Auranofin inhibits the occurrence of colorectal cancer by promoting mTOR-dependent autophagy and inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transformation.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the world's most common and deadly cancers. According to GLOBOCAN2020's global incidence rate and mortality estimates, CRC is the third main cause of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved auranofin for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It is a gold-containing chemical that inhibits thioredoxin reductase. Auranofin has a number of biological activities, including anticancer activity, although it has not been researched extensively in CRC, and the mechanism of action on CRC cells is still unknown. The goal of this research was to see how Auranofin affected CRC cells in vivo and in vitro . The two chemical libraries were tested for drugs that make CRC cells more responsive. The CCK-8 technique was used to determine the cell survival rate. The invasion, migration, and proliferation of cells were assessed using a transwell test and a colony cloning experiment. An electron microscope was used to observe autophagosome formation. Western blotting was also used to determine the degree of expression of related proteins in cells. Auranofin's tumor-suppressing properties were further tested in a xenograft tumor model of human SW620 CRC cells. Auranofin dramatically reduced the occurrence of CRC by decreasing the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRC cells, according to our findings. Through a mTOR-dependent mechanism, auranofin inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and induces autophagy in CRC cells. Finally, in-vivo tests revealed that auranofin suppressed tumor growth in xenograft mice while causing no harm. In summary, auranofin suppresses CRC cell growth, invasion, and migration. Auranofin inhibits the occurrence and progression of CRC by decreasing EMT and inducing autophagy in CRC cells via a mTOR-dependent mechanism. These findings suggest that auranofin could be a potential chemotherapeutic medication for the treatment of human CRC.

Synergy of Pd atoms and oxygen vacancies on In2O3 for methane conversion under visible light.

Methane (CH4) oxidation to high value chemicals under mild conditions through photocatalysis is a sustainable and appealing pathway, nevertheless confronting the critical issues regarding both conversion and selectivity. Herein, under visible irradiation (420 nm), the synergy of palladium (Pd) atom cocatalyst and oxygen vacancies (OVs) on In2O3 nanorods enables superior photocatalytic CH4 activation by O2. The optimized catalyst reaches ca. 100 µmol h-1 of C1 oxygenates, with a selectivity of primary products (CH3OH and CH3OOH) up to 82.5%. Mechanism investigation elucidates that such superior photocatalysis is induced by the dedicated function of Pd single atoms and oxygen vacancies on boosting hole and electron transfer, respectively. O2 is proven to be the only oxygen source for CH3OH production, while H2O acts as the promoter for efficient CH4 activation through ·OH production and facilitates product desorption as indicated by DFT modeling. This work thus provides new understandings on simultaneous regulation of both activity and selectivity by the synergy of single atom cocatalysts and oxygen vacancies.

The frontal-temporal nerve triangle: a new concept of locating the motor and sensory nerves in upper third of the face rhytidectomy.

BACKGROUND: How to avoid damage to the temporal branch of the facial nerve has long been a central topic of discussion. Recently, damage to the supraorbital nerve, the auriculotemporal nerve, and other branches of the trigeminal nerve divisions has attracted much attention. Focusing on frontal and temporal rhytidectomy, the authors have investigated the course and distribution of the facial nerve branches, the supraorbital nerve, the auriculotemporal nerve, and other branches of trigeminal division. In this article, they present the concept of the frontal-temporal nerve triangle; its contents, vicinity, and clinical significances are discussed. METHODS: An anatomical study was performed using 30 temporal-parietal regions of 10 fixed adult cadavers and five fresh cadavers. A step-by-step dissection from the superficial layer to the deep layer was involved; all the measurement data were analyzed, and the mean and standard deviation were calculated and expressed in centimeters. RESULTS: The frontal-temporal nerve triangle is an approximately triangular area formed by the temporal branch of the facial nerve, the supraorbital nerve, and the auriculotemporal nerve. Together with its contents and vicinal structures, it forms a complicated three-dimensional rather than two-dimensional structure. Anatomical structures closely associated with rhytidectomy are located in or near this area. CONCLUSIONS: Acting as the anatomical body surface landmark for preoperatively locating the temporal branch, the supraorbital nerve, the auriculotemporal nerve, and its related structures, the concept of the frontal-temporal nerve triangle has practical significance in designing incisions and selecting planes of dissection in upper third of the face rhytidectomy.

Using the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery as a landmark for locating the course of the temporal branch of the facial nerve during rhytidectomy: an anatomical study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have proposed that the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery could be used to determine the course of the temporal branch of the facial nerve; however, these studies have not documented this relationship. The objective of this study was to thoroughly examine the courses of the frontal branch and temporal branch in the temporal region and to describe their relationship in detail. The operating technique used to avoid damaging the temporal branch in the rhytidectomy also is discussed. METHODS: An anatomical study was performed on 30 temporoparietal regions from 10 fixed adult cadavers and five fresh cadavers. Twenty halves of head-vascular-cast specimens also were observed. RESULTS: Depending on whether the bifurcation point of the superficial temporal artery is superior or inferior to the horizontal line of the superior orbital rim, the frontal branch can be classified as having a high-location or low-location type. The temporal branch and its terminal twigs run deeper into the superficial temporal fascia and are inferior to the frontal branch in the high-location type. In the low-location type, one or more terminal twigs of the temporal branch interweave with the frontal branch above the horizontal plane of the upper orbital rim and terminate below the frontal eminence. The temporal branch locates within a triangular area formed by the lower aspect of the zygomatic arch, the frontal branch, and the vertical line where it crosses the highest point of the frontal eminence CONCLUSION: The frontal branch can be the anatomical landmark used to locate and protect the temporal branch during rhytidectomy.