Epidemiological variations and trends in glaucoma burden in the Belt and Road countries.

BACKGROUND: Analyzing the glaucoma burden in "Belt and Road" (B&R) countries based on age, gender, and risk factors from 1990 to 2019 in order to provide evidence for future prevention strategies. METHODS: We applied global burden of disease(GBD) 2019 to compare glaucoma prevalence and Years lived with disabilities (YLDs) from 1990 to 2019 in the B&R countries. Trends of disease burden between 1990 and 2019 were evaluated using the average annual percent change and the 95% uncertainty interval (UI) were reported. RESULTS: From 1990 to 2019, most B&R countries showed a downward trend in age-standardized prevalence and YLDs (all P < 0.05). Additionally, only the age-standardized YLDs in males of Pakistan has a 0.35% increase (95%CI:0.19,0.50,P < 0.001), and most B&R countries has a decline(all P < 0.05) in age-standardized YLDs in every 5 years age group after 45 years old except for Pakistan(45-79 years and > 85 years), Malaysia(75-84 years), Brunei Darussalam(45-49 years), Afghanistan(70-79 years). Finally, in all Central Asian countries, the age-standardized YLDs due to glaucoma caused by fasting hyperglycemia demonstrated have an increase between 1990 and 2019 (all P < 0.05), but Armenia and Mongolia have a decrease between 2010 and 2019 (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of glaucoma continues to pose a significant burden across regions, ages, and genders in countries along the "B&R". It is imperative for the "B&R" nations to enhance health cooperation in order to collaboratively tackle the challenges associated with glaucoma.

Direct and Catalyst-Free Ester Metathesis Reaction for Covalent Adaptable Networks.

Thermosetting polymers possess excellent environmental resistance and mechanical properties but cannot be reprocessed due to their covalently cross-linked structures. Recycling of thermosets via the implantation of dynamic covalent bonds offers a promising solution. Here, we report the direct and catalyst-free ester metathesis of N-acyloxyphthalimide (NAPI) at about 100 °C without the requirement of hydroxyl groups and its utilization for the fabrication of covalent adaptable networks (CANs). NAPI metathesis has interesting sigmoid kinetics with a fast exchange rate, which proceeds via a free radical chain mechanism, guaranteeing a fast associative exchange under a rather low dissociation. The bifunctional molecule of NAPI as both the radical precursor and substrate is the key to the dissociatively initiated associative (DAssociative) mechanism and kinetic behavior. Based on the efficient NAPI metathesis, polyester networks, poly(N-acyloxyphthalimides) (PNAPIs), show excellent malleability. Notably, PNAPIs exhibit exceptional solvent resistance and mechanical stability at elevated temperatures owing to the unique DAssociative mechanism, suggesting exciting opportunities for designing recyclable thermosetting polymers.

Screening of new Paenibacillus polymyxa S3 and its disease resistance of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus).

A new strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa S3 with antagonistic effects on 11 major fish pathogens (especially Aeromonas hydrophila), but had no toxicity to grass carp, was screened from the sediment of fishponds. In vivo colonization studies showed that strain S3 could be colonized and distributed in the gill and abdomen of the grass carp. Bioassay results showed that the weight growth rate of grass carp in the strain S3 oral group (16.01%) and strain S3 immersion group (16.44%) was significantly higher than those of the control group (8.61%). At the same time, the activities of ACP, AKP, CAT and GSH-Px in the serum of grass carp in oral and immersion groups were significantly higher than those of the control group. In addition, the treatment with strain S3 could significantly upregulate the expression of the antioxidant-related genes and immune-related genes Keap1, Nrf2, C3, LZM, IgM, TLR-4 and MyD-88 in grass carp tissues. The challenge test showed that strain S3 treatment significantly increased the survival rate of grass carp infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Whole genome sequencing analysis showed that strain S3 had 16 active metabolite gene clusters, indicating that it had abundant gene resources, which provided important support for its development for fish microecological preparations. In summary, a new strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa S3 with antibacterial activity against a variety of fish pathogens was screened in this study and its probiotic function was evaluated, proving its potential value in fisheries.

Aeromonas veronii infection remarkably increases expression of lysozymes in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and injection of lysozyme expression cassette along with QCDC adjuvant significantly upregulates immune factors and decreases cumulative mortality.

Aeromonas veronii AvX005 is a pathogenic bacterium with high toxicity to grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). The expression levels of g-type (goose-type lysozyme, Lys-g) and c-type lysozyme (chicken-type lysozyme, Lys-c) in the spleen of grass carp infected with AvX005 were significantly increased by approximately 4.5 times and 27 times, respectively. The recombinant proteins rLys-g and rLys-c produced in a recombinant expression system of Escherichia coli showed significant antibacterial activity against the pathogenic bacteria AvX005. A challenge test was conducted after rLys-g and rLys-c were expressed in grass carp L8824 liver cells, and compared with the survival rate of the control cells (46.3%), the survival rate of the experimental cells (77.6% for rLys-g and 68.6% for rLys-c) was significantly increased. Grass carp were infected with AvX005 on the second day after delivering pcDNA3.1-lys-g and pcDNA-lys-c with the Quil A/cholesterol/DDA/Carbopol (QCDC) adjuvant, and both pcDNA3.1-lys-g and pcDNA-lys-c provided 70% relative protection for grass carp. The activity of lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase in the serum of grass carp was significantly increased after injection of DNA. The expression of the immune factors IgM, C3 and IL8 in the kidney was upregulated to varying degrees for pcDNA3.1-lys-g and immune factors C3 and IgM was upregulated for pcDNA-lys-c. The results indicated that pcDNA3.1-lys-g and pcDNA-lys-c may be used as immunostimulants to protect grass carp from the pathogenic bacterium AvX005.

Pathogenicity of fish pathogen Pseudomonas plecoglossicida and preparation of its inactivated vaccine.

Many fishes infected with Pseudomonas plecoglossicida generally suffer from "visceral white spot disease" or even die. In this study, a dominant pathogen strain was isolated from the intestinal tract of diseased crucian carp in the Wangcheng Lake area, Changsha, and it was identified as P. plecoglossicida. The selected strain was a new strain named as P. plecoglossicida LQJ06.Strain LQJ06 basically colonized the intestine and poisoned zebrafish as show by fluorescent labelling. Pathological structural analysis of tissue sections indicated that the intestinal tract was seriously damaged, epithelial cells in the intestinal tissue were necrotic, intestinal villi were sloughed, liver cells were vacuolated, nuclei were pyknotic and shifted, and lymphocytes were proliferated in the spleen. P. plecoglossicida LQJ06 strain could invade and proliferate in the grass carp liver cell line L8824, which led to a stress response, including apoptosis. Cell morphology was changed owing to the toxicity of the culture supernatant of the LQJ06 strain, which mainly manifested as aggregation between cells, pyknosisd and slow growth or even death. An inactivated vaccine derived from P. plecoglossicida LQJ06 prepared in this study was safe and nontoxic to grass carp liver cells. Compared with those after oral administration, most of the cellular immune factors were expressed earlier and at a higher level after injection immunization. The intestinal tract and liver from zebrafish mainly expressed the IFN-γ2 and IL-1ß genes, respectively, after immunization. The upregulation of these immune-related genes proved that the vaccine could strengthen the immunity of zebrafish, induce inflammation and promote resistance to pathogenic infection. The results of these preliminary tests provide a scientific basis for further research on the prevention and control of P. plecoglossicida, and an essential preliminary basis for the development of an inactivated vaccine against P. plecoglossicida.

Large Tunable Spin-to-Charge Conversion Induced by Hybrid Rashba and Dirac Surface States in Topological Insulator Heterostructures.

Topological insulators (TIs) have emerged as some of the most efficient spin-to-charge convertors because of their correlated spin-momentum locking at helical Dirac surface states. While endeavors have been made to pursue large "charge-to-spin" conversions in novel TI materials using spin-torque-transfer geometries, the reciprocal process "spin-to-charge" conversion, characterized by the inverse Edelstein effect length (λIEE) in the prototypical TI material (Bi2Se3), remains moderate. Here, we demonstrate that, by incorporating a "second" spin-splitting band, namely, a Rashba interface formed by inserting a bismuth interlayer between the ferromagnet and the Bi2Se3 (i.e., ferromagnet/Bi/Bi2Se3 heterostructure), λIEE shows a pronounced increase (up to 280 pm) compared with that in pure TIs. We found that λIEE alters as a function of bismuth interlayer thickness, suggesting a new degree of freedom to manipulate λIEE by engineering the interplay of Rashba and Dirac surface states. Our finding launches a new route for designing TI- and Rashba-type quantum materials for next-generation spintronic applications.

Chemiluminescence reaction kinetics-resolved multianalyte immunoassay strategy using a bispecific monoclonal antibody as the unique recognition reagent.

The multianalyte immunoassay (MIA) has attracted increasing attention due to its high sample throughput, short assay time, low sample consumption, and reduced overall cost. However, up to now, the reported MIA methods commonly require multiple antibodies since each antibody can recognize only one antigen. Herein, a novel bispecific monoclonal antibody (BsMcAb) that could bind methyl parathion and imidacloprid simultaneously was produced by a hybrid hybridomas strategy. A chemiluminescence (CL) reaction kinetics-resolved strategy was designed for MIA of methyl parathion and imidacloprid using the BsMcAb as the unique recognition reagent. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were adopted as the signal probes to tag the haptens of the two pesticides due to their very different CL kinetic characteristics. After competitive immunoreactions, the HRP-tagged methyl parathion hapten and the ALP-tagged imidacloprid hapten were simultaneously bound to the BsMcAb since there were two different antigen-binding sites in it. Then, two CL reactions were simultaneously triggered by adding the CL coreactants, and the signals for methyl parathion and imidacloprid detections were collected at 0.6 and 1000 s, respectively. The linear ranges for methyl parathion and imidacloprid were both 1.0-500 ng/mL, with detection limits of 0.33 ng/mL (S/N = 3). The proposed method was successfully used to detect pesticides spiked in ginseng and American ginseng with acceptable recoveries of 80-118%. This proof-of-principle work demonstrated the feasibility of MIA using only one antibody.

Multiplexed detection of two proteins by a reaction kinetics-resolved chemiluminescence immunoassay strategy.

A multiplexed immunoassay method was proposed for the sequential detection of two proteins in a single run based on a novel chemiluminescence (CL) reaction kinetics-resolved strategy. This method was established using acridinium ester (AE) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as the signal probes due to the significant difference in their CL reaction kinetics characteristics. Mouse IgG (MIgG) and mouse IgM (MIgM) were detected as the model analytes with a competitive immunoassay format. AE and ALP were used to tag goat anti-mouse IgG and rabbit anti-mouse IgM, respectively, to form two immunocomplexes. The two CL reactions with flash type and glow type kinetics characteristics were triggered simultaneously by adding the coreactants, then the CL signals from the two reactions were recorded after 0.2 s and 500 s of the reaction triggering, respectively. The multiplexed CL immunoassay provided a wide range of 0.50-200 ng mL(-1), with a low detection limit of 0.16 ng mL(-1) (S/N = 3) for both MIgG and MIgM. Additionally, no obvious signal overlap was observed in the multiplexed immunoassay. The proposed method was successfully applied for the detection of MIgG and MIgM levels in mouse serums, and the results were in good agreement with those from the reference ELISA method. We anticipate that it can be used in some other areas such as drug screening, food safety, environment monitoring and clinical diagnosis.

Surface Functionalized Titanium Nitride Electrode for CMOS Compatible Bioelectronic Devices.

The development of bioelectronic devices is heading toward high throughput and high resolution. Yet, most electrode materials utilized in electrical biosensing are not compatible with the manufacturing techniques of semiconductor chips, which somehow hinders the integration and miniaturization of these devices. Titanium nitride (TiN) is a durable and economical material that is widely used in CMOS-based integrated circuits, bioelectronic systems, electrocatalytic systems, etc. Considering different application scenarios, new and efficient methods are required to functionalize TiN surface. In this study, a surface functionalization approach by covalent grafting of an organic thin film containing hydroxyl groups on TiN surface via electroreduction of diazonium salt 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)benzenediazonium was presented. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) procedures were carried out at the potential ranges of -0.8 V~0.5 V (vs Ag/AgCl) with varying numbers of potential cycles (i. e., 5, 25, and 50 cycles) in order to study the thickness of modification layer. Then, the electrochemical property, surface morphology, and chemical structures of the sample before and after modifications were investigated via multiple characterization techniques, such as CV, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), etc., thereby confirming the successful grafting of hydroxyl groups onto the TiN surface. The experiments on DNA synthesis aimed to explore the potential of modified TiN electrode as a novel platform for DNA data storage applications and the corresponding proof-of-principle was accomplished by the process of coupling Cy3-phosphoramidite. Finally, the experiments were successfully reproduced on the randomly selected sites of the modified TiN microarray chips demonstrating the potential of technical protocol to extend applications in future bioelectronic devices, such as bio-sensing, high-throughput DNA synthesis, and molecular manipulation.

A Novel DNA Synthesis Platform Design with High-Throughput Paralleled Addressability and High-Density Static Droplet Confinement.

Using DNA as the next-generation medium for data storage offers unparalleled advantages in terms of data density, storage duration, and power consumption as compared to existing data storage technologies. To meet the high-speed data writing requirements in DNA data storage, this paper proposes a novel design for an ultra-high-density and high-throughput DNA synthesis platform. The presented design mainly leverages two functional modules: a dynamic random-access memory (DRAM)-like integrated circuit (IC) responsible for electrode addressing and voltage supply, and the static droplet array (SDA)-based microfluidic structure to eliminate any reaction species diffusion concern in electrochemical DNA synthesis. Through theoretical analysis and simulation studies, we validate the effective addressing of 10 million electrodes and stable, adjustable voltage supply by the integrated circuit. We also demonstrate a reaction unit size down to 3.16 × 3.16 µm2, equivalent to 10 million/cm2, that can rapidly and stably generate static droplets at each site, effectively constraining proton diffusion. Finally, we conducted a synthesis cycle experiment by incorporating fluorescent beacons on a microfabricated electrode array to examine the feasibility of our design.

A Novel Microfluidic Strategy for Efficient Exosome Separation via Thermally Oxidized Non-Uniform Deterministic Lateral Displacement (DLD) Arrays and Dielectrophoresis (DEP) Synergy.

Exosomes, with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm, are saucer-shaped extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by various type of human cells. They are present in virtually all bodily fluids. Owing to their abundant nucleic acid and protein content, exosomes have emerged as promising biomarkers for noninvasive molecular diagnostics. However, the need for exosome separation purification presents tremendous technical challenges due to their minuscule size. In recent years, microfluidic technology has garnered substantial interest as a promising alternative capable of excellent separation performance, reduced reagent consumption, and lower overall device and operation costs. In this context, we hereby propose a novel microfluidic strategy based on thermally oxidized deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) arrays with tapered shapes to enhance separation performance. We have achieved more than 90% purity in both polystyrene nanoparticle and exosome experiments. The use of thermal oxidation also significantly reduces fabrication complexity by avoiding the use of high-precision lithography. Furthermore, in a simulation model, we attempt to integrate the use of dielectrophoresis (DEP) to overcome the size-based nature of DLD and distinguish particles that are close in size but differ in biochemical compositions (e.g., lipoproteins, exomeres, retroviruses). We believe the proposed strategy heralds a versatile and innovative platform poised to enhance exosome analysis across a spectrum of biochemical applications.

Sludge Retention Time as a Suitable Operational Parameter to Remove Both Estrogen and Nutrients in an Anaerobic-Anoxic-Aerobic Activated Sludge System.

Estrogen in wastewater are responsible for a significant part of the endocrine-disrupting effects observed in the aquatic environment. The effect of sludge retention time (SRT) on the removal and fate of 17ß-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in an anaerobic-anoxic-oxic activated sludge system designed for nutrient removal was investigated by laboratory-scale experiments using synthetic wastewater. With a hydraulic retention time of 8 h, when SRT ranged 10-25 days, E2 was almost completely removed from water, and EE2 removal efficiency was 65%-81%. Both estrogens were easily sorbed onto activated sludge. Distribution coefficients (Kd) of estrogens on anaerobic sludge were greater than those on anoxic and aerobic sludges. Mass balance calculation indicated that 99% of influent E2 was degraded by the activated sludge process, and 1% remained in excess sludge; of influent EE2, 62.0%-80.1% was biodegraded; 18.9%-34.7% was released in effluent; and 0.88%-3.31% remained in excess sludge. Optimal SRT was 20 days for both estrogen and nutrient removal. E2 was almost completely degraded, and EE2 was only partly degraded in the activated sludge process. Residual estrogen on excess sludge must be considered in the sludge treatment and disposal processes. The originality of the work is that removal of nutrients and estrogens were linked, and optimal SRT for both estrogen and nutrient removal in an enhanced biological phosphorus removal system was determined. This has an important implication for the design and operation of full-scale wastewater treatment plants.

Biocontrol Potential of Trichoderma asperellum Strain 576 against Exserohilum turcicum in Zea mays.

Maize is a crucial cereal crop in China, serving both as a staple food and an essential industrial resource. Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) is a disease of corn caused by a fungus, Exserohilum turcicum (sexual stage Setosphaeria turcica). This study aimed to assess the biocontrol potential of various Trichoderma strains against Exserohilum turcicum 101 in Jilin, China. Through dual culture tests, the Trichoderma strains were categorized into four groups based on their antagonistic abilities. Eleven Trichoderma strains exhibited strong antagonistic behavior, with comparable or faster growth rates than E. turcicum 101. Microscopic observations confirmed that T. asperellum 576 hyphae effectively encircled E. turcicum 101 hyphae, reinforcing their antagonistic behavior. The production of non-volatile and volatile substances by the Trichoderma strains was evaluated, with T. asperellum 576 showing the highest potency in producing non-volatile and volatile substances, leading to an impressive 80.81% and 65.86% inhibition of E. turcicum 101 growth. Remarkably, co-culture suspensions of T. asperellum 576 + E. turcicum 101 and T. atroviride 393 + E. turcicum 101 exhibited strong antifungal activity. Furthermore, the activities of chitinase, ß-1.3-glucanase, and cellulase were evaluated using the 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. T. asperellum 576 + E. turcicum 101 displayed stronger cell wall degradation enzyme activity compared to T. atroviride 393 + E. turcicum 101, with values of 8.34 U/mL, 3.42 U/mL, and 7.75 U/mL, respectively. In greenhouse conditions, the application of a 107 spores/mL conidia suspension of T. asperellum 576 significantly enhanced maize seed germination and plant growth while effectively suppressing E. turcicum 101 infection. Maize seedlings inoculated/treated with both E. turcicum 101 and T. asperellum 576 demonstrated substantial improvements compared to those inoculated solely with E. turcicum 101. The T. asperellum 576 treatment involved a 107 spores/mL conidia suspension applied through a combination of foliar spray and soil drench. These findings highlight T. asperellum 576 as a promising biocontrol candidate against northern leaf blight in maize. Its antagonistic behavior, production of inhibitory compounds, and promotion of plant growth all contribute to its potential as an effective biocontrol agent for disease management.

Construction and Manipulation of Serial Gradient Dilution Array on a Microfluidic Slipchip for Screening and Characterizing Inhibitors against Human Pancreatic Lipase.

Obesity is one of the foremost public health concerns. Human pancreatic lipase (hPL), a crucial digestive enzyme responsible for the digestion of dietary lipids in humans, has been validated as an important therapeutic target for preventing and treating obesity. The serial dilution technique is commonly used to generate solutions with different concentrations and can be easily modified for drug screening. Conventional serial gradient dilution is often performed with tedious multiple manual pipetting steps, where it is difficult to precisely control fluidic volumes at low microliter levels. Herein, we presented a microfluidic SlipChip that enabled formation and manipulation of serial dilution array in an instrument-free manner. With simple slipping steps, the compound solution could be diluted to seven gradients with the dilution ratio of 1:1 and co-incubated with the enzyme (hPL)-substrate system for screening the anti-hPL potentials. To ensure complete mixing of solution and diluent during continuous dilution, we established a numerical simulation model and conducted an ink mixing experiment to determine the mixing time. Furthermore, we also demonstrated the serial dilution ability of the proposed SlipChip using standard fluorescent dye. As a proof of concept, we tested this microfluidic SlipChip using one marketed anti-obesity drug (Orlistat) and two natural products (1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-ß-D-glucopyranose (PGG) and sciadopitysin) with anti-hPL potentials. The IC50 values of these agents were calculated as 11.69 nM, 8.22 nM and 0.80 µM, for Orlistat, PGG and sciadopitysin, respectively, which were consistent with the results obtained by conventional biochemical assay.

The emerging landscape of microfluidic applications in DNA data storage.

DNA has been considered a promising alternative to the current solid-state devices for digital information storage. The past decade has witnessed tremendous progress in the field of DNA data storage contributed by researchers from various disciplines. However, the current development status of DNA storage is still far from practical use, mainly due to its high material cost and time consumption for data reading/writing, as well as the lack of a comprehensive, automated, and integrated system. Microfluidics, being capable of handling and processing micro-scale fluid samples in a massively paralleled and highly integrated manner, has gradually been recognized as a promising candidate for addressing the aforementioned issues. In this review, we provide a discussion on recent efforts of applying microfluidics to advance the development of DNA data storage. Moreover, to showcase the tremendous potential that microfluidics can contribute to this field, we will further highlight the recent advancements of applying microfluidics to the key functional modules within the DNA data storage workflow. Finally, we share our perspectives on future directions for how to continue the infusion of microfluidics with DNA data storage and how to advance toward a truly integrated system and reach real-life applications.

The burden of congenital birth defects between 1990 and 2019 in China: an observational study.

Background: Congenital birth defects (CBDs) are a major public health issue. This study aims to assess trends in the burden of CBDs between 1990 and 2019 across China based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019). Methods: Indicators of the burden of CBDs included incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Metrics included number, rate, and age-standardized rate with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Data were stratified by region [China, global, high-, middle-, low-socio-demographic index (SDI)], age, sex, and type of CBD. Average annual percentage changes (AAPC) and trends were evaluated. Results: In China, between 1990 and 2019, the age-standardized incidence rate for CBDs showed an increasing trend, with an AAPC of 0.26% (0.11% to 0.41%), reaching 148.12 per 105 person-years (124.03 to 176.33) in 2019. Most CBDs were congenital heart anomalies, with an AAPC of 0.12% (-0.08% to 0.32%). The age-standardized mortality rate for CBDs showed a decreasing trend, with an AAPC of -4.57% (-4.97% to -4.17%), reaching 4.62 per 105 person-years (3.88 to 5.57) in 2019. Most mortality was associated with congenital heart anomalies, with an AAPC of -3.77% (-4.35% to -3.19%). The age-standardized DALYs rate for CBDs showed a decreasing trend, with an AAPC of -3.74% (-3.95% to -3.52%), reaching 480.95 per 105 person-years (407.69 to 570.04) in 2019. Conclusions: Morbidity associated with CBDs increased in China between 1990 and 2019, accelerated by the adoption of the two-child policy, and ranked high globally. These findings emphasize the need for prenatal screening and primary and secondary prevention strategies.

Diversities of disability caused by lung cancer in the 66 Belt and Road initiative countries: a secondary analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

Objectives: Due to the increase in life expectancy and the aging of the global population, the "Belt and Road" ("B&R") countries are faced with varying degrees of lung cancer threat. The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in the burden and trend of lung cancer disability in the "B&R" countries from 1990 to 2019 so as to provide an analytical strategic basis to build a healthy "B&R". Methods: Data were derived from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 (GBD 2019). Incidence, mortality, prevalence, the years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of lung cancer and those attributable to different risk factors were measured from 1990 to 2019. Trends of disease burden were estimated by using the average annual percent change (AAPC), and the 95% uncertainty interval (UI) was reported. Results: China, India, and the Russian Federation were the three countries with the highest burden of lung cancer in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the AAPC of incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs generally showed a downward trend in Central Asia (except Georgia) and Eastern Europe, while in China, South Asia (except Bangladesh), most countries in North Africa, and the Middle East, the trend was mainly upward. The AAPC of age-standardized incidence was 1.33% (1.15%-1.50%); the AAPC of prevalence, mortality, and DALYs from lung cancer in China increased by 24% (2.10%-2.38%), 0.94% (0.74%-1.14%), and 0.42% (0.25%-0.59%), respectively. A downward trend of the AAPC values of age-standardized YLD rate in men was shown in the vast majority of "B&R" countries, but for women, most countries had an upward trend. For adults aged 75 years or older, the age-standardized YLD rate showed an increasing trend in most of the "B&R" countries. Except for the DALY rate of lung cancer attributable to metabolic risks, a downward trend of the DALY rate attributable to all risk factors, behavioral risks, and environmental/occupational risks was shown in the vast majority of "B&R" countries. Conclusion: The burden of lung cancer in "B&R" countries varied significantly between regions, genders, and risk factors. Strengthening health cooperation among the "B&R" countries will help to jointly build a community with a shared future for mankind.

Dynamic covalent polymers enabled by reversible isocyanate chemistry.

The design of responsive materials by introducing dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs), which can undergo reversible association and dissociation under certain conditions, is an appealing research field in recent years. Reversible isocyanate chemistry representatively consists of urethane, thiourethane, and urea bonds, all of which can reverse into their own starting chemicals (isocyanates and active hydrogen compounds) upon heating. In this article, we overview the mechanisms and experimental elements affecting the dynamic features of isocyanate-based bonds (IBs). With the knowledge of reversible isocyanate chemistry, the construction strategies of different dynamic covalent polymers including polyurethanes, polyureas, and polythiourethanes are discussed, in particular for dynamic polymer networks. The major applications of dynamic isocyanate-based polymers in recycling and self-healing materials, shape morphing polymers, 3D printing, and composites are outlined. The emergence of reversible isocyanate chemistry offers a highly effective platform to engineer thermally adaptable materials.

Design and fabrication of r-hirudin loaded dissolving microneedle patch for minimally invasive and long-term treatment of thromboembolic disease.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of global mortality, with anticoagulant therapy being the main prevention and treatment strategy. Recombinant hirudin (r-hirudin) is a direct thrombin inhibitor that can potentially prevent thrombosis via subcutaneous (SC) and intravenous (IV) administration, but there is a risk of haemorrhage via SC and IV. Thus, microneedle (MN) provides painless and sanitary alternatives to syringes and oral administration. However, the current technological process for the micro mould is complicated and expensive. The micro mould obtained via three-dimensional (3D) printing is expected to save time and cost, as well as provide a diverse range of MNs. Therefore, we explored a method for MNs array model production based on 3D printing and translate it to micro mould that can be used for fabrication of dissolving MNs patch. The results show that r-hirudin-loaded and hyaluronic acid (HA)-based MNs can achieve transdermal drug delivery and exhibit significant potential in the prevention of thromboembolic disease without bleeding in animal models. These results indicate that based on 3D printing technology, MNs combined with r-hirudin are expected to achieve diverse customizable MNs and thus realize personalized transdermal anticoagulant delivery for minimally invasive and long-term treatment of thrombotic disease.