Key Residue in the Precursor Region of M Protein Contributes to the Neurovirulence and Neuroinvasiveness of the African Lineage of Zika Virus.

The Zika virus (ZIKV) represents an important global health threat due to its unusual association with congenital Zika syndrome. ZIKV strains are phylogenetically grouped into the African and Asian lineages. However, the viral determinants underlying the phenotypic differences between the lineages remain unknown. Here, multiple sequence alignment revealed a highly conserved residue at position 21 of the premembrane (prM) protein, which is glutamic acid and lysine in the Asian and African lineages, respectively. Using reverse genetics, we generated a recombinant virus carrying an E21K mutation based on the genomic backbone of the Asian lineage strain FSS13025 (termed E21K). The E21K mutation significantly increased viral replication in multiple neural cell lines with a higher ratio of M to prM production. Animal studies showed E21K exhibited increased neurovirulence in suckling mice, leading to more severe defects in mouse brains by causing more neural cell death and destruction of hippocampus integrity. Moreover, the E21K substitution enhanced neuroinvasiveness in interferon alpha/beta (IFN-α/ß) receptor knockout mice, as indicated by the increased mortality, and enhanced replication in mouse brains. The global transcriptional analysis showed E21K infection profoundly altered neuron development networks and induced stronger antiviral immune response than wild type (WT) in both neural cells and mouse brains. More importantly, the reverse K21E mutation based on the genomic backbone of the African strain MR766 caused less mouse neurovirulence. Overall, our findings support the 21st residue of prM functions as a determinant for neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness of the African lineage of ZIKV. IMPORTANCE The suspected link of Zika virus (ZIKV) to birth defects led the World Health Organization to declare ZIKV a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. ZIKV has been identified to have two dominant phylogenetic lineages, African and Asian. Significant differences exist between the two lineages in terms of neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness in mice. However, the viral determinants underlying the phenotypic differences are still unknown. Here, combining reverse genetics, animal studies, and global transcriptional analysis, we provide evidence that a single E21K mutation of prM confers to the Asian lineage strain FSS130125 significantly enhanced replication in neural cell lines and more neurovirulent and neuroinvasiveness phenotypes in mice. Our findings support that the highly conserved residue at position 21 of prM functions as a determinant of neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness of the African lineage of ZIKV in mice.

Association between abnormal body weight and stroke outcome: A meta-analysis and systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that "obesity paradox" exists in stroke patients, we conducted a meta-analysis and systematic review on the association between abnormal body weight (obesity, overweight, or underweight) and the outcome of different types of stroke. METHODS: This meta-analysis and systematic review was performed in conformity to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines in Appendix S2. Studies investigating the association between abnormal body weight and the outcome of different types of stroke were searched for in the PubMed and Embase databases from their inception to 20 March 2021. RESULTS: Thirty-three articles including 84,660 patients were included in this study. Obesity and overweight were associated with longer survival in mixed-stroke patients (acute ischemic stroke [AIS] combined with one or more other stroke subtypes) than was normal weight, whereas underweight was related to shorter survival; the pooled hazard ratios (HRs) of mortality were 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.71-0.83) for obesity, 0.76 (95% CI = 0.72-0.80) for overweight, and 1.71 (95% CI = 1.56-1.87) for underweight. However, only obesity was associated with longer survival in AIS patients compared with normal weight, and underweight was related to shorter survival; the pooled HR of mortality was 0.75 (95% CI = 0.64-0.88) for obesity and 1.53 (95% CI = 1.27-1.85) for underweight. After merging mixed-stroke and AIS patients, we obtained similar results as in mixed-stroke patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that in patients with mixed stroke or AIS, obesity was associated with a longer survival time than normal weight, whereas underweight was associated with a shorter survival time.

The Impact of Remote Ischaemic Conditioning on Beat-to-Beat Heart Rate Variability Circadian Rhythm in Healthy Adults.

BACKGROUND: Remote ischaemic conditioning (RIC) is an intervention that may exert a protective effect over multiple tissues or organs by regulating neuronal signal transduction. Heart rate variability (HRV) can assess the state of the autonomic nervous system. However, whether RIC can also regulate HRV in humans remains unknown. METHOD: This was a self-controlled interventional study in which serial beat-to-beat monitoring was performed at the same seven time points (7, 9, and 11 AM; 2, 5, and 8 PM; and 8 AM on the next day) with or without RIC in 50 healthy adults. The seven time points on the RIC day were defined as baseline, 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours after RIC. The RIC protocol consisted of 4×5-minute inflation/deflation in one arm and one thigh cuff at 200 mmHg pressure from 7:20 to 8 AM. This study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02965547). RESULTS: We included 50 healthy adult volunteers (aged 34.54±12.01 years, 22 men [44%], all Asian). The variables analysed in frequency-domain measures performed as power of low-frequency in normalised units (0.04-0.15 Hz), high-frequency in normalised units (0.15-0.40 Hz), and ratio of low frequency to high frequency. The time-domain parameters standard deviation (SD) of all normal to normal (NN) intervals (SDNN), mean of the 5-minute SD of the NN intervals, SD of the consecutive 5-minute averages of NN intervals, and the root mean square of successive differences of NN intervals, and time-domain parameters calculated from Poincaré plots, SD of the short diagonal axis in Poincaré plot (SD1), SD of the long diagonal axis in Poincaré plot (SD2), and SD1/SD2 were also obtained. The SDNN and SD2 significantly increased 1 hour after RIC (p=0.029 and p=0.045, respectively). Additionally, the SD2 increased a second time 12 hours after RIC (p=0.041), which represented inhibited sympathetic activity. CONCLUSIONS: Heart rate variability increase and sympathetic inhibition induced by RIC appeared both on the early and delayed protective window of RIC, which may indicate some of the underlying mechanisms by which RIC may offer protection.

Huangqi Decoction, a compound Chinese herbal medicine, inhibits the proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells by regulating the long noncoding RNA-C18orf26-1/microRNA-663a/transforming growth factor-ß axis.

OBJECTIVE: Huangqi Decoction (HQD), a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula, has been used as a valid treatment for alleviating liver fibrosis; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unknown. Although our previous studies showed that microRNA-663a (miR-663a) suppresses the proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and the transforming growth factor-ß/small mothers against decapentaplegic (TGF-ß/Smad) pathway, whether long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in HSC activation via the miR-663a/TGF-ß/Smad signaling pathway has not yet reported. The present study aimed to investigate the roles of lncRNA lnc-C18orf26-1 in the activation of HSCs and the mechanism by which HQD inhibits hepatic fibrosis. METHODS: The expression levels of lnc-C18orf26-1, miR-663a and related genes were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. HSCs were transfected with the miR-663a mimic or inhibitor and lnc-C18orf26-1 small interfering RNAs. The water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 assay was used to assess the proliferation rate of HSCs. Changes in lncRNA expression were evaluated in miR-663a-overexpressing HSCs by using microarray to identify miR-663a-regulated lncRNAs. RNA hybrid was used to predict the potential miR-663a binding sites on lncRNAs. Luciferase reporter assays further confirmed the interaction between miR-663a and the lncRNA. The expression levels of collagen α-2(I) chain (COL1A2), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and TGF-ß/Smad signaling pathway-related proteins were determined using Western blotting. RESULTS: Lnc-C18orf26-1 was upregulated in TGF-ß1-activated HSCs and competitively bound to miR-663a. Knockdown of lnc-C18orf26-1 inhibited HSC proliferation and activation, downregulated TGF-ß1-stimulated α-SMA and COL1A2 expression, and inhibited the TGF-ß1/Smad signaling pathway. HQD suppressed the proliferation and activation of HSCs. HQD increased miR-663a expression and decreased lnc-C18orf26-1 expression in HSCs. Further studies showed that HQD inhibited the expression of COL1A2, α-SMA, TGF-ß1, TGF-ß type I receptor (TGF-ßRI) and phosphorylated Smad2 (p-Smad2) in HSCs, and these effects were reversed by miR-663a inhibitor treatment. CONCLUSION: Our study identified lnc-C18orf26-1 and miR-663a as promising therapeutic targets for hepatic fibrosis. HQD inhibits HSC proliferation and activation at least partially by regulating the lnc-C18orf26-1/miR-663a/TGF-ß1/TGF-ßRI/p-Smad2 axis.

Impact of Stroke Severity on the Smoking Paradox in Patients Treated with Intravenous Thrombolysis.

OBJECTIVE: To our knowledge, no previous studies have investigated the impact of stroke severity on the smoking paradox after intravenous thrombolysis (IVT). We aimed to explore the contribution of stroke severity to the association between smoking and stroke prognosis after IVT. METHODS: We enrolled consecutive patients who received IVT within 4.5 hours from stroke onset. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for poor functional outcome and mortality at 3 months. RESULTS: Among patients with moderate stroke, smokers experienced a lower risk of 3-month poor outcomes than non-smokers (33.0% vs. 44.4%, unadjusted OR: 0.616; 95% CI: 0.402-0.945). However, among those with severe stroke, smokers had a higher risk of 3-month poor outcomes than non-smokers (81.6% vs. 55.9%, unadjusted OR: 3.496; 95% CI: 1.207-10.127). After adjustment, the negative correlation between smoking and 3-month poor outcome following IVT lost statistical significance in patients with moderate stroke (OR: 0.677 [95% CI: 0.418-1.097]). However, smoking remained a risk factor for 3-month poor outcomes in patients with severe stroke (OR: 4.216 [95% CI: 1.236-14.385]). We also observed a significant interaction between smoking and stroke severity with regard to the risk of poor functional outcomes (p=0.023). However, no such interaction influenced mortality (p=0.901). CONCLUSION: Stroke severity affects the association between smoking and 3-month clinical functional outcomes following IVT.

Individualized Nutritional Support for Hospitalized Patients With Oropharyngeal Dysphagia After Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objectives: Post-stroke dysphagia may cause aspiration pneumonia, malnutrition, dehydration, and other complications. However, data on the effects of nutritional supplementation and its value after stroke are insufficient. We aimed to evaluate the effect of an individualized 1-week nutrition intervention program on swallowing function and nutritional status in stroke patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia. Methods: This study comprised the control group receiving oral nutritional support and continuous nasogastric tube feeding according to the results of the water swallow test (WST). The intervention group additionally underwent a volume-viscosity swallowing test (V-VST) and intermittent oroesophageal tube feeding based on WST. The outcomes were measured after 7 days of intervention, including the improvement of swallowing function assessment by WST, biochemical parameters, such as total serum protein, serum albumin, hemoglobin levels and body composition. This trial was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, identifier ChiCTR 2100054054. Results: In total, 173 participants completed the study between September 1, 2020, and April 30, 2021. Patients receiving individualized nutritional support showed a more significant improvement in the total effective rate of swallowing function (95.3% vs. 85.1%, P < 0.05). After the intervention, the total serum protein level (0.97 ± 0.41 vs. -0.83 ± 0.47 g/L; P < 0.05), serum albumin level (0.33 ± 0.28 vs. -1.39 ± 0.36 g/L; P < 0.001) and lean tissue mass (0.13 ± 0.35 vs. -1.00 ± 0.40 g/L; P < 0.05) increased in the intervention group. The decrease of hemoglobin levels in the control group was more evident (-6.17 ± 1.63 vs. -0.64 ± 1.40 g/L; 95%CI, -9.78 to -1.28; P = 0.001). The difference of phase angle between the two groups was statistically significant (5.93 ± 0.88° vs. 5.77 ± 0.78°; P = 0.035), but not in body fat mass. Conclusions: In stroke patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia, the use of individualized nutritional support based on V-VST and intermittent oroesophageal tube feeding during the first week of hospitalization improved swallowing function and maintained nutritional status. Clinical Trial Registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier: ChiCTR 2100054054.

Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio at 24h after thrombolysis is a prognostic marker in acute ischemic stroke patients.

Background: The changes in the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) before and after recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) treatment and the time point at which the PLR is a potentially valuable prognostic predictor in patients wit ischemic stroke remain largely unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics of the PLR and evaluate their effects on clinical outcomes before and 24 h after rtPA treatment. Methods: This study included 741 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent intravenous thrombolysis with rtPA. We collected data on demographics, vascular risk factors, medication history, and other clinical information pertaining to all patients. Specifically, blood samples for PLR measurement were collected on admission and 24 h after stroke. The outcome was assessed by using the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 3 months and whether death occurred within 3 months or not. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of the PLR with the risks of poor outcome (mRS>2) and death. An individualized prediction model was established to predict poor outcome. Results: Of the 741 patients, 255 (34.4%) had poor outcome, and 43 (5.8%) died. The PLR significantly increased 24 h after rtPA in patients with poor outcome and death. Logistic analysis revealed that higher PLR 24 h after rtPA was independently associated with increased risks of poor outcome and death. However, the PLR on admission was not associated with the risks of poor outcome and death. The individualized prediction model for poor outcome based on the 24-h PLR exhibited favorable discrimination (areas under the curves of the training and validation groups: 0.743 and 0.729, respectively), calibration (P > 0.05), and clinical usefulness. Conclusions: We found the PLR to be a variable that potentially predicts the risks of poor outcome and death in patients with acute ischemic stroke 24 h after rtPA; however, it cannot make the same prediction on admission.

Crosstalk between Oxidative Stress and Ferroptosis/Oxytosis in Ischemic Stroke: Possible Targets and Molecular Mechanisms.

Oxidative stress is a key cause of ischemic stroke and an initiator of neuronal dysfunction and death, mainly through the overproduction of peroxides and the depletion of antioxidants. Ferroptosis/oxytosis is a unique, oxidative stress-induced cell death pathway characterized by lipid peroxidation and glutathione depletion. Both oxidative stress and ferroptosis/oxytosis have common molecular pathways. This review summarizes the possible targets and the mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between oxidative stress and ferroptosis/oxytosis in ischemic stroke. This knowledge might help to further understand the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and open new perspectives for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Brain Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Strategies in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1.

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common muscular dystrophy that affects multiple systems including the muscle and heart. The mutant CTG expansion at the 3'-UTR of the DMPK gene causes the expression of toxic RNA that aggregate as nuclear foci. The foci then interfere with RNA-binding proteins, affecting hundreds of mis-spliced effector genes, leading to aberrant alternative splicing and loss of effector gene product functions, ultimately resulting in systemic disorders. In recent years, increasing clinical, imaging, and pathological evidence have indicated that DM1, though to a lesser extent, could also be recognized as true brain diseases, with more and more researchers dedicating to develop novel therapeutic tools dealing with it. In this review, we summarize the current advances in the pathogenesis and pathology of central nervous system (CNS) deficits in DM1, intervention measures currently being investigated are also highlighted, aiming to promote novel and cutting-edge therapeutic investigations.

Pathological changes in neurovascular units: Lessons from cases of vascular dementia.

Vascular dementia (VD) is the second leading cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD). The decrease of cerebral blood flow (CBF) to different degrees is one of the main causes of VD. Neurovascular unit (NVU) is a vessel-centered concept, emphasizing all the cellular components play an integrated role in maintaining the normal physiological functions of the brain. More and more evidence shows that reduced CBF causes a series of changes in NVU, such as impaired neuronal function, abnormal activation of glial cells, and changes in vascular permeability, all of which collectively play a role in the pathogenesis of VD. In this paper, we review NVU changes as CBF decreases, focusing on each cellular component of NVU. We also highlight remote ischemic preconditioning as a promising approach for VD prevention and treatment from the NVU perspective of view.

Remote ischemic conditioning: A potential therapeutic strategy of type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the major public diseases which is characterized by peripheral insulin resistance (IR) and progressive pancreatic ß-cell failure. While in the past few years, some new factors, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, immune responses and other potential pathways, have been identified to play critical roles in T2D, and thereby provide novel promising targets for the treatment of T2D. Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is a non-invasive and convenient operation performed by transient, repeated ischemia in distant place. Nowadays, RIC has been established as a potentially powerful therapeutic tool for many diseases, especially in I/R injuries. Through activating a series of neural, humoral and immune pathways, it can release multiple protective signals, which then regulating inflammation, oxidative stress, immune response and so on. Interestingly, several recent studies have discovered that the beneficial effects of RIC on I/R injuries might be abolished by T2D, wherein the higher basal levels of inflammation and oxidative stress, dysregulation of immune system and some potential pathways secondary to hyperglycemia may play critical roles. In contrast, a higher intensity of conditioning could restore the protective effects. Based on the overlapped mechanisms RIC and T2D performs, we provide a hypothesis that RIC may also play a protective role in T2D via targeting these signaling pathways.

Ferroptosis in Neurological Diseases.

Ferroptosis is mechanism for non-apoptotic, iron-dependent, oxidative cell death that is characterized by glutathione consumption and lipid peroxides accumulation. Ferroptosis is crucially involved in neurological diseases, including neurodegeneration, stroke and neurotrauma. This review provides detailed discussions of the ferroptosis mechanisms in these neurological diseases. Moreover, it summarizes recent drugs that target ferroptosis for neurological disease treatment. Furthermore, it compares the differences and relationships among the various cell death mechanisms involved in neurological diseases. Elucidating the ferroptosis role in the brain can improve the understanding of neurological disease mechanism and provide potential prevention and treatment interventions for acute and chronic neurological diseases.

Impact of Jilin Province Stroke Emergency Maps on Acute Stroke Care Improvement in Northeast China.

Objectives: Stroke burden is especially heavy in northeast China. Facilities with the capacity to perform acute reperfusion therapies for stroke are unevenly dispersed and are especially inadequate in rural areas. The aim of this study was to establish an effective measure to improve stroke emergency care, eventually increasing the capacity for reperfusion therapy in Jilin province, a less developed province in northeast China. Methods: We created the Jilin province Stroke Emergency Maps (JSEM), a regional stroke emergency network. Qualified hospitals in Jilin province were integrated into JSEM according to strict inclusion criteria. With constant evaluation and screening, more qualified hospitals may be enrolled into the JSEM, which is updated and published once per year. Locations of hospitals with the capacity to perform intravenous thrombolysis and emergency mechanical thrombectomy were labeled on the map. Results: After strict evaluation and screening, 19 designated hospitals were integrated into the JSEM in August 2017 (baseline). Following the implementation of the JSEM, 21 more designated hospitals (40 in all) were included in 2018, and 48 more designated hospitals were included in 2019. With the guidance of the JSEM, the rate of intravenous thrombolysis in Jilin province increased remarkably from 3.3% (2017, baseline) and 4.6% (2018) to 5.5% (2019). Mean door-to-needle time decreased from 62 min at baseline (2017) to 45 min 2 years later. The number of mechanical thrombectomy was increased from 457 at baseline (2017) to 749 (2018) and 1,137 (2019) per year, respectively, and mean door-to-puncture time was shortened from 136 to 120 min. Conclusion: The JSEM, a regional stroke emergency network, serves to improve patient care for stroke. The map's publication increased rates of intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy. JSEM effectively connected more qualified designated hospitals, stroke patients and emergency medical service systems in Jilin province.

Crosstalk Between Autophagy and Ferroptosis and Its Putative Role in Ischemic Stroke.

Autophagy is a conserved process to maintains homeostasis via the degradation of toxic cell contents, which can either promote cell survival or accelerate cellular demise. Ferroptosis is a recently discovered iron-dependent cell death pathway associated with the accumulation of lethal reactive lipid species. In the past few years, an increasing number of studies have suggested the crosstalk between autophagy and ferroptosis. Ischemic stroke is a complex brain disease regulated by several cell death pathways, including autophagy and ferroptosis. However, the potential links between autophagy and ferroptosis in ischemic stroke have not yet been explored. In this review, we briefly overview the mechanisms of ferroptosis and autophagy, as well as their possible connections in ischemic stroke. The elucidation of crosstalk between different cell death pathways may provide insight into new future ischemic stroke therapies.

Which Parameters of Beat-to-Beat Blood Pressure Best Predict Poor In-Hospital Outcome in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage?

Objective: There is increasing evidence that high blood pressure (BP) levels and BP variability (BPV) over 24 h or longer are associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The objective of this study was to examine the association between different beat-to-beat BP parameters and in-hospital outcomes. Methods: Patients with a diagnosis of acute spontaneous ICH were recruited consecutively and prospectively between September 2018 and January 2019. Beat-to-beat recordings were measured non-invasively for 5 min within the first 72 h after the onset of symptoms. BPV was analyzed by standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), average real variability (ARV), and variation independent of mean (VIM). Outcome was assessed at discharge using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between BP levels, BPV, and clinical outcomes. Results: A total of 66 patients were included, of whom 34 had poor outcomes (mRS score, 3-6). Patients with poor outcomes had significantly higher National Institute of Health Stroke Scale scores (4.5 vs. 9, p < 0.001), a larger ICH volume (8 vs. 14.5 mL, p = 0.004), and an increased systolic BP (SBP) -CV (3.2 vs. 4.8, p < 0.001) and diastolic BP (DBP) -CV (3.7 vs. 4.9, p = 0.015). After adjustment for major covariates, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that SBP-CV was independently associated with an increased risk of poor in-hospital outcomes [odds ratio (OR) 2.535; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.211-5.305; p = 0.014]. The receiver operating characteristic area for SBP-CV in predicting poor in-hospital outcome was 0.827 (95% CI, 0.730-0.925; p < 0.001), and the best cutoff point was 3.551 (sensitivity, 82.35%; specificity, 68.75%). Conclusion: A higher beat-to-beat BPV in the first 72 h of admission was associated with unfavorable in-hospital outcomes in patients with ICH. The stabilization of BPV during the acute phase may be a therapeutic target; this could be tested in future clinical trials.

Early prediction of the 3-month outcome for individual acute ischemic stroke patients who received intravenous thrombolysis using the N2H3 nomogram model.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to establish a nomogram model for individualized early prediction of the 3-month prognosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) who were treated with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) thrombolysis. METHODS: A total of 691 patients were included in this study; 564 patients were included in the training cohort, while 127 patients were included in the test cohort. The main outcome measure was a 3-month unfavorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale 3-6). To construct the nomogram model, stepwise logistic regression analysis was applied to select the significant predictors of the outcome. The discriminative performance of the model was assessed by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). A decision curve analysis was used to evaluate prognostic value of the model. RESULTS: The initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS, odds ratio (OR), 1.35; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.28-1.44; p < 0.001], delta NIHSS (changes in the NIHSS score from baseline to 24 h, OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.70-0.79; p < 0.001), hypertension (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.32-3.31; p = 0.002), hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy, OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.20-4.11; p = 0.013), and the ratio of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (HDL-C/LDL-C, OR, 3.29; 95% CI, 1.00-10.89; p = 0.049) (N2H3) were found to be independent predictors of a 3-month unfavorable outcome from multivariate logistic regression analysis and were incorporated in the N2H3 nomogram model. The AUC-ROC of the training cohort was 0.872 (95% CI, 0.841-0.902), and the AUC-ROC of the test cohort was 0.900 (95% CI, 0.848-0.953). CONCLUSION: The study presented the N2H3 nomogram model, with initial NIHSS score, delta NIHSS, hypertension, Hhcy, and HDL-C/LDL-C as predictors. It therefore provides an individualized early prediction of the 3-month unfavorable outcome in AIS patients treated with intravenous rt-PA thrombolysis.

Clinical Potential of Extracellular Vesicles in Type 2 Diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major public health disease which is increased in incidence and prevalence throughout the whole world. Insulin resistance (IR) in peripheral tissues and insufficient pancreatic ß-cell mass and function have been recognized as primary mechanisms in the pathogenesis of T2D, while recently, systemic chronic inflammation resulting from obesity and a sedentary lifestyle has also gained considerable attention in T2D progression. Nowadays, accumulating evidence has revealed extracellular vesicles (EVs) as critical mediators promoting the pathogenesis of T2D. They can also be used in the diagnosis and treatment of T2D and its complications. In this review, we briefly introduce the basic concepts of EVs and their potential roles in the pathogenesis of T2D. Then, we discuss their diagnostic and therapeutic potentials in T2D and its complications, hoping to open new prospects for the management of T2D.

Association of Non-Traditional Lipid Parameters with Hemorrhagic Transformation and Clinical Outcome After Thrombolysis in Ischemic Stroke Patients.

OBJECTIVE: Recently, a few studies have shown that non-traditional lipid parameters are associated with the hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and the clinical outcome of ischemic stroke. However, the role of non-traditional lipid parameters in ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to assess the associations of non-traditional lipid parameters with HT and clinical outcome after thrombolysis in ischemic stroke patients. METHODS: This study consecutively included 763 ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis. Non-traditional lipid parameters included non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), total cholesterol to HDL-C ratio (TC/HDL-C), triglyceride to HDL-C ratio (TG/ HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to HDL-C ratio (LDL-C/HDL-C). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the associations between the four non-traditional lipid parameters and HT and poor outcome after thrombolysis. RESULTS: Of 763 patients, 78 (10.2%) had HT and 281 (36.8%) had poor outcome. The ROC curves showed that the optimum cut-off points of the non-HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, and LDL/HDL-C for predicting HT and poor outcome were 2.99 and 2.01, 4.05 and 3.66, 0.82 and 1.02, as well as 2.67 and 2.71, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the TC/HDL-C <4.05 (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=1.727, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.008-2.960), TG/HDL-C <0.82 (adjusted OR=2.064, 95% CI: 1.241-3.432), and LDL/HDL-C <2.67 (adjusted OR=1.935, 95% CI: 1.070-3.501) were positively associated with the risk of HT, while the non-HDL-C <2.99 (adjusted OR=0.990, 95% CI: 0.583-1.680) was not related to the risk of HT. In addition, the non-HDL-C <2.01, TC/HDL-C <3.66, TG/HDL-C <1.02, and LDL/HDL-C <2.71 were associated with an increased risk of poor outcome, with adjusted ORs of 2.340 (95% CI: 1.150-4.764), 1.423 (95% CI: 1.025-1.977), 1.539 (95% CI: 1.102-2.151), and 1.608 (95% CI: 1.133-2.283). CONCLUSION: Low TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, and LDL/HDL-C, but not non-HDL-C, were associated with an increased risk of HT after thrombolysis. In addition, low non-HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, and LDL/HDL-C were associated with an increased risk of poor outcome in ischemic stroke patients with intravenous thrombolysis.

Mechanism of Ferroptosis and Its Relationships With Other Types of Programmed Cell Death: Insights for Potential Interventions After Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a fatal cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality, for which no effective therapies are currently available. Brain tissue damage caused by ICH is mediated by a newly identified form of non-apoptotic programmed cell death, called ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is characterized by the iron-induced accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to intracellular oxidative stress. Lipid ROS cause damage to nucleic acids, proteins, and cell membranes, eventually resulting in ferroptosis. Numerous biological processes are involved in ferroptosis, including iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione biosynthesis; therefore, iron chelators, lipophilic antioxidants, and other specific inhibitors can suppress ferroptosis, suggesting that these modulators are beneficial for treating brain injury due to ICH. Accumulating evidence indicates that ferroptosis differs from other types of programmed cell death, such as necroptosis, apoptosis, oxytosis, and pyroptosis, in terms of ultrastructural characteristics, signaling pathways, and outcomes. Although several studies have emphasized the importance of ferroptosis due to ICH, the detailed mechanism underlying ferroptosis remains unclear. This review summarizes the available evidence on the mechanism underlying ferroptosis and its relationship with other types of cell death, with the aim to identify therapeutic targets and potential interventions for ICH.

Glycyrrhetinic Acid-Induced MiR-663a Alleviates Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation by Attenuating the TGF-ß/Smad Signaling Pathway.

Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a hydrolysate of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice root extract, has been used to treat liver fibrotic diseases. However, the molecular mechanism involved in the antifibrotic effects of GA remains unclear. The involvement of miR-663a and its roles in TGF-ß-1-induced hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the roles of miR-663a in the activation of HSCs and the antifibrosis mechanism of GA. MiR-663a expression was downregulated in TGF-ß-treated HSCs. The overexpression of miR-663a inhibited HSC proliferation. TGF-ß-1was confirmed as a direct target gene of miR-663a. MiR-663a alleviated HSC activation, concomitant with decreased expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), human α2 (I) collagen (COL1A2), TGF-ß1, TGF-ßRI, Smad4, p-Smad2, and p-Smad3. GA upregulated miR-663a expression and inhibited the TGF-ß/Smad pathway in HSCs. Further studies showed that miR-663a inhibitor treatment reversed GA-mediated downregulation of TGF-ß1, TGF-ßRI, Smad4, p-Smad2, p-Smad3, α-SMA, and CoL1A2 in TGF-ß1-treated HSCs. These results show that miR-663a suppresses HSC proliferation and activation and the TGF-ß/Smad signaling pathway, highlighting that miR-663a can be utilized as a therapeutic target for hepatic fibrosis. GA inhibits, at least in part, HSC proliferation and activation via targeting the miR-663a/TGF-ß/Smad signaling pathway.