Metabolic obesity phenotypes and all-cause mortality among the Chinese oldest-old population: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The obesity paradox has been reported among older adults. However, whether the favorable effect of obesity is dependent on metabolic status remains largely unknown. We aimed to explore the association of metabolic obesity phenotypes and their changes with all-cause mortality among the Chinese oldest-old population. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 1207 Chinese oldest old (mean age: 91.8 years). Metabolic obesity phenotypes were determined by central obesity and metabolic status, and participants were classified into metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO), metabolically healthy non-obesity (MHN), and metabolically unhealthy non-obesity (MUN). The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated by Cox regression models. RESULTS: During 5.3 years of follow-up, 640 deaths were documented. Compared with non-obesity, obesity was associated with a decreased mortality risk among participants with metabolically healthy (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.63-0.91) while this association was insignificant among metabolically unhealthy. Compared to MHO, MHN (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.06-1.53) and MUN (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.10-2.02) were significantly associated with an increased mortality risk. Compared to those with stable MHO, those transited from MHO to MUO demonstrated a higher mortality risk (HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.06-3.11). CONCLUSIONS: MHO predicts better survival among the Chinese oldest-old population. These findings suggest that ensuring optimal management of metabolic health is beneficial and taking caution in weight loss based on the individual body weight for the metabolically healthy oldest-old adults.

Corrected and Republished from: "Isolation and Characterization of the First Freshwater Cyanophage Infecting Pseudanabaena".

Cyanobacteria are the major primary producers in both freshwater and marine environments. However, the majority of freshwater cyanophages remain unknown due to the limited number of cyanophage isolates. In this study, we present a novel lytic freshwater cyanophage, PA-SR01, which was isolated from the Singapore Serangoon Reservoir. To our knowledge, this is the first isolate of a cyanophage that has been found to infect the cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena. PA-SR01 has a narrow host range, a short latent period, and is chloroform sensitive. PA-SR01 is a member of Siphoviridae with a long noncontractile tail. It is a double-stranded DNA virus with a 137,012-bp genome. Functional annotation for the predicted open reading frames (ORFs) of the PA-SR01 genome identified genes with putative functions related to DNA metabolism, structural proteins, lysis, host-derived metabolic genes, and DNA packaging. Out of 166 predicted ORFs, only 17 ORFs have homology with genes with known function. Phylogenetic analysis of the major capsid protein and terminase large subunit further suggests that phage PA-SR01 is evolutionary distinct from known cyanophages. Metagenomics sequence recruitment onto the PA-SR01 genome indicates that PA-SR01 represents a new evolutionary lineage of phage which shares considerable genetic similarities with phage sequences in aquatic environments and could play key ecological roles. IMPORTANCE This study presents the isolation of the very first freshwater cyanophage, PA-SR01, that infects Pseudanabaena, and fills an important knowledge gap on freshwater cyanophages as well as cyanophages infecting Pseudanabaena.

Association between atherogenic index of plasma and all-cause mortality and specific-mortality: a nationwide population­based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), a marker of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, few studies have investigated association between AIP and all-cause mortality and specific-mortality in the general population. METHODS: This study included data from 14,063 American adults. The exposure variable was the AIP, which was defined as log10 (triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). The outcome variables included all-cause mortality and specific-mortality. Survey-weighted cox regressions were performed to evaluate the relation between AIP and all-cause mortality and specific-mortality. Weighted restricted cubic spline was conducted to examin the non-linear relationship. RESULTS: During 10 years of follow-up, we documented 2,077, 262, 854, and 476 cases of all-cause mortality, diabetes mortality, CVD mortality and cancer mortality, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was significantly associated with an increased risk of diabetes mortality when comparing the highest to the lowest quantile of AIP in female (p for trend = 0.001) or participants older than 65 years (p for trend = 0.002). AIP was not significantly associated with all-cause mortality, CVD mortality and cancer mortality (p > 0.05). Moreover, a non-linear association was observed between AIP and all-cause mortality in a U-shape (p for non-linear = 0.0011), while a linear relationship was observed with diabetes mortality and non-diabetes mortality (p for linear < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, there is a no significant association between high AIP levels and a high risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Besides, a higher AIP was significantly associated with an increased risk of diabetes mortality, which only found in women older than 65 years. AIP was associated with all-cause mortality in a U-shape. This association could be explained by the finding that higher AIP predicted a higher risk of death from diabetes, and that lower AIP predicted a higher risk of death from non-diabetes causes.

We used a large national database and a prospective cohort study with a long follow-up period. Higher AIP was significantly associated with an increased risk of diabetes mortality, only in women older than 65 years. There is a no significant association between high AIP levels and a high risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. AIP was associated with all-cause mortality in a U-shape. This finding suggest that controlling AIP levels may have a positive effect on reducing diabetes mortality.

Exploring potential relationships between acoustic indices and ecosystem functions: a test on insect herbivory.

Biodiversity loss is a global concern. Current technological advances allow the development of novel tools that can monitor biodiversity remotely with minimal disturbance. One example is passive acoustic monitoring (PAM), which involves recording the soundscape of an area using autonomous recording units, and processing these data using acoustic indices, for example, to estimate the diversity of various vocal animal groups. We explored the hypothesis that data obtained through PAM could also be used to study ecosystem functions. Specifically, we investigated the potential relationship between seven commonly used acoustic indices and insect leaf herbivory, measured as total leaf damage and as the damage from three major insect feeding guilds. Herbivory was quantified on seedlings in 13 plots in four subtropical forests in south China, and acoustic data, representing insect acoustic complexity, were obtained by recording the evening soundscapes in those same locations. Herbivory levels correlated positively with the acoustic entropy index, commonly reported as one of the best-performing indices, whose high values indicate higher acoustic complexity, likely due to greater insect diversity. Relationships for specific feeding guilds were moderately stronger for chewers, indicating that the acoustic indices capture some insect groups more than others (e.g., chewers include soniferous taxa such as crickets, whereas miners are mostly silent). Our findings suggest that the use of PAM to monitor ecosystem functions deserves to be explored further, as this is a research field with unexplored potential. Well-designed targeted studies could help us better understand how to best use novel technologies to monitor ecosystem functions.

Rapid shifts in thermal reaction norms and tolerance of brooded coral larvae following parental heat acclimation.

Thermal priming of reef corals can enhance their heat tolerance; however, the legacy effects of heat stress during parental brooding on larval resilience remain understudied. This study investigated whether preconditioning adult coral Pocillopora damicornis to high temperatures (29°C and 32°C) could better prepare their larvae for heat stress. Results showed that heat-acclimated adults brooded larvae with reduced symbiont density and shifted thermal performance curves. Reciprocal transplant experiments demonstrated higher bleaching resistance and better photosynthetic and autotrophic performance in heat-exposed larvae from acclimated adults compared to unacclimated adults. RNA-seq revealed strong cellular stress responses in larvae from heat-acclimated adults that could have been effective in rescuing host cells from stress, as evidenced by the widespread upregulation of genes involved in cell cycle and mitosis. For symbionts, a molecular coordination between light harvesting, photoprotection and carbon fixation was detected in larvae from heat-acclimated adults, which may help optimize photosynthetic activity and yield under high temperature. Furthermore, heat acclimation led to opposing regulations of symbiont catabolic and anabolic pathways and favoured nutrient translocation to the host and thus a functional symbiosis. Notwithstanding, the improved heat tolerance was paralleled by reduced light-enhanced dark respiration, indicating metabolic depression for energy saving. Our findings suggest that adult heat acclimation can rapidly shift thermal tolerance of brooded coral larvae and provide integrated physiological and molecular evidence for this adaptive plasticity, which could increase climate resilience. However, the metabolic depression may be maladaptive for long-term organismal performance, highlighting the importance of curbing carbon emissions to better protect corals.

Elemental Sulfur and Organic Matter Amendment Drive Alkaline pH Neutralization and Mineral Weathering in Iron Ore Tailings Through Inducing Sulfur Oxidizing Bacteria.

Mineral weathering and alkaline pH neutralization are prerequisites to the ecoengineering of alkaline Fe-ore tailings into soil-like growth media (i.e., Technosols). These processes can be accelerated by the growth and physiological functions of tolerant sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) in tailings. The present study characterized an indigenous SOB community enriched in the tailings, in response to the addition of elemental sulfur (S0) and organic matter (OM), as well as resultant S0oxidation, pH neutralization, and mineral weathering in a glasshouse experiment. The addition of S0 was found to have stimulated the growth of indigenous SOB, such as acidophilic Alicyclobacillaceae, Bacillaceae, and Hydrogenophilaceae in tailings. The OM amendment favored the growth of heterotrophic/mixotrophic SOB (e.g., class Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria). The resultant S0 oxidation neutralized the alkaline pH and enhanced the weathering of biotite-like minerals and formation of secondary minerals, such as ferrihydrite- and jarosite-like minerals. The improved physicochemical properties and secondary mineral formation facilitated organo-mineral associations that are critical to soil aggregate formation. From these findings, co-amendments of S0 and plant biomass (OM) can be applied to enhance the abundance of the indigenous SOB community in tailings and accelerate mineral weathering and geochemical changes for eco-engineered soil formation, as a sustainable option for rehabilitation of Fe ore tailings.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Drive Organo-Mineral Association in Iron Ore Tailings: Unravelling Microstructure at the Submicron Scale by Synchrotron-Based FTIR and STXM-NEXAFS.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play an important role in organic matter (OM) stabilization in Fe ore tailings for eco-engineered soil formation. However, little has been understood about the AM fungi-derived organic signature and organo-mineral interactions in situ at the submicron scale. In this study, a compartmentalized cultivation system was used to investigate the role of AM fungi in OM formation and stabilization in tailings. Particularly, microspectroscopic analyses including synchrotron-based transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning transmission X-ray microspectroscopy combined with near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (STXM-NEXAFS) were employed to characterize the chemical signatures at the AM fungal-mineral and mineral-OM interfaces at the submicron scale. The results indicated that AM fungal mycelia developed well in the tailings and entangled mineral particles for aggregation. AM fungal colonization enhanced N-rich OM stabilization through organo-mineral association. Bulk spectroscopic analysis together with FTIR mapping revealed that fungi-derived lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates were associated with Fe/Si minerals. Furthermore, STXM-NEXAFS analysis revealed that AM fungi-derived aromatic, aliphatic, and carboxylic/amide compounds were heterogeneously distributed and trapped by Fe(II)/Fe(III)-bearing minerals originating from biotite-like minerals weathering. These findings imply that AM fungi can stimulate mineral weathering and provide organic substances to associate with minerals, contributing to OM stabilization and aggregate formation as key processes for eco-engineered soil formation in tailings.

Long-term air pollution exposure, habitual physical activity, and incident chronic kidney disease.

Both air pollution and physical inactivity contribute to the increased risk of incident chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the detrimental effects of air pollution exposure could be augmented by an elevated intake of air pollutants during exercise. In the present study, we analyzed 367,978 participants who were CKD-free at baseline (2006-2010) based on the UK Biobank. Air pollutants included fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOX). Physical activity (PA) was obtained by the self-reported questionnaire. Using Cox proportional hazards models, hazard ratios (HRs) for incident CKD related to air pollution, PA, and incident CKD were evaluated. During a median of 12.4 years of follow-up, 14,191 incident CKD events were documented. High PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and NOX increased CKD risks by 11 %, 15 %, 14 %, and 12 %, respectively, while moderate and high PA reduced CKD risks by 18 % and 22 %, respectively. Participants with high PA and low air pollution exposure had 29 %, 31 %, 30 %, and 30 % risks of incident CKD than those with low PA and high air pollution exposure for the four air pollutants, with multivariable-adjusted HRs of 0.71 (95 % confidence intervals [CI]: 0.65-0.76) for PM2.5, 0.69 (95 % CI: 0.64-0.75) for PM10, 0.70 (95 % CI: 0.64-0.75) for NO2, and 0.70 (95 % CI: 0.64-0.75) for NOX. No clear interactions were observed between each air pollutant exposure and PA (all P for interaction > 0.05). The findings that reducing air pollution exposure and increasing PA were both independently correlated with a diminished risk of incident CKD suggest that PA could be targeted to prevent CKD generally regardless of air pollution levels. Further research is needed in areas polluted moderately and severely to examine our findings.

[Analysis of pregnancy outcomes, disease progression, and risk factors in patients with undifferentiated connective tissue disease].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the fetal and maternal outcomes, risk factors of disease progression and adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) in patients with undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD). METHODS: This retrospective study described the outcomes of 106 pregnancies in patients with UCTD. The patients were divided into APOs group (n=53) and non-APOs group (n=53). The APOs were defined as miscarriage, premature birth, pre-eclampsia, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), and stillbirth, small for gestational age infant (SGA), low birth weight infant (LBW) and birth defects. The differences in clinical manifestations, laboratory data and pregnancy outcomes between the two groups were compared. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the risk factors for APOs and the progression of UCTD to definitive CTD. RESULTS: There were 99 (93.39%) live births, 4 (3.77%) stillbirths and 3 (2.83%) miscarriage, 20 (18.86%) preterm delivery, 6 (5.66%) SGA, 17 (16.03%) LBW, 11 (10.37%) pre-eclampsia, 7 (6.60%) cases IUGR, 19 (17.92%) cases PROM, 10 (9.43%) cases PPH. Compared with the patients without APOs, the patients with APOs had a higher positive rate of anti-SSA antibodies (73.58% vs. 54.71%, P=0.036), higher rate of leukopenia (15.09% vs. 3.77%, P=0.046), lower haemoglobin level [109.00 (99.50, 118.00) g/L vs. 124.00 (111.50, 132.00) g/L, P < 0.001].Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that leucopenia (OR=0.82, 95%CI: 0.688-0.994) was an independent risk factors for APOs in UCTD (P=0.042). Within a mean follow-up time of 5.00 (3.00, 7.00) years, the rate of disease progression to a definite CTD was 14.15%, including 8 (7.54%) Sjögren's syndrome, 4 (3.77%) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 4 (3.77%) rheumatoid arthritis and 1 (0.94%) mixed connective tissue disease. Multivariate Cox proportional risk regression analysis showed that Raynaud phenomenon (HR=40.157, 95%CI: 3.172-508.326) was an independent risk factor for progression to SLE. CONCLUSION: Leukopenia is an independent risk factor for the development of APOs in patients with UCTD. Raynaud's phenmon is a risk factor for the progression of SLE. Tight disease monitoring and regular follow-up are the key measures to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes and predict disease progression in UCTD patients with pregnancy.

[Blaps rynchopetera affects proliferation, migration, and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer: a study based on network pharmacology and in vivo and in vitro experiments].

Network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vivo and in vitro experiments were employed to study the molecular mechanism of Blaps rynchopetera Fairmaire in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). The components of B. rynchopetera were collected by literature review, and the active components were screened out through the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP). PharmMapper was used to obtain the targets of the active components. The targets of NSCLC were obtained from DrugBank, GeneCards, OMIM, TTD, and PharmGKB. The Venn diagram was drawn to identify the common targets shared by the active components of B. rynchopetera and NSCLC. The "drug component-target" network and protein-protein interaction(PPI) network were constructed by Cytoscape, and the key targets were screened by Centiscape. Gene Ontology(GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) enrichment of the above key targets were performed by DAVID. AutoDock and PyMOL were used for the molecular docking between the key targets and corresponding active components. A total of 31 active components, 72 potential targets, and 11 key targets of B. rynchopetera against NSCLC were obtained. The active components of B. rynchopetera had good binding activity with key targets. Further, the serum containing B. rynchopetera was prepared and used to culture human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. The CCK-8 assay was employed to determine the inhibition rates on the growth of A549 cells in blank control group and those exposed to different concentrations of B. rynchopetera-containing serum, cisplatin, and drug combination(B. rynchopetera-containing serum+cisplatin) for different time periods. The cell migration and invasion of A549 cells were detected by cell scratch assay and Transwell assay, respectively. Western blot was employed to determine the expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X(Bax), caspase-3, cell division cycle 42(CDC42), proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase SRC, and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) in A549 cells. C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with Lewis cells and randomly assigned into a model control group, a B. rynchopetera group, a cisplatin group, and a drug combination(B. rynchopetera+cisplatin) group, with 12 mice per group. The body weight and the long diameter(a) and short diameter(b) of the tumor were monitored every other day during treatment, and the tumor volume(mm~3) was calculated as 0.52ab~2. After 14 days of continuous medication, the mice were sacrificed for the collection of tumor, spleen, and thymus, and the tumor inhibition rate and immune organ indexes were calculated. The tissue morphology of tumors was observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining, and the positive expression of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, CDC42, SRC, and VEGF in the tumor tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry. The results indicated that B. rynchopetera and the drug combination regulated the expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, CDC42, SRC, and VEGF to inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of A549 cells and Lewis cells, thus playing a role in the treatment of NSCLC via multiple ways.

Human bocavirus 2 detected in Rattus norvegicus feces in China.

Bocaviruses are typical zoonotic pathogens with a wide range of hosts. Here, we report the detection of human bocavirus (HBoV) in Rattus norvegicus captured in China and the results of sequencing and phylogenetic analysis based on the partial VP1 region and the entire viral genome. A total of 357 fecal samples from rats were collected in 2015-2017 and analyzed for HBoV using PCR. The detection rate of HBoV was 0.84% (3/357). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this virus is genetically closely related to HBoV-2. R. norvegicus may be a carrier of HBoV, and its impact on public health merits attention.

Relation between endothelial nitric oxide synthase genetic polymorphisms and pulmonary arterial hypertension in newborns with congenital heart disease.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) rs1799983, rs2070744, and rs61722009 gene polymorphisms are associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in South Fujian newborns with congenital heart disease (CHD). METHODS: Genotyping for the eNOS rs1799983, rs2070744, and rs61722009 polymorphisms was performed using Sanger sequencing in 50 newborns with PAH secondary to CHD [CHD PAH (+)], 52 newborns with CHD without PAH [CHD PAH (-)], and 60 healthy controls. RESULTS: The genotype and allele frequency distributions of eNOS rs1799983, rs2070744, and rs61722009 were similar between CHD and healthy controls (P > .05). The frequencies of the eNOS rs1799983 G/T allele were 85% and 15% in the CHD PAH (+) group and 96.15% and 3.85% in the CHD PAH (-) group, the frequency of the T allele was higher in the CHD PAH (+) group than in the CHD PAH (-) group(P< .05), and patients with the GT/TT genotypes of eNOS rs1799983 may present higher PAH (OR = 4.412, 95%CI:1.411-13.797, P= .011). Newborns with the GT/TT genotypes had decreased plasma NO production compared to newborns with the GG genotype (P< .01), and NO levels in the CHD PAH (+) group were significantly lower than those in the CHD PAH (-) group (P < .05). CONCLUSION: The T allele could be a risk factor for PAH in newborns with CHD in South Fujian through decreased levels of nitric oxide production by the endothelium.

Molecular prevalence of Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Trichomonas gallinae in three domestic free-range poultry breeds in Anhui Province, China.

Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Trichomonas gallinae can colonize the alimentary tract of domestic birds. However, little information is available on the epidemiology of the two trichomonad species in domestic free-range poultry in China. In this study, the occurrence and genetic characteristic of T. gallinarum and T. gallinae among free-range chickens, ducks, and geese in Anhui Province, China, were investigated. The 1910 fecal samples collected from 18 free-range poultry farms throughout Anhui Province were examined for the presence of T. gallinarum and T. gallinae by PCR and sequence analysis of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene of T. gallinarum and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence of T. gallinae. The overall occurrence of T. gallinarum in poultry was 1.2% (22/1910), with infection rates of 2.1% (17/829) in chickens, 0.2% (1/487) in ducks, and 0.7% (4/594) in geese. The constructed phylogeny tree using the concatenated ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and SSU rRNA indicated the T. gallinarum isolates detected in this study were closely related to previously defined genogroups A, D, and E, respectively. Nine (0.5%) fecal samples were positive for T. gallinae, with infection rates of 0.8% (7/829) in chickens, 0.4% (2/487) in ducks, and 0% (0/594) in geese. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis showed that four T. gallinae ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences obtained from chicken feces and one duck fecal sample belonged to genotype ITS-OBT-Tg-1. This is the first report of the prevalence and genetic characterization of T. gallinarum and T. gallinae in free-range chickens, ducks, and geese in China.

Multimodal Warnings Design for In-Vehicle Robots under Driving Safety Scenarios.

In case of dangerous driving, the in-vehicle robot can provide multimodal warnings to help the driver correct the wrong operation, so the impact of the warning signal itself on driving safety needs to be reduced. This study investigates the design of multimodal warnings for in-vehicle robots under driving safety warning scenarios. Based on transparency theory, this study addressed the content and timing of visual and auditory modality warning outputs and discussed the effects of different robot speech and facial expressions on driving safety. Two rounds of experiments were conducted on a driving simulator to collect vehicle data, subjective data, and behavioral data. The results showed that driving safety and workload were optimal when the robot was designed to use negative expressions for the visual modality during the comprehension (SAT 2) phase and speech at a rate of 345 words/minute for the auditory modality during the comprehension (SAT 2) and prediction (SAT 3) phases. The design guideline obtained from the study provides a reference for the interaction design of driver assistance systems with robots as the interface.

Design of Proactive Interaction for In-Vehicle Robots Based on Transparency.

Based on the transparency theory, this study investigates the appropriate amount of transparency information expressed by the in-vehicle robot under two channels of voice and visual in a proactive interaction scenario. The experiments are to test and evaluate different transparency levels and combinations of information in different channels of the in-vehicle robot, based on a driving simulator to collect subjective and objective data, which focuses on users' safety, usability, trust, and emotion dimensions under driving conditions. The results show that appropriate transparency expression is able to improve drivers' driving control and subjective evaluation and that drivers need a different amount of transparency information in different types of tasks.

Isolation and Characterization of the First Freshwater Cyanophage Infecting Pseudanabaena.

Cyanobacteria are the major primary producers in both freshwater and marine environments. However, the majority of freshwater cyanophages remain unknown due to the limited number of cyanophage isolates. In this study, we present a novel lytic freshwater cyanophage, PA-SR01, which was isolated from the Singapore Serangoon Reservoir. To our knowledge, this is the first isolate of a cyanophage that has been found to infect the cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena PA-SR01 has a narrow host range, a short latent period, and is chloroform sensitive. Distinct from the majority of cyanophage isolates, PA-SR01 has a tailless morphology. It is a double-stranded DNA virus with a 137,012-bp genome. Functional annotation for the predicted open reading frames (ORFs) of the PA-SR01 genome identified genes with putative functions related to DNA metabolism, structural proteins, lysis, host-derived metabolic genes, and DNA packaging. Out of 166 predicted ORFs, only 17 ORFs have homology with genes with known function. Phylogenetic analysis of the major capsid protein and terminase large subunit further suggests that phage PA-SR01 is evolutionary distinct from known cyanophages. Metagenomics sequence recruitment onto the PA-SR01 genome indicates that PA-SR01 represents a new evolutionary lineage of phage which shares considerable genetic similarities with phage sequences in aquatic environments and could play key ecological roles.IMPORTANCE This study presents the isolation of the very first freshwater cyanophage, PA-SR01, that infects Pseudanabaena, and fills an important knowledge gap on freshwater cyanophages as well as cyanophages infecting Pseudanabaena.

MicroRNA-506 modulates insulin resistance in human adipocytes by targeting S6K1 and altering the IRS1/PI3K/AKT insulin signaling pathway.

The incidence of obesity has increased rapidly, becoming a worldwide public health issue that involves insulin resistance. A growing number of recent studies have demonstrated that microRNAs play a significant role in controlling the insulin signaling network. For example, miR-506-3p expression has been demonstrated to correlate with insulin sensitivity; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we found that miR-506-3p enhanced glucose uptake by 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake assays and regulated the protein expression of key genes involved in the PI3K/AKT insulin signaling pathway including IRS1, PI3K, AKT, and GlUT4. We next predicted ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1 (S6K1) to be a candidate target of miR-506-3p by bioinformatics analysis and confirmed using dual-luciferase assays that miR-506-3p regulated S6K1 expression by binding to its 3'-UTR. Moreover, modulating S6K1 expression counteracted the effects of miR-506-3p on glucose uptake and PI3K/AKT pathway activation. In conclusion, miR-506-3p altered IR in adipocytes by regulating S6K1-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Taken together, these findings provide novel insights and potential targets for IR therapy.

Acidophilic Iron- and Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Drives Alkaline pH Neutralization and Mineral Weathering in Fe Ore Tailings.

The neutralization of strongly alkaline pH conditions and acceleration of mineral weathering in alkaline Fe ore tailings have been identified as key prerequisites for eco-engineering tailings-soil formation for sustainable mine site rehabilitation. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans has great potential in neutralizing alkaline pH and accelerating primary mineral weathering in the tailings but little information is available. This study aimed to investigate the colonization of A. ferrooxidans in alkaline Fe ore tailings and its role in elemental sulfur (S0) oxidation, tailings neutralization, and Fe-bearing mineral weathering through a microcosm experiment. The effects of biological S0 oxidation on the weathering of alkaline Fe ore tailings were examined via various microspectroscopic analyses. It is found that (1) the A. ferrooxidans inoculum combined with the S0 amendment rapidly neutralized the alkaline Fe ore tailings; (2) A. ferrooxidans activities induced Fe-bearing primary mineral (e.g., biotite) weathering and secondary mineral (e.g., ferrihydrite and jarosite) formation; and (3) the association between bacterial cells and tailings minerals were likely facilitated by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The behavior and biogeochemical functionality of A. ferrooxidans in the tailings provide a fundamental basis for developing microbial-based technologies toward eco-engineering soil formation in Fe ore tailings.

Chemodiversity of Dissolved Organic Matter and Its Molecular Changes Driven by Rhizosphere Activities in Fe Ore Tailings Undergoing Eco-Engineered Pedogenesis.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in soil structure and biogeochemical function development, which are fundamental for the eco-engineering of tailings-soil formation to underpin sustainable tailings rehabilitation. In the present study, we have characterized the DOM composition and its molecular changes in an alkaline Fe ore tailing primed with organic matter (OM) amendment and plant colonization. The results demonstrated that microbial OM decomposition dramatically increased DOM richness and average molecular weight, as well as its degree of unsaturation, aromaticity, and oxidation in the tailings. Plant colonization drove molecular shifts of DOM by depleting the unsaturated compounds with a high value of nominal oxidation state of carbon (NOSC), such as tannin-like and carboxyl-rich polycyclic-like compounds. This may be partially related to their sequestration by secondary Fe-Si minerals formed from rhizosphere-driven mineral weathering. Furthermore, the molecular shifts of DOM may have also resulted from plant-regulated microbial community changes, which further influenced DOM molecules through microbial-DOM interactions. These findings contribute to the understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and ecofunctionality in the tailings during early pedogenesis driven by OM input and pioneer plant/microbial colonization, providing an important basis for the development of strategies and technologies toward the eco-engineering of tailings-soil formation.

A novel liposome-polymer hybrid nanoparticles delivering a multi-epitope self-replication DNA vaccine and its preliminary immune evaluation in experimental animals.

DNA vaccine is an attractive immune platform for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, but existing disadvantages limit its use in preclinical and clinical assays, such as weak immunogenicity and short half-life. Here, we reported a novel liposome-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (pSFV-MEG/LNPs) consisting of a biodegradable core (mPEG-PLGA) and a hydrophilic shell (lecithin/PEG-DSPE-Mal 2000) for delivering a multi-epitope self-replication DNA vaccine (pSFV-MEG). The pSFV-MEG/LNPs with optimal particle size (161.61 ±â€¯15.63 nm) and high encapsulation efficiency (87.60 ±â€¯8.73%) induced a strong humoral (3.22-fold) and cellular immune responses (1.60-fold) compared to PBS. Besides, the humoral and cellular immune responses of pSFV-MEG/LNPs were 1.58- and 1.05-fold than that of pSFV-MEG. All results confirmed that LNPs was a very promising tool to enhance the humoral and cellular immune responses of pSFV-MEG. In addition, the rational design and delivery platform can be used for the development of DNA vaccines for other infectious diseases.