RESUMEN
Recognition of modified histone species by distinct structural domains within 'reader' proteins plays a critical role in the regulation of gene expression. Readers that simultaneously recognize histones with multiple marks allow transduction of complex chromatin modification patterns into specific biological outcomes. Here we report that chromatin regulator tripartite motif-containing 24 (TRIM24) functions in humans as a reader of dual histone marks by means of tandem plant homeodomain (PHD) and bromodomain (Bromo) regions. The three-dimensional structure of the PHD-Bromo region of TRIM24 revealed a single functional unit for combinatorial recognition of unmodified H3K4 (that is, histone H3 unmodified at lysine 4, H3K4me0) and acetylated H3K23 (histone H3 acetylated at lysine 23, H3K23ac) within the same histone tail. TRIM24 binds chromatin and oestrogen receptor to activate oestrogen-dependent genes associated with cellular proliferation and tumour development. Aberrant expression of TRIM24 negatively correlates with survival of breast cancer patients. The PHD-Bromo of TRIM24 provides a structural rationale for chromatin activation through a non-canonical histone signature, establishing a new route by which chromatin readers may influence cancer pathogenesis.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Histonas/metabolismo , Acetilación , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Proteínas Portadoras/química , Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Cromatina/metabolismo , Ensamble y Desensamble de Cromatina , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Receptor alfa de Estrógeno/metabolismo , Estrógenos/metabolismo , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/genética , Células HEK293 , Histonas/química , Humanos , Metilación , Análisis por Matrices de Proteínas , Unión Proteica , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Especificidad por Sustrato , Tasa de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There is evidence that maternal genotypes in folate-related genes are associated with pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) independent of offspring genotype. We evaluated the relationship between maternal genotypes in methionine synthase (MTR) and DNA methylation status in ALL to better characterize the molecular mechanism underlying this association. PROCEDURE: We obtained bone marrow samples from 51 patients with ALL at diagnosis and from 6 healthy donors. Mothers of patients provided a saliva sample and were genotyped at 11 tagSNPs in MTR. DNA methylation was measured in bone marrow mononuclear cells of patients and six healthy marrow donors. We used hierarchical clustering to identify patients with a hypermethylator phenotype based on 281 differentially methylated promoter CpGs. We used logistic regression to estimate the effects of maternal genotype on the likelihood of DNA hypermethylation in ALL and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to identify networks enriched for differentially methylated genes. RESULTS: Twenty-two cases (43%) demonstrated promoter hypermethylation, which was more frequent among those with ETV6-RUNX1 fusion and initial white blood cell count < 50 x 109/L. Maternal rs12759827 was associated with aberrant DNA methylation (odds ratio [OR] 4.67, 95% confidence interval 1.46-16.31); non-significantly elevated ORs were observed for all other SNPs. Aberrantly methylated promoter CpGs aligned to genes with known cancer-related functions. DISCUSSION: Maternal folate metabolic genotype may be associated with DNA methylation patterns in ALL in their offspring. Therefore, the effect of maternal genotypes on ALL susceptibility may act through aberrant promoter methylation, which may contribute to the in utero origins of ALL.
Asunto(s)
Metilación de ADN/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/genética , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Lactante , Modelos Logísticos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Despite improvement in clinical treatment of childhood cancer, it remains the leading cause of disease-related mortality in children with survivors often suffering from treatment-related toxicity and premature death. Because childhood cancer is vastly different from cancer in adults, a thorough understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms specific to childhood cancer is essential. Although childhood cancer contains much fewer mutations, a subset of cancer subtypes has a higher frequency of mutations in gene encoding epigenetic regulators. Thus, in this review, we will focus on epigenetic deregulations in childhood cancers, the use of genome-wide analysis for cancer subtype classification, prediction of clinical outcomes and the influence of folate on epigenetic mechanisms.