Proposed Framework for Adopting Privacy-Preserving Record Linkage for Public Health Action.

OBJECTIVES: To propose a framework for adoption of privacy-preserving record linkage (PPRL) for public health applications. METHODS: Twelve interviews with subject matter experts (SMEs) were conducted virtually and coded using an inductive approach. A collaborative session was conducted with SMEs to identify key steps in the PPRL project lifecycle which informed development of a PPRL implementation checklist. RESULTS: This framework has 2 decision-making levels: the organization level and the project or program level. Organization-level considerations include PPRL governance, the optimal choice among approved PPRL solutions, the need for longitudinal linkages, the potential issue of vendor lock-in, and costs. Program-level considerations include characteristics of the PPRL use case, linkage quality and accuracy, data privacy and use, security thresholds, compatibility with data owners' data architecture, and trade-offs between open-source and commercial PPRL solutions. A PPRL implementation checklist was developed to guide public health practitioners considering PPRL for data linkage. CONCLUSIONS: The framework may be considered by public health entities to guide adoption and implementation of PPRL in public health research and surveillance. Public health experts may refer to this framework and the PPRL implementation checklist when determining the appropriateness of PPRL for specific use cases and implementation planning.

Effects of the Affordable Care Act on Health Care Access and Self-Assessed Health After 3 Years.

Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we examine the causal impact of the Affordable Care Act on health-related outcomes after 3 years. We estimate difference-in-difference-in-differences models that exploit variation in treatment intensity from 2 sources: (1) local area prereform uninsured rates from 2013 and (2) state participation in the Medicaid expansion. Including the third postreform year leads to 2 important insights. First, gains in health insurance coverage and access to care from the policy continued to increase in the third year. Second, an improvement in the probability of reporting excellent health emerged in the third year, with the effect being largely driven by the non-Medicaid expansions components of the policy.

Privacy preserving record linkage for public health action: opportunities and challenges.

OBJECTIVES: To understand the landscape of privacy preserving record linkage (PPRL) applications in public health, assess estimates of PPRL accuracy and privacy, and evaluate factors for PPRL adoption. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature scan examined the accuracy, data privacy, and scalability of PPRL in public health. Twelve interviews with subject matter experts were conducted and coded using an inductive approach to identify factors related to PPRL adoption. RESULTS: PPRL has a high level of linkage quality and accuracy. PPRL linkage quality was comparable to that of clear text linkage methods (requiring direct personally identifiable information [PII]) for linkage across various settings and research questions. Accuracy of PPRL depended on several components, such as PPRL technique, and the proportion of missingness and errors in underlying data. Strategies to increase adoption include increasing understanding of PPRL, improving data owner buy-in, establishing governance structure and oversight, and developing a public health implementation strategy for PPRL. DISCUSSION: PPRL protects privacy by eliminating the need to share PII for linkage, but the accuracy and linkage quality depend on factors including the choice of PPRL technique and specific PII used to create encrypted identifiers. Large-scale implementations of PPRL linking millions of observations-including PCORnet, National Institutes for Health N3C, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 project have demonstrated the scalability of PPRL for public health applications. CONCLUSIONS: Applications of PPRL in public health have demonstrated their value for the public health community. Although gaps must be addressed before wide implementation, PPRL is a promising solution to data linkage challenges faced by the public health ecosystem.

Evaluation of different composting systems on an industrial scale as a contribution to the circular economy and its impact on human health.

Due to the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), large-scale composting can cause air pollution and occupational health issues. Due to this, it is necessary to determine if the amount generated poses a health risk to plant workers, which can be a starting point for those in charge of composting plant facilities. As a result, the goal of this work is to conduct a thorough analysis of both the physicochemical features and the VOC generation of three large-scale systems. For ten weeks, the three different composting plants were monitored weekly, and VOC identification and quantification were performed using GC-MS gas chromatography. It has been observed that the biggest risk related with VOC formation occurs between the fourth and fifth weeks, when microbial activity is at its peak. Similarly, it has been demonstrated that xylenes and toluene are the ones that are produced in the greatest quantity. Finally, after ten weeks of processing, it was discovered that the material obtained complies with the regulations for the sale of an amendment.Implications: The evaluation and monitoring of the composting processes at an industrial scale is very important, due to the implications they bring. VOCs are produced by the operation of composting facilities with substantial amounts of solid waste, such as the companies in this study. These may pose a health risk to those working in the plants; thus, it is critical to understand where the VOCs occur in the process in order to maintain workers' occupational health measures. This form of evaluation is rare or nonexistent in Colombia, which is why conducting this type of study is critical, as it will provide crucial input into determining when the highest levels of VOC generation occur. These are the ones that may pose a risk at some point, but with proper occupational safety planning, said risk may be avoided. This work has evaluated three composting systems, with different types of waste and mixtures. According to reports, while composting systems continue to produce VOCs and their generation is unavoidable, the potential risk exists only within the plant. These findings can pave the way for the implementation of public policies that will improve the design and operation of composting plants. There is no specific legislation in Colombia for the design and execution of this sort of technology, which allows the use of organic waste.

Remediation of Pb-contaminated soil using biochar-based slow-release P fertilizer and biomonitoring employing bioindicators.

Soil contamination by Pb can result from different anthropogenic sources such as lead-based paints, gasoline, pesticides, coal burning, mining, among others. This work aimed to evaluate the potential of P-loaded biochar (Biochar-based slow-release P fertilizer) to remediate a Pb-contaminated soil. In addition, we aim to propose a biomonitoring alternative after soil remediation. First, rice husk-derived biochar was obtained at different temperatures (450, 500, 550, and 600 °C) (raw biochars). Then, part of the resulting material was activated. Later, the raw biochars and activated biochars were immersed in a saturated KH2PO4 solution to produce P-loaded biochars. The ability of materials to immobilize Pb and increase the bioavailability of P in the soil was evaluated by an incubation test. The materials were incorporated into doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0%. After 45 days, soil samples were taken to biomonitor the remediation process using two bioindicators: a phytotoxicity test and enzyme soil activity. Activated P-loaded biochar produced at 500 °C has been found to present the best conditions for soil Pb remediation. This material significantly reduced the bioavailability of Pb and increased the bioavailability of P. The phytotoxicity test and the soil enzymatic activity were significantly correlated with the decrease in bioavailable Pb but not with the increase in bioavailable P. Biomonitoring using the phytotoxicity test is a promising alternative for the evaluation of soils after remediation processes.

Securing access to a comprehensive diagnostic panel for children with suspected acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Results from the Mexico in Alliance with St. Jude "Bridge Project".

Background: The "Bridge Project" is a Mexico in Alliance with St. Jude (MAS) initiative developed in 2019 to improve access, accuracy, and timeliness of specialized diagnostic studies for patients with suspected acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The project strategy relies on service centralization to improve service delivery, biological characterization, risk-group classification, and support proper treatment allocation. Methods: This is an ongoing prospective multisite intersectoral quality improvement (QI) project available to all patients 0-18 years of age presenting with suspected ALL to the 14 actively participating institutions in 12 Mexican states. Institutions send specimens to one centralized laboratory. From a clinical standpoint, the project secures access to a consensus-derived comprehensive diagnostic panel. From a service delivery standpoint, we assess equity, timeliness, effectiveness, and patient-centeredness. From an implementation science standpoint, we document feasibility, utility, and appropriateness of the diagnostic panel and centralized approach. This analysis spans from July 2019 to June 2023. Results: 612 patients have accessed the project. The median age was 6 years (IQR 3-11), and 53% were males. 94% of the specimens arrived within 48 hours, which documents the feasibility of the centralized model, and 100% of the patients received precise and timely diagnostic results, which documents the effectiveness of the approach. Of 505 (82.5%) patients with confirmed ALL, 463/505 (91.6%) had B-cell ALL, and 42/505 (8.3%) had T-cell ALL. High-hyperdiploidy was detected by DNA index in 36.6% and hypodiploidy in 1.6%. 76.6% of the patients had conclusive karyotype results. FISH studies showed t(12;21) in 15%, iAMP21 in 8.5%, t(1;19) in 7.5%, t(4;11) in 4.2%, t(9;22) in 3.2%, del(9)(p21) in 1.8%, and TRA/D (14)(q11.2) rearrangement in 2.4%. Among B-cell ALL patients, 344/403 (85.1%) had Day 15 MRD<1% and 261/305 (85.6%) Day 84 MRD<0.01. For T-cell ALL patients 20/28 (71.4%) had Day 29 MRD<0.01% and 19/22 (86.4%) Day 84 MRD<0.01%. Conclusions: By securing access to a standardized consensus-derived diagnostic panel, the Bridge Project has allowed better characterization of childhood ALL in Mexico while producing unprecedented service improvements and documenting key implementation outcomes. We are using these results to inform iterative changes to the diagnostic panel and an associated treatment guideline (MAS-ALL18).

Academic-Service Partnerships: Increasing the Advanced Nurse Workforce.

BACKGROUND: Clinical education placement for advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) students is challenging for most graduate schools of nursing. This study describes the experiences of hospitals that formed academic-service partnerships to facilitate clinical education placement for APRN students. METHOD: Hospital staff, schools of nursing administration and clinical faculty staff, clinical preceptors, and APRN students participated in the focus group and interview sessions during the evaluation of the Graduate Nurse Education demonstration project. RESULTS: Content analysis resulted in seven themes: APRN Student Enrollment, Clinical Placements/Process, Clinical Education Sites, Clinical Preceptors, Communication and Collaboration, Sustainability, and Funding Process. CONCLUSION: Future partnerships between hospitals, schools of nursing, and clinical education sites should consider collaborating in multiple regions to increase enrollment and clinical education placement opportunities for APRN students. [J Nurs Educ. 2021;60(4):190-195.].

The Affordable Care Act's Coverage Impacts in the Trump Era.

The 2016 US presidential election created uncertainty about the future of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and led to postponed implementation of certain provisions, reduced funding for outreach, and the removal of the individual mandate tax penalty. In this article, we estimate how the causal impact of the ACA on insurance coverage changed during 2017 through 2019, the first 3 years of the Trump administration, compared to 2016. Data come from the 2011-2019 waves of the American Community Survey (ACS), with the sample restricted to non-elderly adults. Our model leverages variation in treatment intensity from state Medicaid expansion decisions and pre-ACA uninsured rates. We find that the coverage gains from the components of the law that took effect nationally-such as the individual mandate and regulations and subsidies in the private non-group market-fell from 5 percentage points in 2016 to 3.6 percentage points in 2019. In contrast, the coverage gains from the Medicaid expansion increased in 2017 (7.0 percentage points) before returning to the 2016 level of coverage gains in 2019 (5.9 percentage points). The net effect of the ACA in expansion states is a combination of these trends, with coverage gains falling from 10.8 percentage points in 2016 to 9.6 percentage points in 2019.

The impact of the Affordable Care Act on health care access and self-assessed health in the Trump Era (2017-2018).

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the impact of the major components of the ACA (Medicaid expansion, subsidized Marketplace plans, and insurance market reforms) on health care access and self-assessed health during the first 2 years of the Trump administration (2017 and 2018). DATA SOURCE: The 2011-2018 waves of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), with the sample restricted to nonelderly adults. The BRFSS is a commonly used data source in the ACA literature due to its large number of questions related to access and self-assessed health. In addition, it is large enough to precisely estimate the effects of state policy interventions, with over 300 000 observations per year. DESIGN: We estimate difference-in-difference-in-differences (DDD) models to separately identify the effects of the private and Medicaid expansion portions of the ACA using an identification strategy initially developed in Courtemanche et al (2017). The differences come from: (a) time, (b) state Medicaid expansion status, and (c) local area pre-2014 uninsured rates. We examine ten outcome variables, including four measures of access and six measures of self-assessed health. We also examine differences by income and race/ethnicity. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Despite changes in ACA administration and the political debate surrounding the ACA during 2017 and 2018, including these fourth and fifth years of postreform data suggests continued gains in coverage. In addition, the improvements in reported excellent health that emerged with a lag after ACA implementation continued during 2017 and 2018. CONCLUSIONS: While gains in access and self-assessed health continued in the first 2 years of the Trump administration, the ongoing debate at both the federal and state level surrounding the future of the ACA suggests the need to continue monitoring how the law impacts these and many other important outcomes over time.

The three-year impact of the Affordable Care Act on disparities in insurance coverage.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the impact of the major components of the ACA (Medicaid expansion, subsidized Marketplace plans, and insurance market reforms) on disparities in insurance coverage after three years. DATA SOURCE: The 2011-2016 waves of the American Community Survey (ACS), with the sample restricted to nonelderly adults. DESIGN: We estimate a difference-in-difference-in-differences model to separately identify the effects of the nationwide and Medicaid expansion portions of the ACA using the methodology developed in the recent ACA literature. The differences come from time, state Medicaid expansion status, and local area pre-ACA uninsured rates. In order to focus on access disparities, we stratify our sample separately by income, race/ethnicity, marital status, age, gender, and geography. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: After three years, the fully implemented ACA eliminated 43% of the coverage gap across income groups, with the Medicaid expansion accounting for this entire reduction. The ACA also reduced coverage disparities across racial groups by 23%, across marital status by 46%, and across age-groups by 36%, with these changes being partly attributable to both the Medicaid expansion and nationwide components of the law. CONCLUSIONS: The fully implemented ACA has been successful in reducing coverage disparities across multiple groups.

Abordaje teórico y metodológico de la violencia psicológica en relaciones de pareja: un estado del arte / Theoretical and methodological approach to psychological violence in couple relationships: state of the art

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo identificar los conceptos y metodologías empleados para prevenir e intervenir la violencia psicológica en las relaciones de pareja. El estado del arte se enmarcó en un enfoque hermenéutico y de tipo cualitativo, se hizo un análisis categorial de documentos publicados entre 2009 y 2020 en bases de datos académicas como Scielo, Dialnet, Scopus, Science Direct y APA Psynet. Las categorías fueron: definición de violencia psicológica, bases teóricas y metodologías empleadas para su evaluación, prevención y tratamiento. Entre los resultados se destaca la ausencia de una definición consensuada de esta modalidad de violencia, un sinnúmero de conductas presentes en esta, y algunas hipótesis que explican cómo se origina y mantiene; además de varios instrumentos y estrategias de evaluación, y algunas metodologías que combinan principios de la prevención y la psicoterapia. Se recomienda elaborar tanto definiciones como planteamientos teóricos explicativos más afines al contexto y población objeto de estudio, y propender por realizar trabajos multidisciplinarios.

This article aims to identify the concepts and methodologies employed to prevent and intervene in psychological violence in couple relationships. This state of the art is delimited in a hermeneutic and qualitative approach, where a categorical analysis of documents published between 2009 and 2020 on databases, such as Scielo, Dialnet, Scopus, Science Direct, and APA Psynet, was carried out. The categories were: the definition of psychological violence, theoretical bases, and methodologies used for its evaluation, prevention, and treatment. Among the results, is noticeable the absence of a consensual definition of this form of violence, a countless amount of behaviors present in it, and some hypotheses that explain how they originate and maintain; as well as multiple evaluation tools and strategies, and some methodologies that combine principles of prevention and psychotherapy. It is recommended to elaborate definitions as explanatory theoretical approaches more related to the context and population under study, where a multidisciplinary work is suggested.

Early Impacts of the Affordable Care Act on Health Insurance Coverage in Medicaid Expansion and Non-Expansion States.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) aimed to achieve nearly universal health insurance coverage in the United States through a combination of insurance market reforms, mandates, subsidies, health insurance exchanges, and Medicaid expansions, most of which took effect in 2014. This paper estimates the causal effects of the ACA on health insurance coverage in 2014 using data from the American Community Survey. We utilize difference-in-difference-in-differences models that exploit cross-sectional variation in the intensity of treatment arising from state participation in the Medicaid expansion and local area pre-ACA uninsured rates. This strategy allows us to identify the effects of the ACA in both Medicaid expansion and non-expansion states. Our preferred specification suggests that, at the average pre-treatment uninsured rate, the full ACA increased the proportion of residents with insurance by 5.9 percentage points compared to 2.8 percentage points in states that did not expand Medicaid. Private insurance expansions from the ACA were due to increases in both employer-provided and non-group coverage. The coverage gains from the full ACA were largest for those without a college degree, non-whites, young adults, unmarried individuals, and those without children in the home. We find no evidence that the Medicaid expansion crowded out private coverage.

Does universal coverage improve health? The Massachusetts experience.

In 2006, Massachusetts passed health care reform legislation designed to achieve nearly universal coverage through a combination of insurance market reforms, mandates, and subsidies that later served as the model for national reform. Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we provide evidence that health care reform in Massachusetts led to better overall self-assessed health. Various robustness checks and placebo tests support a causal interpretation of the results. We also document improvements in several determinants of overall health: physical health, mental health, functional limitations, joint disorders, and body mass index. Next, we show that the effects on overall health were strongest among those with low incomes, nonwhites, near-elderly adults, and women. Finally, we use the reform to instrument for health insurance and estimate a sizeable impact of coverage on health.

Efecto de la administración prenatal de melatonina en pulmones de neonatos de oveja crónicamente hipóxicos / Effect of prenatal administration of melatonin on lungs of chronic hypoxic sheep neonates

Introducción: Las patologías que podrían motivar el ingreso a una Sala de Reanimación (SR) son múltiples, y asimismo, presentarse en cualquier momento, independientemente del sexo y la edad. A pesar de esta versatilidad, no existen investigaciones que describan la realidad chilena y la literatura extranjera es escasa. En consecuencia, nuestro estudio buscó caracterizar clínico-demográficamente a los pacientes ingresados a SR del Hospital San Juan de Dios de Los Andes, Chile. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal. Se trabajó con base de datos anonimizada. El tamaño muestral calculado fue de al menos 1014 sujetos (intervalo de confianza de 95%, precisión de 3%). Se incluyeron los ingresos entre enero de 2013 y junio de 2016, obteniendo una muestra de 1018 pacientes. Variables estudiadas: sexo, edad, diagnóstico general, diagnóstico específico, mes y horario. Se trabajó con Microsoft Excel® utilizando estadística descriptiva. Aprobado por comité éticocientífico. Resultados: 58,1% (n=593) hombres; 42,5% (n=434) mayores de 64 años. Diagnósticos generales más frecuentes: cardiovascular (50,3%) (n=512), neurológico (16,3%) (n=166) y traumático (11,7%) (n=119). Diagnósticos específicos más frecuentes: taquiarritmia (15,9%) (n=162) e infarto miocárdico (12,6%) (n=128). La mayor cantidad de ingresos se registró en enero, febrero y junio (promedio 28 ingresos), y entre las 20 y 00 hrs (22,8%) (n=232). Discusión: Existe un amplio predominio de las enfermedades cardiovasculares.La distribución por mes, sexo y edad parece estar supeditada al comportamiento de dicho grupo; no así la distribución por horarios, ya que las enfermedades cardiovasculares suelen presentarse matinalmente. En general, nuestros resultados coinciden con la literatura extranjera disponible

Introduction: Neonatal pulmonary hypertension (NPHT) caused by chronic hypobaric hypoxia during gestation is associated with oxidative stress and currently lacks of an effective treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of melatonin administrated on pregnant sheep on endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity and expression of eNOS, COX-1 and COX-2 on the lungs of lambs gestated and born under chronic hypobaric hypoxia. Material and method: Ten pregnant ewes under chronic hypoxia of highlands (3600 masl) were divided in two groups: 1. Control group (CN), treated with vehicle (5 ml/d ethanol 1, 4%), and 2. Melatonin group (MM), treated with melatonin during gestation (10 mg/d in 5 ml ethanol 1, 4%), during the last third of gestation. Results: Ewes gave birth spontaneously and without assistance, and we obtained lung tissue from 12 days old lambs to determine endothelial vascular reactivity by wire myography. In addition, eNOS, COX-1 and COX-2 RNA and protein expression were measured through RT-PCR and Western Blot, respectively. Discussion: The endothelium dependent vasodilation response was significantly enhanced in MM. Further, MM showed a significant increase in eNOS, COX-1 and COX-2 protein levels, relative to CN group. In conclusion, prenatal melatonin induces endothelium dependent vasodilation mechanisms and positively modulates eNOS-NO and prostanoids pathways, which may favour a treatment for NPHT caused by chronic hypoxia at high-altitude