High-sensitivity fiber optic temperature sensor based on CTFBG-FPI and Vernier effect.

A novel high-sensitivity temperature sensor based on a chirped thin-core fiber Bragg grating Fabry-Perot interferometer (CTFBG-FPI) and the Vernier effect is proposed and demonstrated. With femtosecond laser direct writing technology, two CTFBG-FPIs with different interferometric cavity lengths are inscribed inside a thin-core fiber to form a Vernier effect system. The two FPIs consist of two pairs of CTFBGs with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 66.5 nm staggered in parallel. The interferometric cavity lengths of the two FPIs were designed to be 2 mm and 1.98 mm as the reference arm and sensing arm of the sensor, respectively. The temperature sensitivity of this sensor was measured to be -1.084 nm/°C in a range of 40-90°C. This sensor is expected to play a crucial role in precision temperature measurement applications.

A 1-µm-Band Injection-Locked Semiconductor Laser with a High Side-Mode Suppression Ratio and Narrow Linewidth.

We demonstrate a narrow-linewidth, high side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) semiconductor laser based on the external optical feedback injection locking technology of a femtosecond-apodized (Fs-apodized) fiber Bragg grating (FBG). A single frequency output is achieved by coupling and integrating a wide-gain quantum dot (QD) gain chip with a Fs-apodized FBG in a 1-µm band. We propose this low-cost and high-integration scheme for the preparation of a series of single-frequency seed sources in this wavelength range by characterizing the performance of 1030 nm and 1080 nm lasers. The lasers have a maximum SMSR of 66.3 dB and maximum output power of 134.6 mW. Additionally, the lasers have minimum Lorentzian linewidths that are measured to be 260.5 kHz; however, a minimum integral linewidth less than 180.4 kHz is observed by testing and analyzing the power spectra of the frequency noise values of the lasers.

Femtosecond laser inscribed chirped fiber Bragg gratings.

In this work, a method is proposed and demonstrated for fabrication of chirped fiber Bragg gratings (CFBGs) in single-mode fiber by femtosecond laser point-by-point inscription. CFBGs with bandwidths from 2 to 12 nm and dispersion ranges from 14.2 to 85 ps/nm are designed and achieved. The sensitivities of temperature and strain are 14.91 pm/°C and 1.21pm/µÎµ, respectively. Compared to the present phase mask method, femtosecond laser point-by-point inscription technology has the advantage of manufacturing CFBGs with different parameter flexibilities, and is expected to be widely applied in the future.

Terahertz flexible multiplexing chip enabled by synthetic topological phase transitions.

Flexible multiplexing chips that permit reconfigurable multidimensional channel utilization are indispensable for revolutionary 6G terahertz communications, but the insufficient manipulation capability of terahertz waves prevents their practical implementation. Herein, we propose the first experimental demonstration of a flexible multiplexing chip for terahertz communication by revealing the unique mechanism of topological phase (TP) transition and perseveration in a heterogeneously coupled bilayer valley Hall topological photonic system. The synthetic and individual TPs operated in the coupled and decoupled states enable controllable on-chip modular TP transitions and subchannel switching. Two time-frequency interleaved subchannels support 10- and 12-Gbit/s QAM-16 high-speed data streams along corresponding paths over carriers of 120 and 130 GHz with 2.5- and 3-GHz bandwidths, respectively. This work unlocks interlayer heterogeneous TPs for inspiring ingenious on-chip terahertz-wave regulation, allowing functionality-reconfigurable, compactly integrated and CMOS-compatible chips.

Ultrasensitive temperature sensor based on an isopropanol-sealed optical microfiber taper.

We demonstrate an ultrasensitive temperature sensor based on an isopropanol-sealed optical microfiber taper (OMT) in a capillary. The OMT is highly sensitive to ambient refractive index (RI) with a maximum sensitivity of 18989 nm/RI unit in the range of 1.3955-1.4008. The thermo-optic effect of isopropanol and the thermal expansions of the sealant and sealed liquid turn the OMT into an ultrasensitive temperature sensor with the maximum sensitivity of -3.88 nm/°C in the range of 20°C-50°C. The temperature sensitivity contributions from different mechanisms are also investigated theoretically and experimentally.

Compact fiber tip modal interferometer for high-temperature and transverse load measurements.

A compact fiber tip modal interferometer (FTMI) based on two-wave interference has been demonstrated. Its fabrication process is very simple, just involving fiber tapering by a fusion splicer. The effective sensing area of the FTMI has a small length of ~310 µm. The interference spectra of the fiber tips with different size and profile have been analyzed. The FTMI has a good mechanical strength and high-temperature stability. It can be used for high-temperature and transverse load sensing simultaneously in a harsh environment when two different attenuation peaks are chosen to be monitored.

Nanoporous TiO2/polyion thin-film-coated long-period grating sensors for the direct measurement of low-molecular-weight analytes.

We present novel nanoporous TiO(2)/polyion thin-film-coated long-period fiber grating (LPFG) sensors for the direct measurement of low-molecular-weight chemicals by monitoring the resonance wavelength shift. The hybrid overlay films are prepared by a simple layer-by-layer deposition approach, which is mainly based on the electrostatic interaction of TiO(2) nanoparticles and polyions. By the alternate immersion of LPFG into dispersions of TiO(2) nanoparticles and polyions, respectively, the so-formed TiO(2)/polyion thin film exhibits a unique nanoporous internal structure and has a relative higher refractive index than LPFG cladding. In particular, the porosity of the thin film reduces the diffusion coefficient and enhances the permeability retention of low-molecular-weight analytes within the porous film. The increases in the refractive index of the LPFG overlay results in a distinguished modulation of the resonance wavelength. Therefore, the detection sensitivity of LPFG sensors has been greatly improved, according to theoretical simulation. After the structure of the TiO(2)/polyion thin film was optimized, glucose solutions as an example with a low concentration of 10(-7) M was easily detected and monitored at room temperature.

Rapid fabrication of microhole array structured optical fibers.

A microhole array in a common single-mode fiber is fabricated by selective chemical etching of femtosecond-laser-induced fiber Bragg grating (FBG), which has a laser-modified region extending from the fiber core to the cladding-air boundary due to laser self-focusing. The shape and size of the orderly microhole on the fiber surface are controlled via changing conditions of FBG fabrication and chemical etching. A simultaneous sensing for surrounding refractive index and temperature is demonstrated by this microhole array FBG through measurement of the transmission power change and Bragg resonant wavelength shift.

Single S-tapered fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometers.

A fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) sensor, novel to our knowledge, based on a single "S"-like fiber taper has been fabricated via applying nonaxial pull in fiber tapering by a fusion splicer. The typical feature size of the structure has a length of 660 µm and the axial offset of 96 µm. This S fiber taper MZI has a refractive index (RI) sensitivity of 1590 nm/refractive index unit in the RI range of 1.409-1.425 and a strain sensitivity of about -60 pm/microstrain, which is 30 times higher than that of the normal two-taper-based MZI sensors.

Three dimensional hierarchy structures from self-assembly of quantum dots.

We have reported first example of 3D hierarchy structure from self-assembly of water-soluble QDs followed by chemical reaction control. After addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, dipotassium salt dehydrate (EDTA) into L-cysteine-stabilized CdTe QD solution, the color of solution was observed to become lighter and shallower, and finally white precipitates appeared. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results confirm that the morphology transformation from zero dimensional (0D) QDs via two-dimensional (2D) nanoflakes to 3D microflowers occurs among those QD assemblies. Meanwhile, EDX results demonstrate that the as-formed QD-assemblies are not CdTe but CdS. The turnover of chemistry nature from CdTe to CdS after addition of EDTA is mainly due to the oxidation of Te followed by a series of chemical reactions. The photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) results reveal that such 3D hierarchy structure of CdS QDs have good optical property.

Light-Responsive Actuators Based on Graphene.

As a typical 2D carbon material, graphene, that possesses outstanding physical/chemical properties, has revealed great potential for developing soft actuators. Especially, the unique properties of graphene, including the excellent light absorption property, softness, and thermal conductivity, play very important roles in the development of light-responsive graphene actuators. At present, various light-driven actuators have been successfully developed based on graphene and its derivatives. In this mini review, we reviewed the recent advances in this field. The unique properties of graphene or graphene-related materials that are of benefit to the development of light-driven actuators have been summarized. Typical smart actuators based on different photothermal/photochemical effects, including photothermal expansion, photothermal desorption, photoisomerization, and photo-triggered shape memory effect, have been introduced. Besides, current challenges, and future perspective have been discussed. The rapid progress of light-responsive actuators based on graphene has greatly stimulated the development of graphene-based soft robotics.