of amorphous precursor, preassembled scaffolds, additives, twinning, hypoxanthine doping, fluorescence, and assembly). The biomineralization principles of guanine will be helpful for the synthesis of guanine crystals with excellent properties and the design of functional organic materials for drugs, dyes, organic semiconductors, etc.

lpla (lipoprotein lipase a) is a marker of early adipogenesis rather than late adipogenesis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus).

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) functions as a marker of adipocyte differentiation in mammals, but little is known about its role in fish adipogenesis. The aim of this research is to investigate the function of Lpl in adipocyte differentiation in fish. In this paper, we isolated and characterized lipoprotein lipase a (lpla) and lipoprotein lipase b (lplb) from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). The complete coding sequence of lpla and lplb was 1524 bp and 1503 bp in length, coding for 507 amino acids and 500 amino acids, respectively. Both lpla and lplb mRNA were expressed in a great number of tissues. During adipogenesis, the level of lpla mRNA reached its maximum at day 2 and then dropped gradually, while the level of lplb mRNA had no significant changes, indicating that lpla and lplb may have different function in the differentiation of grass carp adipocyte. Furthermore, inhibition of lpla by inhibitor of LPL(GSK264220A) at early time points most clearly reduced adipogenesis, whereas these effects were less pronounced at later stages, suggesting that lpla predominantly affects early adipogenesis rather than late adipogenesis. Based on these findings, it can be inferred that lpla and lplb in grass carp may have distinct roles in the differentiation of grass carp adipocyte, and lpla may play an important role in the early adipogenesis rather than late adipogenesis in grass carp.

Cadmium transfer between maize and soybean plants via common mycorrhizal networks.

More than 80% terrestrial plants establish mutualistic symbiosis with soil-borne arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). These fungi not only significantly improve plant nutrient acquisition and stress resistance, but also mitigate heavy metal phytotoxicity, Furthermore, the extraradical mycorrhizal mycelia can form common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) that link roots of multiple plants in a community. Here we show that the networks mediate migration of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) from maize (Zea mays L.) to soybean (Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.) plants. CMNs between maize and soybean plants were established after inoculation of maize plants with AMF Funneliformis mosseae. Application of CdCl2 in maize plants led to 64.4% increase in the shoots and 48.2% increase in the roots in Cd content in CMNs-connected soybean plants compared to the control without Cd treatment in maize. Meanwhile, although the CMNs-connected soybean plants did not directly receive Cd supply, they upregulated transcriptional levels of Cd transport-related genes HATPase and RSTK 2.13- and 5.96-fold, respectively, induced activities of POD by 44.8% in the leaves, and increased MDA by 146.2% in the roots. Furthermore, Cd addition inhibited maize growth but mycorrhizal colonization improved plant performance in presence of Cd stress. This finding demonstrates that mycorrhizal networks mediate the transfer of Cd between plants of different species, suggesting a potential to use CMNs as a conduit to transfer toxic heavy metals from main food crops to heavy metal hyperaccumulators via intercropping.

MicroRNA-155 and microRNA-181a, via HO-1, participate in regulating the immunotoxicity of cadmium in the kidneys of exposed Cyprinus carpio.

Cadmium (Cd) is a nonessential metal that is a contaminant in aquatic ecosystems. Cd can accumulate in aquatic animals, leading to detrimental effects in tissues, and Cd exposure can induce immunotoxicity in fish. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in immune responses, yet the participation of miRNAs in Cd-induced immunotoxicity remains poorly understood. The present study evaluated the effects of Cd exposure on the immune responses and the mRNAs and miRNAs expressions of immune-related genes in Cyprinus carpio (C. carpio). Then, microRNA-155 (miR-155) was overexpressed and microRNA-181a (miR-181a) was knocked down to determine which miRNA plays a key role in the immune response to Cd. The results showed that 0.5 mg/L Cd2+ significantly decreased the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the kidneys of C. carpio. Cd exposure upregulated the mRNA expressions of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-8, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and Toll-like receptor 4(TLR-4) and downregulated those of IL-10 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in C. carpio kidneys. Cd exposure also led to upregulation of miR-155 and miR-181a expressions. Furthermore, AKP and ACP activity in the kidneys was markedly changed after intraperitoneal injection of C. carpio with miR-155 agomir and miR-181a antagomir. All detected mRNA expressions were significantly decreased after injection of miR-155 agomir, and IL-10, NF-κB, TNF-α, and HO-1 mRNA expressions were markedly increased after injection of miR-181a antagomir. The results of this study demonstrate that Cd exposure can immunocompromise C. carpio by targeting HO-1 through miR-155 and miR-181a. This is the first study to reveal that Cd exposure induces immunotoxicity through miR-155 and miR-181a in the kidneys of C. carpio.

Bioactivation of aflatoxin B1 by a cytochrome P450, CYP6AE19 induced by plant signaling methyl jasmonate in Helicoverpa armigra (Hübner).

Herbivore attack leads to enhanced production of defensive compounds to mount anti-herbivore defense in plants via activation of the jasmonate signaling pathway. On the other hand, some herbivores can eavesdrop on plants defense signaling and up-regulate their cytochrome P450 genes to increase detoxification of defensive compounds. However, the ecological risk of eavesdropping on plant defense signaling is largely unknown. In this study, we examined the induction of cytochrome P450s by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and its consequence on the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to Helicoverpa armigra larvae. The results show that MeJA applications either in a diet or volatile exposure enhanced the toxicity of AFB1 to the larvae. RNA sequences analysis revealed that cytochrome P450 CYP6AE19 was highly induced when MeJA was applied with AFB1. In addition, HaGST encoding glutathione-S-transferase that mainly transforms aflatoxin B1 exo-8,9-epoxide to aflatoxin B1 exo-8,9-glutathione was also induced. RNA interference of CYP6AE19 via injecting a double-stranded RNA decreased mortality of larvae exposed to AFB1; while injecting a double-stranded RNA of HaGST increased larval mortality. Furthermore, a protein model was generated and a subsequent docking simulation for AFB1 suggests the bioactivation as a major mechanism of AFB1. This study provides evidence that MeJA increased larval mortality of H. armigera via induction of CYP6AE19 that can bioactivate AFB1.

Allosteric Self-Assembly of Coordinating Terthiophene Amphiphile for Triggered Light Harvesting.

Allosteric regulation is extensively employed by nature to achieve functional control of protein or deoxyribonucleic acid through triggered conformational change at a remote site. We report that a similar strategy can be utilized in artificial self-assembly to control the self-assembled structure and its function. We show that on binding of metal ions to the headgroup of an amphiphile TTC4L, the conformational change may lead to change of the dipole orientation of the energy donor at the chain end. This on the one hand leads to a drastically different self-assembled structure; on the other hand, it enables light harvesting between the donor-acceptor. Because the Forster resonance fluorescence transfer efficiency is gated by metal ions, controlling the feeding of metal ions allows switching on and off of light harvesting. We expect that using allosteric self-assembly, we will be able to create abundant structures with distinct function from limited molecules, which show prominent potential for the postorganic modification of the structure and function of self-assembled materials.

A systematic study of the effect of molecular weights of polyvinyl alcohol on polyvinyl alcohol-graphene oxide composite hydrogels.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels have been proposed for use as promising biomaterials in biomedical and tissue engineering, and graphene oxide (GO) has been recognized as a unique two-dimensional building block for various graphene-based supramolecular architectures. In this article, we systematically studied the influence of three kinds of PVA with different molecular weights on the interaction between PVA and GO. Moreover, the effects of PVA on the gelation of GO were also investigated. The native PVA hydrogel, as well as PVA-GO hybrid hydrogels, have been thoroughly characterized by the phase behavior study and various techniques including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and rheological measurements. It can be seen that with the increase of the molecular weight of PVA, the addition of GO can effectively promote the gelation of PVA which can be reflected by a decrease of the critical gel concentration (CGC) for PVA-GO hydrogels. Dye adsorption experiments indicate that the toxic dye, i.e., methylene blue (MB), was efficiently entrapped in the PVA-GO xerogels. It is also demonstrated that the gelation of PVA and GO composites can be promoted by different supramolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction. This work indicates that the PVA-GO composite is a good candidate for preparing "super" and "smart" hydrogels and will enable further studies on the supramolecular chemistry of PVA, graphene and its derivatives.

Molecular cloning and characterization of BNIP3 and NIX1/2 and their role in DHA-induced mitophagy and apoptosis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) adipocytes.

B-cell lymphoma-2 and adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) and BNIP3 like (BNIP3L or NIX) play a vital role in regulating mitophagy and the intrinsic apoptosis in mammals, but their gene characterizations remain unclear in fish. Herein, bnip3, nix1 and nix2 were isolated and characterized from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), which encode peptides of 194, 233 and 222 amino acids, respectively. As typical BH3-only proteins, grass carp BNIP3, NIX1 and NIX2 proteins contain BH3 and C-terminal transmembrane domains for inducing apoptosis. Moreover, the LC3-interacting region motif of BNIP3, NIX1 and NIX2 is also conserved in grass carp. Phylogenetic analyses also demonstrated that nix1 and nix2 may have originated from the genome duplication event. Expression pattern analysis indicated that bnip3, nix1 and nix2 were highest expressed in brain, followed by eye (bnip3) and liver (nix1 and nix2). BNIP3, NIX1 and NIX2 localized to the nucleus and the cytoplasm, with a predominant localization to mitochondria within the cytoplasm. In the present study, we found that 200 µM DHA impaired the mitochondrial function, manifested as the decreased antioxidant ability, cellular ATP content and mitochondrial membrane potential in grass carp adipocytes. In addition, the gene expression and enzyme activities of caspase family were significantly increased in 200 µM DHA group, indicating that adipocyte apoptosis was induced. Meanwhile, DHA increased the gene expression of bnip3, nix1 and nix2 in a dose-dependent manner in grass carp adipocytes. The colocalization of mitochondria and lysosomes was promoted by 200 µM DHA treatment, implying that BNIP3/NIX-related mitophagy was activated in adipocytes. Based on these findings, it can be inferred that BNIP3/NIX-related mitophagy may be involved in the adipocyte apoptosis induced by DHA in grass carp.

A Hydrogel Electrolyte toward a Flexible Zinc-Ion Battery and Multifunctional Health Monitoring Electronics.

The compact design of an environmentally adaptive battery and effectors forms the foundation for wearable electronics capable of time-resolved, long-term signal monitoring. Herein, we present a one-body strategy that utilizes a hydrogel as the ionic conductive medium for both flexible aqueous zinc-ion batteries and wearable strain sensors. The poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel network incorporates nano-SiO2 and cellulose nanofibers (referred to as PSC) in an ethylene glycol/water mixed solvent, balancing the mechanical properties (tensile strength of 6 MPa) and ionic diffusivity at -20 °C (2 orders of magnitude higher than 2 M ZnCl2 electrolyte). Meanwhile, cathode lattice breathing during the solvated Zn2+ intercalation and dendritic Zn protrusion at the anode interface are mitigated. Besides the robust cyclability of the Zn∥PSC∥V2O5 prototype within a wide temperature range (from -20 to 80 °C), this microdevice seamlessly integrates a zinc-ion battery with a strain sensor, enabling precise monitoring of the muscle response during dynamic body movement. By employing transmission-mode operando XRD, the self-powered sensor accurately documents the real-time phasic evolution of the layered cathode and synchronized strain change induced by Zn deposition, which presents a feasible solution of health monitoring by the miniaturized electronics.

Environment-dependent distribution of the sediment nifH-harboring microbiota in the Northern South China Sea.

The South China Sea (SCS), the largest marginal sea in the Western Pacific Ocean, is a huge oligotrophic water body with very limited influx of nitrogenous nutrients. This suggests that sediment microbial N(2) fixation plays an important role in the production of bioavailable nitrogen. To test the molecular underpinning of this hypothesis, the diversity, abundance, biogeographical distribution, and community structure of the sediment diazotrophic microbiota were investigated at 12 sampling sites, including estuarine, coastal, offshore, deep-sea, and methane hydrate reservoirs or their prospective areas by targeting nifH and some other functional biomarker genes. Diverse and novel nifH sequences were obtained, significantly extending the evolutionary complexity of extant nifH genes. Statistical analyses indicate that sediment in situ temperature is the most significant environmental factor influencing the abundance, community structure, and spatial distribution of the sediment nifH-harboring microbial assemblages in the northern SCS (nSCS). The significantly positive correlation of the sediment pore water NH(4)(+) concentration with the nifH gene abundance suggests that the nSCS sediment nifH-harboring microbiota is active in N(2) fixation and NH(4)(+) production. Several other environmental factors, including sediment pore water PO(4)(3-) concentration, sediment organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus levels, etc., are also important in influencing the community structure, spatial distribution, or abundance of the nifH-harboring microbial assemblages. We also confirmed that the nifH genes encoded by archaeal diazotrophs in the ANME-2c subgroup occur exclusively in the deep-sea methane seep areas, providing for the possibility to develop ANME-2c nifH genes as a diagnostic tool for deep-sea methane hydrate reservoir discovery.

Improving flesh quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) by completely replacing dietary soybean meal with yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor).

In order to find viable alternative protein sources for aquaculture, we evaluated the effect of partial or complete replacement of dietary soybean meal with yellow mealworm (TM) on the flesh quality of grass carp. In this study, 180 grass carp (511.85 ± 0.25 g) were fed 3 experimental diets in which 0% (CN), 30% (YM30) and 100% (YM100) dietary soybean meal was replaced by TM for 90 d. The results showed that growth performance, biological parameters and serum antioxidant capacity of grass carp were not affected by dietary TM (P > 0.05). Both muscle and whole body crude protein were obviously promoted with the increase of dietary TM (P < 0.05), and the concentration of heavy metal in muscle was not influenced (P > 0.05), indicating that food safety was not influenced by TM. Dietary TM improved muscle textural characteristics by elevating adhesiveness, springiness and chewiness in YM100 (P < 0.05). In addition, the muscle tenderness was significantly increased by declining the shear force (P < 0.05). The muscle fiber density in YM30 &YM100 and length of dark bands and sarcomeres in YM100 were obviously increased (P < 0.05). The expression of myf5, myog and myhc exhibited a significant upward trend with the increase of dietary TM (P < 0.05), which promoted fiber density, length of sarcomere and texture of grass carp muscle. According to the results of metabolomics, the arachidonate (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were notably elevated in YM30 and YM100, which indicated that the improvement of flesh quality of grass carp may contribute to the dietary TM influence on muscle lipid metabolism, especially the polyunsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, TM can completely replace dietary soybean meal and improve the nutritional value of grass carp.

Assessment of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal as a potential substitute for soybean meal on growth performance and flesh quality of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus.

A 90-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) as a replacement for soybean meal (SM) on growth performance and flesh quality of grass carp. A total of 420 grass carp (299.93 ± 0.85 g) were randomly divided into 7 groups (triplicate) and fed 7 diets with SM substitution of 0% (SM, control), 15% (BSFLM15), 30% (BSFLM30), 45% (BSFLM45), 60% (BSFLM60), 75% (BSFLM75) and 100% (BSFLM100) by BSFLM. The growth performance of grass carp in the BSFLM75 and BSFLM100 groups were significantly lower compared to other groups (P < 0.05). The mid-gut villus height was the lowest in the BSFLM100 group (P < 0.05). Muscle nutritional value was improved due to increased DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), total HUFA (highly unsaturated fatty acids) and glycine levels, and reached the optimum in the BSFLM100 group (P < 0.05). According to the results of principal component analysis and weight analysis of muscle texture and body color, all the BSFLM diets except BSFLM15 could improve muscle texture and body color and reached the optimum level in the BSFLM100 group. Muscle drip loss and hypoxanthine content were the lowest and muscle antioxidant capacity was the highest in the BSFLM75 group, and water- and salt-soluble protein contents reached the optimum level in the BSFLM60 group (P < 0.05). Dietary BSFLM significantly reduced muscle fiber area and diameter, and increased muscle fiber density and the proportion of small fiber (diameter <20 µm) (P < 0.05). Additionally, sarcomere lengths in the BSFLM75 and BSFLM100 groups were significantly higher than that in the SM group (P < 0.05). The mRNA relative expression levels of MyoD, Myf5, MyHC and FGF6b were remarkably up-regulated at an appropriate dietary BSFLM level (P < 0.05). In conclusion, BSFLM could replace up to 60% SM without an adverse effect on growth performance and improve the flesh quality of grass carp. The optimum levels of dietary BSFLM were 71.0 and 69.1 g/kg diet based on the final body weight and feed conversion ratio. The flesh quality was optimal when dietary SM was completely replaced with BSFLM (227 g/kg diet).

Routes of Theophylline Monohydrate Dehydration Process Proposed by Mid-Frequency Raman Difference Spectra.

Two routes of the dehydration process of theophylline monohydrate have been proposed in this work from mid-frequency Raman difference spectra (MFRDS) results and experiments. MFRDS can establish short-range order correlations among various theophylline crystal forms. MFRDS results indicate that the short-range order of metastable Form III is most similar to that of monohydrate, which explains that Form III is the main dehydration products in the mild dehydration process. The phenomenon that unstable amorphous theophylline intermediate phase would appear during the dehydration process of theophylline monohydrate was confirmed indirectly by Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) and optical microscope and reported in the previous reports, which could cause the nucleation of Form II, as MFRDS results indicate short-range order of amorphous solid dispersion of theophylline is most similar to that of Form II. MFRDS analysis shows the advantages in studying the phase transformation of small organic molecule crystals.

High-sensitivity HBV DNA test for the diagnosis of occult HBV infection: commonly used but not reliable.

Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) is a condition in which replication-competent viral DNA is detected in the liver (with detectable or undetectable HBV DNA in serum) of individual testing negative for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). It is a risk factor for transfusion or transplant transmission, reactivation after immunosuppression or chemotherapy, and progression of chronic liver disease and hepatocarcinogenesis. The long-term stable presence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which is fully replicative in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes is the molecular basis for the formation of OBI. HBV genome in liver tissue, HBV DNA and anti-HBc test in serum are the gold standard, common method and alternative markers for OBI diagnosis, respectively. Due to the stability of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and the long half-life of hepatocytes, the existence of OBI is extensive and prolonged. The low and/or intermittent replication of HBV in OBI patients, the limitations of the sensitivity of serological tests, and the non-standardized and invasive nature of liver histology render the "commonly used" serological tests are unreliable and the "gold standard" liver histology is impractical, thus the findings from studies on the formation, diagnosis and transplantation or transfusion transmission of HBV in OBI strongly suggest that the "alternative" marker, the anti-HBc test, may be the most reliable and practical approach for OBI diagnosis.

Enhancing Temperature Adaptability of Aqueous Zinc Batteries via Antifreezing Electrolyte and Site-Selective ZnSe-Ag Interface Layer Design.

Rechargeable aqueous zinc batteries (RAZBs) represent a sustainable, environmentally benign, cost-efficient energy storage solution for the scaled renewable power system. However, the cycling endurance and temperature adaptability of RAZBs are hindered by practical technological barriers such as the subzero freezing point of aqueous electrolyte, severe cation dissolution of the cathode, and dendrite growth on the Zn anode. Herein, we optimize the hybrid electrolyte formulation of 8 M ZnCl2 in the ethylene glycol-water mixed solvent to reconfigure the hydrogen bonding and [Zn(H2O)1.80(EG)0.23]2+ solvation sheath, which well balances the ionic conductivity and the antifreezing property until -125 °C. As monitored by operando X-ray diffraction, meanwhile, the structural dissolution of the V2O5 cathode upon the dynamic cycling and static idling storage at elevated temperature are effectively restrained. At the anode side, the thermally induced substitution between the Ag2Se overcoating and Zn foil in situ constructs the site-selective, mosaic interface layer, in which the solvophilic ZnSe facilitates the desolvation, while the Ag species provide zincophilic nucleation sites for high-throughput Zn deposition. The synergistic coupling of the antifreezing electrolyte and anode interfacial design enables the wide-temperature-range adaptability of the RAZB prototype (10 µm Zn foil and 1 mAh cm-2 V2O5 cathode), which balances the cycling endurance (92.5% capacity retention rate for 1000 cycles), 84.7% mitigation of the self-discharge rate at 55 °C, as well as the secured cyclability even at -40 °C.

Rice Defense Responses Orchestrated by Oral Bacteria of the Rice Striped Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis.

Plant defenses in response to chewing insects are generally regulated by jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway, whereas salicylic acid (SA) signaling is mainly involved in plant defense against biotrophic pathogens and piercing-sucking insects. Previous studies showed that both JA- and SA-related defenses in rice plants were triggered by the infestation of the rice striped stem borer (SSB, Chilo suppressalis), a destructive pest causing severe damage to rice production. Herbivore-associated microbes play an important role in modulating plant-insect interaction, and thus we speculate that the SSB symbiotic microbes acting as a hidden player may cause this anomalous result. The antibiotics (AB) treatment significantly depressed the performance of field-collected SSB larvae on rice plants, and reduced the quantities of bacteria around the wounds of rice stems compared to non-AB treatment. In response to mechanical wounding and oral secretions (OS) collected from non-AB treated larvae, rice plants exhibited lower levels of JA-regulated defenses, but higher levels of SA-regulated defenses compared to the treatment of OS from AB-treated larvae determined by using a combination of biochemical and molecular methods. Among seven culturable bacteria isolated from the OS of SSB larvae, Enterobacter and Acinetobacter contributed to the suppression of JA signaling-related defenses in rice plants, and axenic larvae reinoculated with these two strains displayed better performance on rice plants. Our findings demonstrate that SSB larvae exploit oral secreted bacteria to interfere with plant anti-herbivore defense and avoid fully activating the JA-regulated antiherbivore defenses of rice plants.

Evaporative Crystallization of Simvastatin from Different Solutions Using Mid-Frequency Raman Difference Spectra Explanations.

Amorphous simvastatin (amorphous SIM) and Form I of SIM were prepared separately from SIM acetone (AC)/ethyl acetate (ETAC)/ethanol (ET) solutions by simply controlling the solvent evaporation rate, and the kinetic formation of amorphous SIM from SIM AC/ETAC/ET solutions was explained using mid-frequency Raman difference spectra analysis. The mid-frequency Raman difference spectra analysis results indicate that the amorphous phase has close connections with solutions and might be the bridge, playing an important role in the intermediate phase, between solutions and their outcome polymorphs.