TRIM45 aggravates microglia pyroptosis via Atg5/NLRP3 axis in septic encephalopathy.

BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammation mediated by microglial pyroptosis is an important pathogenic mechanism of septic encephalopathy (SAE). It has been reported that TRIM45 is associated with tumours and inflammatory diseases. However, the role of TRIM45 in SAE and the relationship between TRIM45 and microglial pyroptosis are unknown. In this study, we found that TRIM45 played an important role in regulating microglial pyroptosis and the molecular mechanism. METHODS: SAE was induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS in WT and AAV-shTRIM45 mice. BV2 cells were treated with LPS/ATP in vitro. Cognitive function was assessed by the Morris water maze. Nissl staining was used to evaluate histological and structural lesions. ELISA was used to dectect neuroinflammation. qPCR was used to detect the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines, NLRP3, and autophagy genes. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis were used to analyse the expression of the proteins. Changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells were observed by flow cytometry. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential in BV2 cells were detected by JC-1 staining. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were extracted from blood by density gradient centrifugation and then used for qPCR, western blotting and flow detection. To further explore the mechanism, we used the overexpression plasmids TRIM45 and Atg5 as well as siRNA-TRIM45 and siRNA-Atg5 to analyse the downstream pathway of NLRP3. The protein and mRNA levels of TRIM45 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from sepsis patients were examined. RESULTS: Knocking down TRIM45 protected against neuronal damage and cognitive impairment in septic mice. TRIM45 knockdown inhibited microglial pyroptosis and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in vivo and in vitro, which was mediated by NLRP3/Gsdmd-N activation. Overexpression of TRIM45 could activate NLRP3 and downstream proteins. Further examination showed that TRIM45 regulated the activation of NLRP3 by altering Atg5 and regulating autophagic flux. It was also found that overexpression and knockdown of TRIM45 affected the changes in ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential. Thus, knocking down TRIM45 could reduce microglial pyroptosis, the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and neuronal damage and improve cognitive function. In addition, the level of TRIM45 protein in septic patients was increased. There was a positive linear correlation between APACHE II score and TRIM45, between SOFA score and TRIM45. Compared to group GCS > 9, level of TRIM45 were increased in group GCS ≤ 8. CONCLUSION: TRIM45 plays a key role in neuroinflammation caused by LPS, and the mechanism may involve TRIM45-mediated exacerbation of microglial pyroptosis via the Atg5/NLRP3 axis.

SILENCING M 6 A READER YTHDC1 REDUCES INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN SEPSIS-INDUCED CARDIOMYOPATHY BY INHIBITING SERPINA3N EXPRESSION.

ABSTRACT: Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC) is one of the most common complications of infection-induced sepsis. An imbalance in inflammatory mediators is the main factor leading to SIC . N 6 -methyladenosine (m 6 A) is closely related to the occurrence and development of sepsis. N 6 -methyladenosine reader YTH domain containing 1 (YTHDC1) is an m 6 A N 6 -methyladenosine recognition protein. However, the role of YTHDC1 in SIC remains unclear. Herein, we demonstrated that YTHDC1-shRNA inhibits inflammation, reduces inflammatory mediators, and improves cardiac function in a LPS-induced SIC mouse model. Based on the Gene Expression Omnibus database analysis, serine protease inhibitor A3N is a differential gene of SIC. Furthermore, RNA immunoprecipitation indicated that serine protease inhibitor A3N (SERPINA3N) mRNA can bind to YTHDC1, which regulates the expression of SERPINA3N. Serine protease inhibitor A3N-siRNA reduced LPS-induced inflammation of cardiac myocytes. In conclusion, the m 6 A reader YTHDC1 regulates SERPINA3N mRNA expression to mediate the levels of inflammation in SIC. Such findings add to the relationship between m 6 A reader YTHDC1 and SIC, providing a new research avenue for the therapeutic mechanism of SIC.

The Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation on High-Risk Patients with PONV Undergoing Laparoscopic Gynecologic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is one of the most common complications after general anesthesia. The traditional comprehensive management of PONV usually uses one or two drugs, but this regimen fails to meet the requirements of the latest version of PONV guidelines. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on high-risk PONV patients who are undergoing laparoscopic gynecological surgery. METHODS: In total, 162 high-risk PONV patients were randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 81) and a control group (n = 81). Both groups were injected with 4 mg of dexamethasone and 0.25 mg of palonosetron. In the experimental group, Nei-guan (PC6) and He-gu (LI4) were stimulated by a transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation instrument (HANS200E) 30 min before the surgery. The control group also received electrodes but no stimulation. Variance analysis and rank sum test were used to compare the differences between the two groups. RESULTS: The results of the incidence of postoperative nausea, vomiting, NRS score, degree of abdominal distension, and time to first flatus in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group. Nursing satisfaction of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates that TEAS combined with dexamethasone and palonosetron can effectively prevent PONV, reduce postoperative abdominal distension and postoperative pain, and shorten the first postoperative flatus time in high-risk patients with PONV. At the same time, it can improve nursing satisfaction.

Effect of pyrimethanil on Cryptococcus laurentii, Rhodosporidium paludigenum, and Rhodotorula glutinis biocontrol of Penicillium expansum infection in pear fruit.

The effect of biocontrol yeasts and pyrimethanil at low concentration on inhibition of blue mold rot caused by Penicillium expansum in pear fruit was investigated. Pyrimethanil at low concentration (40µg/mL) alone had little inhibitory activity against the P. expansum infection in pear fruit wounds although it was effective in inhibiting the survival of P. expansum on Asp-agar medium. Pyrimethanil at this low concentration significantly enhanced the efficacy of Cryptococcus laurentii at 1×10(7)CFU/mL in reducing blue mold rot in vivo compared with C. laurentii at 1×10(7)CFU/mL alone. However, there was no additive inhibitory activity when pyrimethanil was combined for application with biocontrol yeasts Rhodosporidium paludigenum or Rhodotorula glutinis. Combination of pyrimethanil and C. laurentii at low concentration also inhibited blue mold rot when P. expansum was inoculated into fruit wounds 12h before treatment and fruit was stored at low temperature (4°C). Pyrimethanil at 0.04 to 400µg/mL did not influence the survival of C. laurentii in vitro, and it only slightly reduced the population growth of C. laurentii after 48h of incubation in the pear fruit wounds. There was no significant difference in quality parameters including total soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid of pear fruit wounds among all treatments after 5days of treatment at 25°C. Integration of C. laurentii and pyrimethanil at low concentration might be an effective and safe strategy to control P. expansum infection in pear fruit, especially in an integrated postharvest disease management strategy.