Overexpression of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A2 (EIF5A2) is associated with cancer progression and poor prognosis in patients with early-stage cervical cancer.

AIMS: As one of the only two isoforms of the eukaryotic initiation factor (EIF)5A family, EIF5A2 plays an important role in tumour progression and prognosis evaluation. The aim of this study was to investigate EIF5A2 expression in International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I-II cervical cancer and to evaluate its clinical significance. METHODS AND RESULTS: The mRNA and protein expression levels of EIF5A2 were analysed in 20 tissue samples of FIGO stage I-II cervical cancer and paired surrounding non-tumour cervical tissues by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine EIF5A2 protein expression in paraffin-embedded tissues from 314 patients with cervical cancer. The mRNA and protein expression levels of EIF5A2 were significantly elevated in tumour tissues. The increased EIF5A2 expression was correlated with higher FIGO stage (P < 0.001), deep cervical stromal invasion (P = 0.026), lymphovascular space involvement (P = 0.002), pelvic lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001) and postoperative recurrence (P < 0.001) in patients with cervical cancer. Patients with tumours showing high EIF5A2 expression had a poorer survival time than those with normal EIF5A2 expression, especially the patients with negative pelvic lymph nodes and FIGO stage II. In addition, multivariate Cox analysis showed that high EIF5A2 expression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival [hazard ratio 1.949; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.116-3.404; P = 0.019] and disease-free survival (hazard ratio 1.980; 95% CI 1.189-3.297; P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: EIF5A2 overexpression may contribute to cancer progression and poor prognosis. Therefore, EIF5A2 could be a novel potential prognostic marker for FIGO stage I-II cervical cancer.

Overexpression of Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 Is Associated With Tumor Progression and Unfavorable Prognosis in Chinese Patients With Endometrioid Endometrial Adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is a kind of flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent amine oxidase that regulates normal cellular differentiation, gene activation, tumorigenesis, and progression. This study aims to detect the expression level of LSD1 in endometrial cancer and to explore its role in the progression and prognosis of endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma (EEA). METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of LSD1 in 206 EEA specimens, 50 benign endometrial lesion specimens, and 45 normal endometrium specimens. χ Analysis, Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis were applied for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Compared with normal endometrium and benign endometrial lesion (both P < 0.001), LSD1 was overexpressed in EEA. LSD1 expression was correlated with histological grade, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, vascular/lymphatic invasion, depth of myometrial invasion, and lymph node metastasis. Results of the Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that LSD1 expression was associated with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of EEA. The negative expression LSD1 group had longer OS and DFS than did the positive expression group. The difference was significant (both P < 0.001, log-rank test). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the LSD1 expression status was an independent prognostic factor for both OS (P = 0.027) and DFS (P = 0.016) of patients with EEA. CONCLUSIONS: Overexpression of LSD1 may contribute to the progression of EEA and may thus serve as a new biomarker to predict the prognosis of EEA.

Ubiquitin-specific protease 22: a novel molecular biomarker in cervical cancer prognosis and therapeutics.

Ubiquitin-specific protease 22 (USP22) exhibits an important function in tumor progression and oncogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of USP22 and the association with its potential targets in patients with cervical cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first study that determines the relationship between USP22 expression and clinicopathological significance in cervical cancer. The immunohistochemistry results showed that USP22 protein was overexpressed in cervical cancer samples compared with normal cervical tissues (P < 0.001). Moreover, clinicopathological analysis showed that USP22 expression was highly related to International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, Ki67, lymph node metastasis, and histology grade. The results of Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that patients with high USP22 expression had significantly shorter overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) than patients with low expression of USP22 (P < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that USP22 expression status was an independent prognostic marker for both OS and DFS of patients with cervical cancer. It is suggested that USP22 overexpression may be associated with poor prognosis in cervical cancer. It may represent a novel prognostic biomarker or a target for improving the treatment efficiency of patients with cervical cancer.

Role of deubiquitinase JOSD2 in the pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a deadly malignancy with limited treatment options. Deubiquitinases (DUBs) have been confirmed to play a crucial role in the development of malignant tumors. JOSD2 is a DUB involved in controlling protein deubiquitination and influencing critical cellular processes in cancer. AIM: To investigate the impact of JOSD2 on the progression of ESCC. METHODS: Bioinformatic analyses were employed to explore the expression, prognosis, and enriched pathways associated with JOSD2 in ESCC. Lentiviral transduction was utilized to manipulate JOSD2 expression in ESCC cell lines (KYSE30 and KYSE150). Functional assays, including cell proliferation, colony formation, drug sensitivity, migration, and invasion, were performed, revealing the impact of JOSD2 on ESCC cell lines. JOSD2's role in xenograft tumor growth and drug sensitivity in vivo was also assessed. The proteins that interacted with JOSD2 were identified using mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Preliminary research indicated that JOSD2 was highly expressed in ESCC tissues, which was associated with poor prognosis. Further analysis demonstrated that JOSD2 was upregulated in ESCC cell lines compared to normal esophageal cells. JOSD2 knockdown inhibited ESCC cell activity, including proliferation and colony-forming ability. Moreover, JOSD2 knockdown decreased the drug resistance and migration of ESCC cells, while JOSD2 overexpression enhanced these phenotypes. In vivo xenograft assays further confirmed that JOSD2 promoted tumor proliferation and drug resistance in ESCC. Mechanistically, JOSD2 appears to activate the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Mass spectrometry was used to identify crucial substrate proteins that interact with JOSD2, which identified the four primary proteins that bind to JOSD2, namely USP47, IGKV2D-29, HSP90AB1, and PRMT5. CONCLUSION: JOSD2 plays a crucial role in enhancing the proliferation, migration, and drug resistance of ESCC, suggesting that JOSD2 is a potential therapeutic target in ESCC.

Roflumilast inhibits tumor growth and migration in STK11/LKB1 deficient pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancer is a malignant tumor of the digestive system. It is highly aggressive, easily metastasizes, and extremely difficult to treat. This study aimed to analyze the genes that might regulate pancreatic cancer migration to provide an essential basis for the prognostic assessment of pancreatic cancer and individualized treatment. A CRISPR knockout library directed against 915 murine genes was transfected into TB 32047 cell line to screen which gene loss promoted cell migration. Next-generation sequencing and PinAPL.py- analysis was performed to identify candidate genes. We then assessed the effect of serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) knockout on pancreatic cancer by wound-healing assay, chick agnosia (CAM) assay, and orthotopic mouse pancreatic cancer model. We performed RNA sequence and Western blotting for mechanistic studies to identify and verify the pathways. After accelerated Transwell migration screening, STK11 was identified as one of the top candidate genes. Further experiments showed that targeted knockout of STK11 promoted the cell migration and increased liver metastasis in mice. Mechanistic analyses revealed that STK11 knockout influences blood vessel morphogenesis and is closely associated with the enhanced expression of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), especially PDE4D, PDE4B, and PDE10A. PDE4 inhibitor Roflumilast inhibited STK11-KO cell migration and tumor size, further demonstrating that PDEs are essential for STK11-deficient cell migration. Our findings support the adoption of therapeutic strategies, including Roflumilast, for patients with STK11-mutated pancreatic cancer in order to improve treatment efficacy and ultimately prolong survival.

An m5C methylation regulator-associated signature predicts prognosis and therapy response in pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most aggressive digestive malignancy due to frequent late-stage diagnosis, rapid progression and resistance to therapy. With increasing PDAC incidence worldwide, there is an urgent need for new prognostic biomarkers and therapy targets. Recently, RNA methylation has emerged as a new tumorigenic mechanism in different cancers. 5-methylcytosine (m5C) is one of the most frequent RNA modifications and occurs on a variety of RNA species including mRNA, thereby regulating gene expression. Here we investigated the prognostic role of m5C-regulator-associated transcriptional signature in PDAC. We evaluated m5C-regulator status and expression in 239 PDAC samples from publicly available datasets. We used unsupervised consensus clustering analyses to classify PDACs based on m5C-regulator expression. From the resulting signature of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we selected prognosis-relevant DEGs to stratify patients and build a scoring signature (m5C-score) through LASSO and multivariate Cox regression analyses. The m5C-score represented a highly significant independent prognostic marker. A high m5C-score correlated with poor prognosis in different PDAC cohorts, and was associated with the squamous/basal subtype as well as activated cancer-related pathways including Ras, MAPK and PI3K pathways. Furthermore, the m5C-score correlated with sensitivity to pathway-specific inhibitors of PARP, EGFR, AKT, HER2 and mTOR. Tumors with high m5C-score were characterized by overall immune exclusion, low CD8+ T-cell infiltration, and higher PD-L1 expression. Overall, the m5C-score represented a robust predictor of prognosis and therapy response in PDAC, which was associated with unfavorable molecular subtypes and immune microenvironment.

Sesamol Attenuates Scopolamine-Induced Cholinergic Disorders, Neuroinflammation, and Cognitive Deficits in Mice.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease, characterized by memory loss and cognitive deficits accompanied by neuronal damage and cholinergic disorders. Sesamol, a lignan component in sesame oil, has been proven to have neuroprotective effects. This research aimed to investigate the preventive effects of sesamol on scopolamine (SCOP)-induced cholinergic disorders in C57BL/6 mice. The mice were pretreated with sesamol (100 mg/kg/d, p.o.) for 30 days. Behavioral tests indicated that sesamol supplement prevented SCOP-induced cognitive deficits. Sesamol enhanced the expression of neurotrophic factors and postsynaptic density (PSD) in SCOP-treated mice, reversing neuronal damage and synaptic dysfunction. Importantly, sesamol could balance the cholinergic system by suppressing the AChE activity and increasing the ChAT activity and M1 mAChR expression. Sesamol treatment also inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors and overactivation of microglia in SCOP-treated mice. Meanwhile, sesamol improved the antioxidant enzyme activity and suppressed oxidative stress in SCOP-treated mice and ameliorated the oxidized cellular status and mitochondrial dysfunction in SCOP-treated SH-SY5Y cells. In conclusion, these results indicated that sesamol attenuated SCOP-induced cognitive dysfunction via balancing the cholinergic system and reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.

Identification of a Four-lncRNA Prognostic Signature for Colon Cancer Based on Genome Instability.

LncRNAs (long noncoding RNAs) are closely associated with genome instability. However, the identification of lncRNAs related to the genome instability and their relationship with the prognosis and clinical signature of cancer remains to be explored. In this paper, we analyzed differential lncRNA expression based on the somatic mutation profiles of colon cancer patients from TCGA database and finally identified 153 lncRNAs that are associated with genome instability in colon cancer. Taking four lncRNAs from these 153, we established a genome-instability-related prognostic signature (GIRlncPSig). By applying the GIRlncPSig, we calculated a risk score for each patient, and using their risk scores, we divided them into low- and high-risk groups. We found that the prognosis between the two risk groups was significantly different, and the results were further verified in different independent patient cohorts. Moreover, we observed that the GIRlncPSig was related to somatic mutation rates in colon cancer, indicating that it may be a potential means of measuring genome instability levels in colon cancer. We also revealed that the GIRlncPSig was correlated with BRAF and DPYD mutation rates and that it may be a potential mutation marker for the BRAF and DPYD gene. In summary, we constructed a genome-instability-related lncRNA prognostic signature (GIRlncPSig), which has a significant effect on prognosis prediction and may allow for the discovery of new colon cancer biomarkers.

Alternate-day fasting alleviates diabetes-induced glycolipid metabolism disorders: roles of FGF21 and bile acids.

Glycolipid metabolism disorder is one of the causes of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Alternate-day fasting (ADF) is an effective dietary intervention to counteract T2D. The present study is aimed to determine the underlying mechanisms of the benefits of ADF metabolic on diabetes-induced glycolipid metabolism disorders in db/db mice. Here, leptin receptor knock-out diabetic mice were subjected to 28 days of isocaloric ADF. We found that ADF prevented insulin resistance and bodyweight gain in diabetic mice. ADF promoted glycogen synthesis in both liver and muscle. ADF also activated recombinant insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)/protein kinase B (AKT/PKB) signaling，inactivated inflammation related AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the inflammation-regulating nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling in the liver. ADF also suppressed lipid accumulation by inactivating the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c). Furthermore, ADF elevated the expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and down-stream signaling AMPK/silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) in the liver of diabetic mice. The mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy were also stimulated by ADF. Interestingly, ADF also enhanced the bile acids (BAs) metabolism by generating more cholic acid (CA), deoxycholic acid (DCA) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) in db/db mice. In conclusion, ADF could significantly inhibit T2D induced insulin resistance and obesity, promote insulin signaling，reduce inflammation, as well as promote glycogen synthesis and lipid metabolism. It possibly depends on FGF21 and BA metabolism to enhance mitochondrial biosynthesis and energy metabolism.

"One-step production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil with high-acid value in ionic liquids" [Bioresour. Technol. 102 (11) (2011)].

Catalytic conversion of un-pretreated Jatropha oil with high-acid value (13.8 mg KOH/g) to biodiesel was studied in ionic liquids (ILs) with metal chlorides. Several commercial ILs were used to catalyze the esterification of oleic acid. It was found that 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tosylate {[BMIm][TS]} had high catalytic activity with 93% esterification rate for oleic acid at 140 °C but only 63.7% Jatropha biodiesel yield at 200 °C. When ZnCl2 was added to [BMIm][TS], a maximum Jatropha biodiesel yield of 92.5% was achieved at 180 °C. Addition of metal ions supplied Lewis acidic sites in ILs promoted both esterification and transestrification reactions. It was also found that the transition metal ions performed higher catalytic activity in transestrification than the ions of Group A. Mixture of [BMIm][TS] and ZnCl2 was easily separated from products for reuse to avoid producing pollutants.

One-step production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil with high-acid value in ionic liquids.

Catalytic conversion of un-pretreated Jatropha oil with high-acid value (13.8 mg KOH/g) to biodiesel was studied in ionic liquids (ILs) with metal chlorides. Several commercial ILs were used to catalyze the esterification of oleic acid. It was found that 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tosylate ([BMIm][CH(3)SO(3)]; a Brønsted acidic IL) had the highest catalytic activity with 93% esterification rate for oleic acid at 140°C but only 12% biodiesel yield at 120°C. When FeCl(3) was added to [BMIm][CH(3)SO(3)], a maximum biodiesel yield of 99.7% was achieved at 120°C. Because metal ions in ILs supplied Lewis acidic sites, and more of the sites could be provided by trivalent metallic ions than those of bivalent ones. It was also found that the catalytic activity with bivalent metallic ions increased with atomic radius. Mixture of [BMIm][CH(3)SO(3)] and FeCl(3) was easily separated from products for reuse to avoid producing pollutants.

Production of biodiesel and lactic acid from rapeseed oil using sodium silicate as catalyst.

Biodiesel and lactic acid from rapeseed oil was produced using sodium silicate as catalyst. The transesterification in the presence of the catalyst proceeded with a maximum yield of 99.6% under optimized conditions [3% (w/w) sodium silicate, methanol/oil molar ratio 9/1, reaction time 60 min, reaction temperature 60°C, and stirring rate 250 rpm]. After six consecutive transesterification reactions, the catalyst was collected and used for catalysis of the conversion of glycerol to lactic acid. A maximum yield of 80.5% was achieved when the reaction was carried out at a temperature of 300°C for 90 min. Thus, sodium silicate is an effective catalyst for transesterification and lactic acid production from the biodiesel by-product, glycerol.

DNA methylation and carcinogenesis of PRDM5 in cervical cancer.

OBJECTIVE: PR (PRDI-BF1 and RIZ) domain proteins (PRDM) are a subfamily of the kruppel-like zinc finger gene products and play key roles during cell differentiation and malignant transformation. PRDM5 (PR domain containing 5 PFM2) is a new PR-domain-containing gene. The purpose of the present study was to examine the expression of PRDM5 and evaluate its carcinogenesis in cervical cancer. The relationship between DNA methylation and transcriptional silencing of PRDM5 was investigated in cervical cancer. METHODS: PRDM5 expression was examined in cervical cancer cell lines and cervical tissues (12 normal and 42 cancerous) by using RT polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methylation status of the PRDM5 promoter was studied using methylation-specific PCR (MSP). RESULTS: PRDM5 expression is reduced or lost in cervical cancers, compared with normal cervical tissues (P < 0.05). The current study results also showed that loss of PRDM5 is mediated by aberrant cytosine methylation of the PRDM5 promoter. There were 40.5% of carcinomas methylated, while none of normal tissues were methylated. PRDM5 mRNA expression was significantly higher (P = 0.000) in unmethylated (0.2634 ± 0.0674, mean ± SD), compared with methylated tissues (0.1007 ± 0.0993, mean ± SD). Last, treatment with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor led to reactivation of PRDM5 expression in cell lines that had negligible PRDM5 expression at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced expression of PRDM5 may play an important role in the pathogenesis and/or development of cervical cancer, and is considered to be caused in part by aberrant DNA methylation.