High-throughput identification of regulatory elements and functional assays to uncover susceptibility genes for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Large-scale genetic association studies have identified multiple susceptibility loci for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), but the underlying biological mechanisms remain to be explored. To gain insights into the genetic etiology of NPC, we conducted a follow-up study encompassing 6,907 cases and 10,472 controls and identified two additional NPC susceptibility loci, 9q22.33 (rs1867277; OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.68-0.81, p = 3.08 × 10-11) and 17q12 (rs226241; OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.26-1.60, p = 1.62 × 10-8). The two additional loci, together with two previously reported genome-wide significant loci, 5p15.33 and 9p21.3, were investigated by high-throughput sequencing for chromatin accessibility, histone modification, and promoter capture Hi-C (PCHi-C) profiling. Using luciferase reporter assays and CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) to validate the functional profiling, we identified PHF2 at locus 9q22.33 as a susceptibility gene. PHF2 encodes a histone demethylase and acts as a tumor suppressor. The risk alleles of the functional SNPs reduced the expression of the target gene PHF2 by inhibiting the enhancer activity of its long-range (4.3 Mb) cis-regulatory element, which promoted proliferation of NPC cells. In addition, we identified CDKN2B-AS1 as a susceptibility gene at locus 9p21.3, and the NPC risk allele of the functional SNP rs2069418 promoted the expression of CDKN2B-AS1 by increasing its enhancer activity. The overexpression of CDKN2B-AS1 facilitated proliferation of NPC cells. In summary, we identified functional SNPs and NPC susceptibility genes, which provides additional explanations for the genetic association signals and helps to uncover the underlying genetic etiology of NPC development.

Dramatic improvements in outcome following pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic and periampullary cancers.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatoduodenectomy is the only cure for cancers of the pancreas and the periampullary region but has considerable operative complications and uncertain prognosis. Our goal was to analyse temporal improvements and provide contemporary population-based benchmarks for outcomes following pancreatoduodenectomy. METHODS: We empanelled a cohort comprising all patients in Sweden with pancreatic or periampullary cancer treated with pancreatoduodenectomy from 1964 to 2016 and achieved complete follow-up through 2016. We analysed postoperative deaths and disease-specific net survival. RESULTS: We analysed 5923 patients with cancer of the pancreas (3876), duodenum (444), bile duct (504), or duodenal papilla (963) who underwent classic (3332) or modified (1652) Whipple's procedure or total pancreatectomy (803). Postoperative deaths declined from 17.2% in the 1960s to 1.6% in the contemporary time period (2010-2016). For all four cancer types, median, 1-year and 5-year survival improved substantially over time. Among patients operated between 2010 and 2016, 5-year survival was 29.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 25.5, 33.0) for pancreatic cancer, 71.2% (95% CI: 62.9, 80.5) for duodenal cancer, 30.8% (95% CI: 23.0, 41.3) for bile duct cancer, and 62.7% (95% CI: 55.5, 70.8) for duodenal papilla cancer. CONCLUSION: There is a continuous and substantial improvement in the benefit-harm ratio after pancreatoduodenectomy for cancer.

Overall and cause-specific mortality among patients diagnosed with gastric precancerous lesions in Sweden between 1979 and 2014: an observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The Correa's cascade, encompassing chronic non-atrophic gastritis, atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia, represents the well-recognized pathway for the development of non-cardia gastric cancer. Population-based studies on all-cause and cause-specific mortalities among patients with gastric lesions in Correa's cascade are scarce. METHODS: We compiled a cohort of 340 744 eligible patients who had undergone endoscopy with biopsy for non-malignant indications during the period 1979-2011, which was followed up until 2014. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) provided estimation of the relative risk, using the general Swedish population as reference. Cox regression model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of death for internal comparison. RESULTS: A total of 306 117 patients were included in the final analysis, accumulating 3,049,009 person-years of follow-up. In total 106,625 deaths were observed during the study period. Compared to the general population, excess risks of overall mortality were noted in all subgroups, with SMRs ranging from 1.11 (95% CI 1.08-1.14) for the normal mucosa group to 1.54 (95% CI 1.46-1.62) for the dysplasia group. For cause-specific mortalities, mortality from gastric cancer gradually increased along Correa's cascade, with excess risk rising from 105% for patients with chronic gastritis to more than 600% for the dysplasia group. These results were confirmed in the comparison with the normal mucosa group. For non-cancer conditions, increased death risks were noted for various diseases compared to the general population, especially among patients with more severe gastric precancerous lesions. But the results were confirmed only for "infectious diseases and parasitic diseases", "respiratory system diseases", and "digestive system disease", when using the normal mucosa group as reference. CONCLUSIONS: Increased mortality from gastric cancer suggests that early recognition and intervention of gastric precancerous lesions probably benefit the patients. Excess mortality due to non-cancer conditions should be interpreted with caution, and future studies are warranted.

Discrepancies between general and central obesity in arterial stiffness: observational studies and Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity has been linked to arterial stiffness, while no consensus was reached on the association. We aimed to clarify the association of general and central obesity with arterial stiffness by combining observational studies and Mendelian randomization (MR) study. METHODS: Two cross-sectional studies were performed in UK Biobank and Fuqing Cohort, respectively. Two-sample MR study was conducted using summary data of GWASs from GIANT consortium and UK Biobank. General obesity and central obesity were measured using body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), respectively. Arterial stiffness was measured by arterial stiffness index (ASI) in UK Biobank or branchial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in Fuqing Cohort. RESULTS: Two observational studies found a consistent positive association of BMI and WC with arterial stiffness when adjusting for age, sex, education, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, and LDL cholesterol. However, when additionally adjusting for metabolic traits (i.e., systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and WC or BMI), the association with BMI changed to be inverse. As compared to the lowest quintile group, the adjusted ORs across groups of second to fifth quintile were 0.93, 0.90, 0.83, and 0.72 in UK Biobank and 0.88, 0.65, 0.63, and 0.50 in Fuqing Cohort. In contrast, the positive relationship with WC remained stable with the adjusted ORs of 1.23, 1.46, 1.60, and 1.56 in UK Biobank and 1.35, 1.44, 1.77, and 1.64 in Fuqing Cohort. MR analyses provided supportive evidence of the negative association with BMI (OR = 0.97, 95%CI = 0.94-1.00) and the positive association with WC (OR = 1.14, 95%CI = 1.08-1.20). CONCLUSIONS: Observational and genetic analyses provide concordant results that central obesity is independently related to arterial stiffness, while the role of general obesity depends on metabolic status.

The association of short and long sleep with mortality in men and women.

Both short (< 6 hr) and long (> 8 hr) sleep are associated with increased mortality. We here investigated whether the association between sleep duration and all-cause, cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality differs between men and women. A cohort of 34,311 participants (mean age and standard deviation = 50.5 ± 15.5 years, 65% women), with detailed assessment of sleep at baseline and up to 20.5 years of follow-up (18 years for cause-specific mortality), was analysed using Cox proportional hazards model to estimate HRs with 95% confidence intervals. After adjustment for covariates, all-cause, cardiovascular disease and cancer mortalities were increased for both < 5 hr and ≥ 9 hr sleep durations (with 6 hr as reference). For all-cause mortality, women who slept < 5 hr had a hazard ratio = 1.54 (95% confidence interval = 1.32-1.80), while the corresponding hazard ratio was 1.05 (95% confidence interval = 0.88-1.27) for men, the interaction being significant (p < 0.05). For cardiovascular disease mortality, exclusion of the first 2 years of exposure, as well as competing risk analysis eliminated the originally significant interaction. Cancer mortality did not show any significant interaction. Survival analysis of the difference between the reference duration (6 hr) and the short duration (< 5 hr) during follow-up showed a gradually steeper reduction of survival time for women than for men for all-cause mortality. We also observed that the lowest cancer mortality appeared for the 5-hr sleep duration. In conclusion, the pattern of association between short sleep duration and all-cause mortality differed between women and men, and the difference between men and women increased with follow-up time.

Association Between Serum Bilirubin, Lipid Levels, and Prevalence of Femoral and Carotid Atherosclerosis: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Bilirubin may prevent lipid peroxidation and have important antiatherosclerotic effects. We determined associations of serum bilirubin and lipid with peripheral atherosclerosis. METHODS: We included 4290 participants (35% men; median age, 60 years) from the southeast China who underwent B-mode ultrasound examination. Increased intima-media thickness or a focal structure encroaching into the arterial lumen by at least 0.5 mm or >50% of the surrounding intima-media thickness value was regarded as having atherosclerosis. Fasting serum bilirubin and lipid levels were measured. Cholesterol/(HDL [high-density lipoprotein] cholesterol+bilirubin), and LDL (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol)/(HDL+bilirubin) ratios were calculated. Unconditional and multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine associations of bilirubin or lipid with prevalence of peripheral atherosclerosis. Mediation analyses were performed to assess the effect of bilirubin on atherosclerosis risk mediated via lipid. RESULTS: Compared with participants with the lowest levels of bilirubin, those with the highest tertile were less likely to have carotid or femoral atherosclerosis (odds ratios were 0.55-0.74). The highest levels of bilirubin significantly reduced the odds of concurrent carotid and femoral atherosclerosis by 35% to 45%. Participants with the highest levels of cholesterol, LDL, cholesterol/(HDL+bilirubin), and LDL/(HDL+bilirubin) ratios had 2.8- to 3.7-fold increased odds of concurrent carotid and femoral atherosclerosis. LDL accounted for 25.65% of the total bilirubin-atherosclerosis association. LDL and cholesterol mediated the associations between direct bilirubin and atherosclerosis (proportion: 20.40%, 9.67%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Increased serum bilirubin levels are inversely associated with the prevalence of carotid or femoral atherosclerosis. LDL and cholesterol may mediate these associations.

Nordic Nutrition Recommendations and risk of myocardial infarction and stroke: a prospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: The Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) are developed to prevent diet-related diseases. This study aimed to examine adherence to the NNR and risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke among women and men in Sweden. METHODS: We followed 34,898 adults from 1997 to 2016. Dietary intake was assessed once at baseline using a food frequency questionnaire. Adherence scores corresponding to NNR-editions from 2023, 2012, 2004 and 1996 were calculated. Scores were categorized into low (reference category), moderate and high adherence. Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for potential confounders were used to estimate hazards ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: We identified 1649 incident cases of MI and 2071 incident cases of stroke during follow-up (mean 17.9 years). For each 1-point increase in the NNR2023-score (range 0-9), the rate of MI decreased by 14% (HR: 0.86; 95% CI 0.78-0.95). High adherence was associated with a lower rate of MI (HR: 0.72; 95% CI 0.59-0.87) (p-trend = 0.01). Moderate adherence was associated with a lower rate of stroke (HR: 0.88; 95% CI 0.78-0.99) (p-trend = 0.31). Among women, a 23% lower rate of MI (HR: 0.77; 95% CI 0.67-0.89) was observed for each 1-point increase, and high adherence was associated with a lower rate of MI (HR: 0.59; 95% CI 0.45-0.78). No associations were found in men. The results were similar, though attenuated, for earlier NNR-editions. CONCLUSION: Adherence to the NNR was associated with a reduced risk of MI. This association was more pronounced among women than among men and in more recent NNR-editions. The findings for stroke need further investigation.

Ideal cardiovascular health and risk of death in a large Swedish cohort.

BACKGROUND: Ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) can be assessed by 7 metrics: smoking, body mass index, physical activity, diet, hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes, proposed by the American Heart Association. We examined the association of ideal CVH metrics with risk of all-cause, CVD and non-CVD death in a large cohort. METHODS: A total of 29,557 participants in the Swedish National March Cohort were included in this study. We ascertained 3,799 deaths during a median follow-up of 19 years. Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of the association between CVH metrics with risk of death. Laplace regression was used to estimate 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles of age at death. RESULTS: Compared with those having 6-7 ideal CVH metrics, participants with 0-2 ideal metrics had 107% (95% CI = 46-192%) excess risk of all-cause, 224% (95% CI = 72-509%) excess risk of CVD and 108% (31-231%) excess risk of non-CVD death. The median age at death among those with 6-7 vs. 0-2 ideal metrics was extended by 4.2 years for all-causes, 5.8 years for CVD and 2.9 years for non-CVD, respectively. The observed associations were stronger among females than males. CONCLUSIONS: The strong inverse association between number of ideal CVH metrics and risk of death supports the application of the proposed seven metrics for individual risk assessment and general health promotion.

Short-term associations of particulate matter with different aerodynamic diameters with mortality due to mental disorders and dementia in Ningde, China.

Limited evidence is available regarding the impact of ambient inhalable particulate matter (PM) on mental disorder (MD) or dementia-related deaths, particularly PM1, PM1-2.5, and coarse particles (PM2.5-10). Moreover, individual confounders have rarely been considered. In addition, evidence from low-pollution areas is needed but is inadequate. Using death records from the Death Registration System during 2015-2021 in Ningde, a coastal city in southeast China, we combined a conditional quasi-Poisson model with a distributed lag nonlinear model to estimate the nonlinear and lagged associations of PM exposure with MD or dementia-related deaths in Ningde, China, comprehensively controlling for individual time-invariant confounders using a time-stratified case-crossover design. The attributable fraction and number were calculated to quantify the burden of MD or dementia-related deaths that were related to PMs. We found J-shaped relationships between MD or dementia-related deaths and PMs, with different thresholds of 13, 9, 19, 33 and 12 µg/m3 for PM1, PM1-2.5, PM2.5, PM10 and PM2.5-10. An inter-quartile range increase for PM1, PM1-2.5, PM2.5, PM10 and PM2.5-10 above the thresholds led to an increase of 31.8% (95% confidence interval, 14.3-51.9%), 53.7% (22.4-93.1%), 32.6% (15.0-53.0%), 35.1% (17.7-55.0%) and 25.9% (13.0-40.3%) in MD-related deaths at lag 0-3 days, respectively. The associations were significant in the cool season rather than in the warm season and were significantly greater among people aged 75-84 years than in others. The fractions of MD-related deaths attributable to PM1, PM1-2.5, PM2.5, PM10 and PM2.5-10 were 5.55%, 6.49%, 7.68%, 10.66%, and 15.11%, respectively; however, only some of them could be protected by the concentrations recommended by the World Health Organisation or China grade I standard. Smaller associations and similar patterns were observed between PMs and dementia-related death. These findings suggest stricter standards, and provide evidence for the development of relevant policies and measures.

Association of urinary and seminal plasma vanadium concentrations with semen quality: A repeated-measures study of 1135 healthy men.

Although animal studies have shown the reproductive toxicity of vanadium, less is known about its effects on semen quality in humans. Among 1135 healthy men who were screened as potential semen donors, we investigated the relationships of semen quality with urinary and seminal plasma vanadium levels via inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Spearman rank correlation tests and linear regression models were used to assess the correlations between average urinary and within-individual pooled seminal plasma vanadium concentrations (n = 1135). We utilized linear mixed-effects models to evaluate the associations of urinary and seminal plasma vanadium levels (n = 1135) with repeated sperm quality parameters (n = 5576). Seminal plasma vanadium concentrations were not significantly correlated with urinary vanadium concentrations (r = 0.03). After adjusting for possible confounders, we observed inverse relationships of within-individual pooled seminal plasma vanadium levels with total count, semen volume, and sperm concentration (all P values for trend < 0.05). Specifically, subjects in the highest (vs. lowest) tertile of seminal plasma vanadium concentrations had - 11.3% (-16.4%, -5.9%), - 11.1% (-19.1%, -2.4%), and - 20.9% (-29.0%, -11.8%) lower sperm volume, concentration, and total count, respectively; moreover, urinary vanadium levels appeared to be negatively associated with sperm motility. These relationships showed monotonically decreasing dose-response patterns in the restricted cubic spline analyses. Our results demonstrated a poor correlation between urinary and seminal plasma levels of vanadium, and elevated vanadium concentrations in urine and seminal plasma may be adversely related to male semen quality.

A New Cyst Nematode, Heterodera luodingensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderinae) From Rice In China.

A unique cyst nematode population (Heterodera spp.) was collected from rice roots in Luoding County, Guangdong Province, China. Morphological and molecular analyses revealed it is significantly different from all previously described cyst nematode species. It is described as Heterodera luodingensis n. sp. and classified in the Cyperi group. H. luodingensis n. sp. is characterized by its lemon-shaped cyst with a prominent terminal vulval cone that is ambifenestrate with abundant bullae and a relatively short vulval slit, 31.3 (24.4 -38.7) µm long. The second-stage juveniles (J2) are characterized by dumbbell shaped labials, three lip annules and a lateral field with three incisures. The J2 stylet is 18.7 (16.9 -19.8) µm long with anterior concave or spherical knobs. The tail is elongate conoid, tapering to a rounded terminus or zig tapering to a rounded terminus that is 54.9 (43.9 - 64.3) µm long with a hyaline region comprising 40.3%-52.5% of the tail. Phylogenetic tree analysis based on rDNA 28S D2D3 and ITS fragments showed that the H. luodingensis n. sp. is unique and clearly separated it from other cyst nematodes. It is most closely related to H. oryzicola, H. fengi, H. elachista, H. oryzae, and H. guangdongensis. H. luodingensis n. sp. can be distinguished from H. oryzicola by its shorter vulval slit and underbridge, from H. elachista by abundant bullae, shorter vulval slit and fenestrate width, from H. oryzae by a shorter vulval slit and underbridge, from H. fengi by a shorter vulval slit, from H. guangdongensis by a longer cyst length and abundant bulla. Based on PCR-RFLP of rDNA-ITS, H. luodingensis n. sp. can be clearly distinguished from H. oryzicola, H. mothi, H. elachista, H. guangdongensis and H. cyperi. A parasitism test from a pure culture derived from a single cyst in greenhouse showed that H. luodingensis n. sp. can successfully complete its life cycle on rice and rice is its type host.

Occurrence and Distribution of Meloidogyne spp. in Fields Rotated with Sweetpotato and Host Range of a North Carolina Population of Meloidogyne enterolobii.

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne spp.) are some of the most economically important and common plant parasitic nematodes in North Carolina (NC) cropping systems. Soil samples collected from fields planted with crops rotated with sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) in 39 NC counties in 2015 to 2018 were processed at the NC Nematode Assay Laboratory. The occurrence of second-stage juvenile (J2) RKN populations was examined based on collection year, month, county, and previous planted crop. The highest number of RKN-positive samples originated from Cumberland (53%), Sampson (48%), and Johnston (48%) counties. The highest average RKN population density was detected in Sampson (147 J2/500 cm3 of soil) and Nash (135 J2/500 cm3 of soil) counties, while Wayne (7 J2/500 cm3 of soil) and Greene (11 J2/500 cm3 of soil) counties had the lowest average RKN population density. Meloidogyne enterolobii is a new invasive species that is impacting sweetpotato growers of NC. The host status of an NC population of M. enterolobii, the guava RKN, was determined by examining eggs per gram of fresh root (ER) and the final nematode egg population divided by the initial population egg count (reproductive factor, RF) in greenhouse experiments. This included 18 vegetable, field, and cover crops and weed species. The tomato 'Rutgers' was used as a susceptible control. Cabbage 'Stonehead', pepper 'Red Bull', and watermelon 'Charleston Gray' and 'Fascination' were hosts and had similar mean ER values to the positive control, ranging from 64 to 18,717. Among field crops, cotton, soybean 'P5018RX', and tobacco were hosts with ER values that ranged from 185 to 706. Members of the Poaceae family such as sweet corn (Zea mays) and sudangrass (Sorghum × drummondii) were nonhosts to M. enterolobii, and the mean ER values ranged from 1.85 to 7. The peanut 'Tifguard' and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) also had lower ER values than the vegetable hosts. Growers should consider planting less susceptible hosts or nonhosts such as peanut, sudangrass, sweet corn, and winter wheat in 2- to 3-year crop rotations to lower populations of this invasive nematode.

Body mass index and body shape before treatment and nasopharyngeal carcinoma prognosis: A population-based patient cohort study in southern China.

A concern of reverse causation exists about the association between nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) prognosis and body mass index (BMI) at diagnosis, while the prognostic impact of BMI measured years before diagnosis is unknown. Therefore, we investigated associations of prediagnosis and pretreatment BMI and body shape on NPC mortality. From a population-based patient cohort in southern China between 2010 and 2013, we included 2526 incident NPC cases with prospective follow-up through 2018. We assessed the associations of BMI and body shape at age 20 years, 10 years before diagnosis, and at diagnosis with NPC mortality, combining strategies of stratification and statistical adjustment to minimize reverse causation. We observed 25% lower all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.64-0.89) and 25% lower NPC-specific mortality (HR 0.75, 95% CI: 0.61-0.91) among overweight vs normal-weight NPC cases at diagnosis. Lean body shapes 1 and 2 at diagnosis were associated with 68% and 23% higher all-cause mortality, respectively, compared to normal body shape 3. No effect modification by cancer stage was detected for associations with all-cause or NPC-specific mortality. Associations with BMI and body shape 10 years before diagnosis were similar but attenuated, while body size and shape at age 20 were not associated with mortality. Being overweight at diagnosis decreased mortality, and thinner body shape increased mortality, compared to normal weight/body shape. These associations may be due to poorer nutrition and treatment intolerance, resulting in treatment discontinuation and worse survival outcomes.

Effect of Helicobacter pylori Eradication on Gastric Cancer Prevention: Updated Report From a Randomized Controlled Trial With 26.5 Years of Follow-up.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Helicobacter pylori infection is considered as the most important risk factor in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. This study aims to evaluate the long-term effects of H pylori eradication treatment on the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer among a high-risk population. METHODS: This prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in a high-risk area in southern China in July 1994. A total of 1630 asymptomatic, H pylori-infected individuals were randomly assigned to receive standard triple therapy for H pylori eradication (n = 817) or placebo (n = 813), and were followed up until December 2020. The primary outcome was incidence of gastric cancer. Total and cause-specific mortalities were the secondary outcomes. RESULTS: During 26.5 years of follow-up, 21 participants (2.57%) in the treatment arm and 35 (4.31%) in the placebo arm were diagnosed with gastric cancer. Participants receiving H pylori treatment had a lower incidence of gastric cancer compared with their placebo counterparts (hazard ratio [HR], 0.57; 95% CI, 0.33-0.98). More obvious risk reduction was observed among those without premalignant gastric lesions (HR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.15-0.95) and those without dyspepsia symptoms at baseline (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.21-0.94). Furthermore, compared with 32 cases of gastric cancer observed among 527 participants with persistent H pylori infection in the placebo group, only 16 were identified in 625 subjects with successful eradication in the treatment group (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.26-0.83). However, there were no statistically significant differences for any mortality end points between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Eradication of H pylori might confer a long-term protection against gastric cancer in high-risk populations, especially for infected individuals without precancerous gastric lesions at baseline.

Cancer risk following surgical removal of tonsils and adenoids - a population-based, sibling-controlled cohort study in Sweden.

BACKGROUND: Removal of tonsils and adenoids is among the most common surgical procedures worldwide. Evidence of increased risk of cancer following such surgery is, however, inconclusive. METHODS: We conducted a population-based, sibling-controlled cohort study of 4,953,583 individuals in Sweden with a follow-up during 1980-2016. History of tonsillectomy, adenotonsillectomy, and adenoidectomy was identified from the Swedish Patient Register whereas incident cases of cancer during follow-up were identified from the Swedish Cancer Register. We used Cox models to calculate hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of cancer in both a population and a sibling comparison. The sibling comparison was used to assess the potential impact of familial confounding, due to shared genetic or non-genetic factors within a family. RESULTS: We found a modestly increased risk for any cancer following tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, or adenotonsillectomy in both the population (HR 1.10; 95%CI 1.07-1.12) and sibling (HR 1.15; 95%CI 1.10-1.20) comparisons. The association did not differ greatly by type of surgery, age at surgery, or potential indication for surgery, and persisted more than two decades after surgery. An excess risk was consistently observed for cancer of the breast, prostate, thyroid, and for lymphoma in both population and sibling comparisons. A positive association was observed for pancreatic cancer, kidney cancer, and leukemia in the population comparison whereas a positive association was observed for esophageal cancer in the sibling comparison. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical removal of tonsils and adenoids is associated with a modestly increased risk of cancer during the decades following the surgery. The association is unlikely attributed to confounding due to shared genetic or non-genetic factors with a family.

Risk of colorectal adenocarcinoma in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer; a nationwide cohort study.

PURPOSE: To assess whether androgens play a role in explaining the sex related differences in the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: A nationwide matched cohort study was conducted employing the Prostate Cancer data Base Sweden (PCBaSe) 4.0 during the study period 2006-2016. Prostate cancer (PC) patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) were treated as exposed. Prostate cancer-free men from the general population were randomly selected and matched to the index case by birth year and county of residence, forming the unexposed group. All were followed until a diagnosis of CRC, death, emigration, or end of the study period. The risk of CRC among ADT exposed PC patients compared to unexposed cancer-free men was calculated using a flexible parametric survival model and expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: There was an increased risk of CRC among ADT exposed PC patients compared to unexposed cancer-free men (HR 1.27 [95% CI 1.15-1.41]), in particular an increased risk of adenocarcinoma of the colon (HR 1.33 [95% CI 1.17-1.51]) and more specifically an increased risk of adenocarcinoma of the distal colon (HR 1.53 [95% CI 1.26-1.85]). Examination of latency effects yielded significantly decreased HRs over time for CRC (p = 0.049 for trend). CONCLUSIONS: This population-based study found an increased risk of CRC among PC patients exposed to ADT, specifically adenocarcinoma of the distal colon, which indicates an increased association between ADT (PC + ADT) and CRC but not a positive dose-response trend questioning a true causal effect.

The interaction and mediation effects between the host genetic factors and Epstein-Barr virus VCA-IgA in the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Previous studies have demonstrated strong associations between host genetic factors and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) VCA-IgA with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the specific interplay between host genetics and EBV VCA-IgA on NPC risk is not well understood. In this two-stage case-control study (N = 4804), we utilized interaction and mediation analysis to investigate the interplay between host genetics (genome-wide association study-derived polygenic risk score [PRS]) and EBV VCA-IgA antibody level in the NPC risk. We employed a four-way decomposition analysis to assess the extent to which the genetic effect on NPC risk is mediated by or interacts with EBV VCA-IgA. We consistently found a significant interaction between the PRS and EBV VCA-IgA on NPC risk (discovery population: synergy index [SI] = 2.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.85-3.10; replication population: SI = 3.10, 95% CI = 2.17-4.44; all pinteraction < 0.001). Moreover, the genetic variants included in the PRS demonstrated similar interactions with EBV VCA-IgA antibody. We also observed an obvious dose-response relationship between the PRS and EBV VCA-IgA antibody on NPC risk (all ptrend < 0.001). Furthermore, our decomposition analysis revealed that a substantial proportion (approximately 90%) of the genetic effects on NPC risk could be attributed to host genetic-EBV interaction, while the risk effects mediated by EBV VCA-IgA antibody were weak and statistically insignificant. Our study provides compelling evidence for an interaction between host genetics and EBV VCA-IgA antibody in the development of NPC. These findings emphasize the importance of implementing measures to control EBV infection as a crucial strategy for effectively preventing NPC, particularly in individuals at high genetic risk.

Bound states in the continuum in asymmetric one-dimensional photonic crystal systems guided by anisotropy.

Bound states in the continuum (BICs) have been widely observed in many symmetric geometries in the optical system during the last decade. Here, we consider a scenario in which the structure is designed asymmetrically with anisotropic birefringent material embedded in one-dimensional photonic crystals. This kind of new shape opens the possibility of obtaining symmetry-protected BICs (SP-BICs) and Friedrich-Wintgen BICs (FW-BICs) form in tunable anisotropy axis tilt. Interestingly, these BICs can be observed as high-Q resonances by variation of the system's parameters, such as the incident angle, which means the structure without being injected at Brewster's angle can also achieve BICs. Our findings might achieve active regulation and are easy to manufacture.

Pre-diagnostic anti-EBV antibodies and primary liver cancer risk: a population-based nested case-control study in southern China.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate associations between pre-diagnostic anti-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibodies, including interactions with hepatitis B virus (HBV), and risk of primary liver cancer in southern China. METHODS: In a population-based nested case-control study, we measured pre-diagnostic immunoglobulin A (IgA) against EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and viral capsid antigen (VCA) in 125 primary liver cancer cases and 2077 matched controls. We also explored the interaction between HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-EBV antibodies. RESULTS: Participants with positive EBNA1-IgA, positive VCA-IgA or single-positive anti-EBV antibodies had two-fold odds of developing liver cancer, compared with seronegative subjects. The odds ratios (ORs) between the relative optical density of EBNA1-IgA and VCA-IgA and primary cancer, controlling for age and HBsAg, were 1.59 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17, 2.14) and 1.60 (95% CI: 1.07, 2.41), respectively. Subjects with both HBsAg and anti-EBV antibody seropositivity were at 50-fold increased risk compared with those negative for both biomarkers (OR: 50.67, 95% CI: 18.28, 140.46), yielding a relative excess risk due to interaction of 30.81 (95% CI: 3.42, 114.93). CONCLUSION: Pre-diagnostic seropositivity for EBNA1-IgA and/or VCA-IgA was positively associated with primary liver cancer risk, especially in combination with HBsAg positivity. EBV may interact with HBV in the development of primary liver cancer, and anti-EBV antibodies might be potential biomarkers for primary liver cancer in this high-risk population.

EBV antibody and gastric cancer risk: a population-based nested case-control study in southern China.

BACKGROUND: We aim to clarify the controversial associations between EBV-related antibodies and gastric cancer risk. METHODS: We analysed the associations between serological Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 immunoglobulin A (EBNA1-IgA) and viral capsid antigen immunoglobulin A (VCA-IgA) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the risk of gastric cancer in a nested case-control study originated from a population-based nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) screening cohort in Zhongshan, a city of southern China, including 18 gastric cancer cases and 444 controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: All the sera of cases were sampled before diagnosis and the median time interval was 3.04 (range: 0.04, 7.59) years. Both increased relative optical density (rOD) values of EBNA1-IgA and VCA-IgA were associated with higher risks of gastric cancer with age adjusted ORs of 1.99 (95%CI: 1.07, 3.70) and 2.64 (95%CI: 1.33, 5.23), respectively. Each participant was further classified as high or medium/low risk based on a combination of two anti-EBV antibody levels. Participants in the high-risk group had substantially higher odds of developing gastric cancer than that in the medium/low risk group with an age adjusted OR of 6.53 (95%CI: 1.69, 25.26). CONCLUSIONS: Our research reveals positive associations between EBNA1-IgA and VCA-IgA and gastric cancer risk in southern China. We thus postulate that EBNA1-IgA and VCA-IgA might appear to be potential biomarkers for gastric cancer. More research to further validate the results among diverse populations and investigate its underlying biological mechanism is needed.