Generation of genuine entanglement up to 51 superconducting qubits.

Scalable generation of genuine multipartite entanglement with an increasing number of qubits is important for both fundamental interest and practical use in quantum-information technologies1,2. On the one hand, multipartite entanglement shows a strong contradiction between the prediction of quantum mechanics and local realization and can be used for the study of quantum-to-classical transition3,4. On the other hand, realizing large-scale entanglement is a benchmark for the quality and controllability of the quantum system and is essential for realizing universal quantum computing5-8. However, scalable generation of genuine multipartite entanglement on a state-of-the-art quantum device can be challenging, requiring accurate quantum gates and efficient verification protocols. Here we show a scalable approach for preparing and verifying intermediate-scale genuine entanglement on a 66-qubit superconducting quantum processor. We used high-fidelity parallel quantum gates and optimized the fidelitites of parallel single- and two-qubit gates to be 99.91% and 99.05%, respectively. With efficient randomized fidelity estimation9, we realized 51-qubit one-dimensional and 30-qubit two-dimensional cluster states and achieved fidelities of 0.637 ± 0.030 and 0.671 ± 0.006, respectively. On the basis of high-fidelity cluster states, we further show a proof-of-principle realization of measurement-based variational quantum eigensolver10 for perturbed planar codes. Our work provides a feasible approach for preparing and verifying entanglement with a few hundred qubits, enabling medium-scale quantum computing with superconducting quantum systems.

AGIDB: a versatile database for genotype imputation and variant decoding across species.

The high cost of large-scale, high-coverage whole-genome sequencing has limited its application in genomics and genetics research. The common approach has been to impute whole-genome sequence variants obtained from a few individuals for a larger population of interest individually genotyped using SNP chip. An alternative involves low-coverage whole-genome sequencing (lcWGS) of all individuals in the larger population, followed by imputation to sequence resolution. To overcome limitations of processing lcWGS data and meeting specific genotype imputation requirements, we developed AGIDB (https://agidb.pro), a website comprising tools and database with an unprecedented sample size and comprehensive variant decoding for animals. AGIDB integrates whole-genome sequencing and chip data from 17 360 and 174 945 individuals, respectively, across 89 species to identify over one billion variants, totaling a massive 688.57 TB of processed data. AGIDB focuses on integrating multiple genotype imputation scenarios. It also provides user-friendly searching and data analysis modules that enable comprehensive annotation of genetic variants for specific populations. To meet a wide range of research requirements, AGIDB offers downloadable reference panels for each species in addition to its extensive dataset, variant decoding and utility tools. We hope that AGIDB will become a key foundational resource in genetics and breeding, providing robust support to researchers.

Evolution of Metal Tellurides for Energy Storage/Conversion: From Synthesis to Applications.

Metal telluride (MTe)-based nanomaterials have emerged as a potential alternative for efficient, highly conductive, robust, and durable electrodes in energy storage/conversion applications. Significant progress in the material development of MTe-based electrodes is well-sought, from the synthesis of its nanostructures, integration of MTes with supporting materials, synthesis of their hybrid morphologies, and their implications in energy storage/conversion systems. Herein, an extensive exploration of the recent advancements and progress in MTes-based nanomaterials is reviewed. This review emphasizes elucidating the fundamental properties of MTes and providing a systematic compilation of its wet and dry synthesis methods. The applications of MTes are extensively summarized and discussed, particularly, in energy storage and conversion systems including batteries (Li-ion, Zn-ion, Li-S, Na-ion, K-ion), supercapacitor, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and CO2 reduction. The review also emphasizes the future prospects and urgent challenges to be addressed in the development of MTes, providing knowledge for researchers in utilizing MTes in energy storage and conversion technologies.

piggyBac-mediated genomic integration of linear dsDNA-based library for deep mutational scanning in mammalian cells.

Deep mutational scanning (DMS) makes it possible to perform massively parallel quantification of the relationship between genetic variants and phenotypes of interest. However, the difficulties in introducing large variant libraries into mammalian cells greatly hinder DMS under physiological states. Here, we developed two novel strategies for DMS library construction in mammalian cells, namely 'piggyBac-in vitro ligation' and 'piggyBac-in vitro ligation-PCR'. For the first strategy, we took the 'in vitro ligation' approach to prepare high-diversity linear dsDNAs, and integrate them into the mammalian genome with a piggyBac transposon system. For the second strategy, we further added a PCR step using the in vitro ligation dsDNAs as templates, for the construction of high-content genome-integrated libraries via large-scale transfection. Both strategies could successfully establish genome-integrated EGFP-chromophore-randomized libraries in HEK293T cells and enrich the green fluorescence-chromophore amino-acid sequences. And we further identified a novel transcriptional activator peptide with the 'piggyBac-in vitro ligation-PCR' strategy. Our novel strategies greatly facilitate the construction of large variant DMS library in mammalian cells, and may have great application potential in the future.

A retrospective clinical analysis of 11 cases of PEComa from different sites.

PURPOSE: The objective of this paper is to offer a thorough examination of the clinical presentations, etiology, and treatment strategies associated with perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas). METHODS: This retrospective study examined the comprehensive archival data of PEComa cases diagnosed at Beijing Hospital from 2015 to 2023. The pathology slides of all patients were thoroughly reassessed by two experienced pathologists. A thorough retrospective analysis was undertaken, incorporating clinicopathological data including gender, age at diagnosis, initial clinical manifestations, signs, disease onset site, tumor markers, imaging findings, therapeutic modalities, pathological features, immunohistochemical profiles, treatment responses, and prognostic indicators. Patients were evaluated for disease severity according to established pathological classification criteria and were followed up until the designated analysis cut-off date. In instances where patients were unable to be monitored on-site, they were contacted via telephone for postoperative follow-up inquiries. RESULTS: This study included 11 patients with ages ranging from 17 to 66 years old, presenting with the disease in multiple anatomical sites, including the retroperitoneum (2/11), liver (4/11), kidney (4/11), lung (1/11), and broad ligament of the uterus (1/11). Most patients presented with non-specific clinical symptoms and were subsequently diagnosed with space-occupying lesions upon physical examination. The tumor demonstrated progressive growth and enlargement, which could result in compression of neighboring organs. Preoperative imaging alone is insufficient for a definitive diagnosis of PEComa, but MRI can provide an initial evaluation of the tumor's potential malignancy. Molecular marker testing specific to PEComa, such as HMB-45 (90.0%), SMA (81.8%), Melan-A (90.9%), vimentin (90.9%), and Desmin (36.3%), was conducted on all patients. No adjuvant therapies were administered postoperatively. Upon analysis, no instances of relapse at the primary site or the development of new tumors at other sites were observed. Regular imaging reviews of three patients with malignant PEComa post-surgery showed no evidence of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical presentation, tumor biomarkers, and imaging characteristics of PEComa lack specificity, necessitating dependence on pathology and immunohistochemistry for precise diagnosis. The mainstay of treatment consists of surgical resection, with patients typically experiencing a favorable prognosis.

Association of multidimensional frailty and quality of life in middle-aged and older people with stroke: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to (i) compare the prevalence of multidimensional frailty in middle-aged and older people with stroke and to (ii) explore the relationship between multidimensional frailty and quality of life (QoL) in this patient population. BACKGROUND: In recent years, stroke patients have become increasingly younger. As an important risk factor for stroke patients, frailty has gradually drawn research attention because of its multidimensional nature. DESIGN: This study used a cross-sectional design. METHODS: The study included 234 stroke patients aged 45 and older. Multidimensional frailty was defined as a holistic condition in which a person experiences losses in one or more domains of human functioning (physical, psychological and social) based on the Tilburg Frailty Indicator, and QoL was based on the short version of the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale. Hierarchical regression was used to analyse the correlation factors of QoL. STROBE checklist guides the reporting of the manuscript. RESULTS: A total of 128 (54.7%) participants had multidimensional frailty, 48 (44.5%) were middle aged and 80 (63.5%) were older adults. The overall QoL mean score of the participants was 47.86 ± 9.04. Multidimensional frailty was negatively correlated with QoL. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that multidimensional frailty could independently explain 14.6% of the variation in QoL in stroke patients. CONCLUSIONS: Multidimensional frailty was prevalent in middle-aged and older people with stroke, and it was a significant factor associated with QoL in stroke patients. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: This study emphasises the importance of the early identification of multidimensional frailty. And targeted interventions should be studied to prevent the occurrence of multidimensional frailty and thereby improve the QoL of patients. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION/S: There are no patient or public contributions to this study.

The Efficacy of Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) Wet Dressing in Reducing Eyelid Swelling and Bruising after Blepharoplasty: A Randomized, Controlled, and Observer-Blinded Assessment Study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of wet dressing with 50% magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) solution on decreasing eyelid swelling and bruising after blepharoplasty. Fifty-eight patients (23 male and 35 female) who underwent bilateral blepharoplasty were enrolled in our randomized clinical trial. One side of the periorbital area (upper and lower eyelids) per patient received a wet dressing with 50% MgSO4 solution randomly, and the other side was cooled with an ice pack from the first postoperative day for two consecutive days (30 minutes per time and twice a day). The eyelid edema and ecchymosis were evaluated and classified using respective graded scales. Degrees of eyelid edema were similar after surgery in both groups (p > 0.05) and were significantly decreased with time. Compared with the cooled ones, less swelling was observed in the eyelids treated by MgSO4 wet compress on postoperative day 5 (p < 0.01). Both the incidence and area of ecchymosis were lower in the MgSO4 group than those in the cooling group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Moreover, the majority of patients (39/58, 67.2%) indicated a preference for MgSO4 wet dressing over ice cooling. MgSO4 wet dressing can be conveniently applied to alleviate eyelid swelling and reduce recovery time after blepharoplasty.

Construction and validation of a nomogram for predicting fear of falling related activity restrictions in community-dwelling older adults.

Fear of falling related activity restrictions are widespread among older adults, leading to several adverse effects. Given these consequences, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive assessment tool that integrates various risk factors to predict the likelihood of older adults experiencing such activity restrictions. This cross-sectional study investigated fear of falling related activity restrictions and its influencing factors, simultaneously constructed and validated a nomogram among older adults residing in the communities in China. The model includes variables like age, gender, self-rated health, past year injurious falls, gait stability, anxiety, and cognitive impairment. It showed an AUC of 0.892. Internal validation had an AUC of 0.893, and external validation had an AUC of 0.939. Calibration curve showed good fit, and decision curve showed high clinical benefits. It's an intuitive tool for medical professionals to identify older adults at high risk of activity restrictions due to fear of falling.

2D MXene-Based Biosensing: A Review.

MXene emerged as decent 2D material and has been exploited for numerous applications in the last decade. The remunerations of the ideal metallic conductivity, optical absorbance, mechanical stability, higher heterogeneous electron transfer rate, and good redox capability have made MXene a potential candidate for biosensing applications. The hydrophilic nature, biocompatibility, antifouling, and anti-toxicity properties have opened avenues for MXene to perform in vitro and in vivo analysis. In this review, the concept, operating principle, detailed mechanism, and characteristic properties are comprehensively assessed and compiled along with breakthroughs in MXene fabrication and conjugation strategies for the development of unique electrochemical and optical biosensors. Further, the current challenges are summarized and suggested future aspects. This review article is believed to shed some light on the development of MXene for biosensing and will open new opportunities for the future advanced translational application of MXene bioassays.

Triglyceride-glucose index, symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis and recurrence risk in minor stroke patients with hypertension.

BACKGROUND: The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a simple measure of insulin resistance, is associated with intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS) and stroke. In hypertensive populations, this association may be pronounced. The aim was to investigate the relationship between TyG and symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis (sICAS) and recurrence risk in ischemic stroke patients with hypertension. METHODS: This prospective, multicenter cohort study included patients with acute minor ischemic stroke with a preadmission diagnosis of hypertension from September 2019 to November 2021 with a 3-month follow-up. The presence of sICAS was determined by a combination of clinical manifestations, the location of the infarction, and the corresponding artery with moderate-to-severe stenosis. ICAS burden was determined by the degree and number of ICAS occurrences. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and triglyceride (TG) were measured to calculate TyG. The main outcome was ischemic stroke recurrence during the 90-day follow-up. Multivariate regression models were used to explore the association of TyG, sICAS, and ICAS burden with stroke recurrence. RESULTS: There were 1281 patients with a mean age of 61.6 ± 11.6 years; 70.1% were male, and 26.4% were diagnosed with sICAS. There were 117 patients who experienced stroke recurrence during follow-up. Patients were categorized according to quartiles of TyG. After adjusting for confounders, the risk of sICAS was greater (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.04-2.43, p = 0.033) and the risk of stroke recurrence was significantly higher (HR 2.02, 95% CI 1.07-3.84, p = 0.025) in the fourth TyG quartile than in the first quartile. The restricted cubic spline (RCS) plot revealed a linear relationship between TyG and sICAS, and the threshold value for TyG was 8.4. Patients were then dichotomized into low and high TyG groups by the threshold. Patients with high TyG combined with sICAS had a higher risk of recurrence (HR 2.54, 95% CI 1.39-4.65) than patients with low TyG without sICAS. An interaction effect on stroke recurrence between TyG and sICAS was found (p = 0.043). CONCLUSION: TyG is a significant risk factor for sICAS in hypertensive patients, and there is a synergistic effect of sICAS and higher TyG on ischemic stroke recurrence. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: The study was registered on 16 August 2019 at https://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=41160 (No. ChiCTR1900025214).

Logical Magic State Preparation with Fidelity beyond the Distillation Threshold on a Superconducting Quantum Processor.

Fault-tolerant quantum computing based on surface code has emerged as an attractive candidate for practical large-scale quantum computers to achieve robust noise resistance. To achieve universality, magic states preparation is a commonly approach for introducing non-Clifford gates. Here, we present a hardware-efficient and scalable protocol for arbitrary logical state preparation for the rotated surface code, and further experimentally implement it on the Zuchongzhi 2.1 superconducting quantum processor. An average of 0.8983±0.0002 logical fidelity at different logical states with distance three is achieved, taking into account both state preparation and measurement errors. In particular, the logical magic states |A^{π/4}⟩_{L}, |H⟩_{L}, and |T⟩_{L} are prepared nondestructively with logical fidelities of 0.8771±0.0009, 0.9090±0.0009, and 0.8890±0.0010, respectively, which are higher than the state distillation protocol threshold, 0.859 (for H-type magic state) and 0.827 (for T-type magic state). Our work provides a viable and efficient avenue for generating high-fidelity raw logical magic states, which is essential for realizing non-Clifford logical gates in the surface code.

Dual Versus Mono Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients with Acute Mild-to-Moderate Stroke: A Multicentre Perspective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between different antiplatelet therapy regimens and the functional outcomes and bleeding complications among mild-to-moderate ischaemic stroke patients based on real-world data. METHODS: We used data from the SEACOAST trial (Safety and efficacy of aspirin-clopidogrel in acute noncardiogenic minor ischaemic stroke) to analyse the data of patients with mild-to-moderate stroke within 72 h after onset who were treated with aspirin or clopidogrel alone or a combination of clopidogrel and aspirin from September 2019 to November 2021. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance the differences between groups. We performed an analysis to evaluate the association of different antiplatelet regimens and 90-day disability, which was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score ≥2, as well as disability ascribed to index or recurrent stroke by the local investigator. In terms of safety, we then compared the bleeding events between the two groups. RESULTS: A total of 2822 mild-to-moderate ischaemic stroke patients were treated with either clopidogrel plus aspirin (n = 1726, 61.2%) or aspirin/clopidogrel (n = 1096, 38.8%). Of 1726 patients in the dual antiplatelet group, 1350 (78.5%) received less than or equal to 30 days of combined therapy. At 90 days, 433 (15.3%) patients were disabled. Patients who received combined therapy had a lower overall disability rate (13.7% versus 17.9%; OR 0.78 (0.6-1.01); P = 0.064). However, investigators found that index stroke was the reason for significantly fewer patients in the dual antiplatelet group having disability (8.4% versus 12%; OR, 0.72 (0.52-0.98); P = 0.038). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of moderate to severe bleeding complications between the dual and mono antiplatelet drug regimens (0.4% versus 0.2%; HR 1.5 (0.25, 8.98); P = 0.657). CONCLUSION: Aspirin plus clopidogrel was associated with a reduction in the incidence of disability attributed to index stroke. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of moderate to severe bleeding complications between the two antiplatelet drug regimens. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR1900025214.

Development of Specific Monoclonal Antibodies against Porcine RIG-I-like Receptors Revealed the Species Specificity.

The RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) play critical roles in sensing and combating viral infections, particularly RNA virus infections. However, there is a dearth of research on livestock RLRs due to a lack of specific antibodies. In this study, we purified porcine RLR proteins and developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against porcine RLR members RIG-I, MDA5 and LGP2, for which one, one and two hybridomas were obtained, respectively. The porcine RIG-I and MDA5 mAbs each targeted the regions beyond the N-terminal CARDs domains, whereas the two LGP2 mAbs were both directed to the N-terminal helicase ATP binding domain in the Western blotting. In addition, all of the porcine RLR mAbs recognized the corresponding cytoplasmic RLR proteins in the immunofluorescence and immunochemistry assays. Importantly, both RIG-I and MDA5 mAbs are porcine specific, without demonstrating any cross-reactions with the human counterparts. As for the two LGP2 mAbs, one is porcine specific, whereas another one reacts with both porcine and human LGP2. Thus, our study not only provides useful tools for porcine RLR antiviral signaling research, but also reveals the porcine species specificity, giving significant insights into porcine innate immunity and immune biology.

Selective Hydrodeoxygenation of Aromatics to Cyclohexanols over Ru Single Atoms Supported on CeO2.

Cyclohexanols are widely used chemicals, which are mainly produced by oxidation of fossil feedstocks. Selective hydrodeoxygenation of lignin derivatives has great potential for producing these chemicals but is challenging to obtain high yields. Here, we report that CeO2-supported Ru single-atom catalysts (SACs) enabled the hydrogenation of the benzene ring and catalyzed etheric C-O(R) bond cleavage without changing the C-O(H) bond, which could afford 99.9% yields of cyclohexanols. As far as we know, this is the first to report that SACs catalyze hydrogenation of the aromatic ring. The reaction mechanism was studied by control experiments and density functional theory calculations. In the catalysts, the Ru-O-Ce sites were formed and one Ru atom was coordinated with about four O atoms. These catalytic sites could realize both the hydrogenation and deoxygenation reactions efficiently, and thus desired cyclohexanols were generated. This work pioneers the single-atom catalysis in aromatic transformation and provides a novel route for synthesis of cyclohexanols.

Realization of an Error-Correcting Surface Code with Superconducting Qubits.

Quantum error correction is a critical technique for transitioning from noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices to fully fledged quantum computers. The surface code, which has a high threshold error rate, is the leading quantum error correction code for two-dimensional grid architecture. So far, the repeated error correction capability of the surface code has not been realized experimentally. Here, we experimentally implement an error-correcting surface code, the distance-three surface code which consists of 17 qubits, on the Zuchongzhi 2.1 superconducting quantum processor. By executing several consecutive error correction cycles, the logical error can be significantly reduced after applying corrections, achieving the repeated error correction of surface code for the first time. This experiment represents a fully functional instance of an error-correcting surface code, providing a key step on the path towards scalable fault-tolerant quantum computing.

Functional identification of the different regions in B-class floral homeotic MADS-box proteins IiAP3 and IiPI from Isatis indigotica.

APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI) are B-class MADS-box floral homeotic genes of Arabidopsis and are involved in specifying the identity of petals and stamens. In the present work, IiAP3 and IiPI, the respective orthologous genes of AP3 and PI, were cloned from Isatis indigotica. By expressing in ap3-6 and pi-1 homozygous mutant and in wild-type Arabidopsis under the control of AP3 promoter or CaMV 35S promoter, we demonstrated that IiAP3 and IiPI were functionally equivalent to AP3 and PI of Arabidopsis. Referring to previous reports and the research results in the present work, expression patterns of AP3 and PI homologs are not the same in different angiosperms possessing diverse floral structures. It suggests that the alterations in expression may contribute to the changing morphology of flowers. To further determine the relationship between IiAP3 and IiPI, the coding sequences of the different structural regions in these two proteins were swapped with each other, and the data collected from transgenic Arabidopsis plants of the chimeric constructs suggested that MADS domain was irreplaceable for the function of IiAP3, K domain of IiAP3 was involved in specifying the identity of stamens, K domain of IiPI was mainly related to the formation of petals, and C-terminal region of IiPI was involved in characterization of stamens. In addition, a complete KC region of these two proteins was more effective in phenotypic complementation of the mutants.

Highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensors based on modified PDMS and hybrid particles of AgNWs/graphene.

High-performance strain sensors have received extensive attention due to their wide range of applications in pulsebeat detection, speech recognition, motion detection, and blood pressure monitoring. However, it is difficult to simultaneously attain high sensitivity and excellent stretchability. In this work, a strain sensor based on modified polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and conductive hybrid particles of silver nanowires (AgNWs)/graphene was successfully fabricated. A facile solvothermal polymerization process was used to change the structure of cross-linking networks and to obtain the PDMS elastomer with excellent stretchability. The application of the modified PDMS endows the strain sensor with a large strain range (∼20%), which is 100% higher than that of the strain sensor with unmodified PDMS. The AgNWs/graphene hybrid particles were prepared by a simple coprecipitation, reduction, and drying method. AgNWs serve as bridges between graphene sheets, endowing the strain sensor with a large gauge factor (GF = 400). The stability of the strain sensor was also verified. Besides, the strain sensor was successfully used in fields such as finger bending and speech recognition. Considering its high sensitivity, excellent stretchability, and high working stability, the sensor has great potential in health monitoring and motion detection.

Synthesis of Mackinawite (FeSm) and its heterogeneous Fenton-like catalytic degradation performance of rhodamine B.

In this work, Mackinawite (FeSm) was synthesized by homogeneous precipitation method, and flower-like nanoparticles formed by the aggregation of nanosheets with a preferred orientation along the (001) plane. The heterogeneous Fenton-like degradation performance of FeSm on rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated, results illustrated that RhB degradation was the synergistic effect of adsorption, Fenton, and a heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction. In repeated experiments, the reduction of reactivity was attributed to the oxidation of FeSm into lepidocrocite, whereas lepidocrocite has relatively low hydroxyl radicals (•OH) production reactivity. Thus, it showed excellent degradation effects in long-time degradation of RhB. Photoluminescence technology and free radical capture experiments demonstrated that •OH produced on the surface of catalyst was the main active species to remove RhB. In addition, the Fe species on the surface of FeSm was the main active center for surface-mediated reactions. A total organic carbon test revealed that the degradation was not complete and degradation intermediates were formed. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technology was used to identify the degradation intermediates. On this basis, possible degradation pathways were proposed.

"There for The Right Reasons": New Zealand Early Childhood Professionals' Sense of Calling, Life Goals, Personal and Spiritual Values.

Using a mixed-method approach, this present study examined the roles of calling and the relation between life goals and spiritual values among early childhood professionals in New Zealand. Among the 102 participants who completed the surveys, 24 participated in the follow-up individual interviews. In line with previous research, results showed that the five spiritual values-conformity, universalism, tradition, benevolence, and security-positively correlated with at least three intrinsic life goals, but showed a negative correlation with at least three of the four extrinsic goals. In addition, all non-spiritual values-self-direction, stimulation, hedonism, achievement, and power-correlated negatively with at least three of the intrinsic life goals. A similar pattern was found between the correlation between all non-spiritual values and extrinsic life goals. Interview data showed that participants who self-identified as having experienced a call to work with young children actively engaged with their calling. They also affirmed that their calling was experienced at a deeply personal and emotional level. Participants also recognized the important impact of life goals, personal and spiritual values on their work. This paper concludes with implications for future research and practice.

Wisdom: Meaning, structure, types, arguments, and future concerns.

Narrowing the debate about the meaning of wisdom requires two different understandings of wisdom. (a) As action or behaviour, wisdom refers to well-motivated actors achieving an altruistic outcome by creatively and successfully solving problems. (b) As a psychological trait, wisdom refers to a global psychological quality that engages intellectual ability, prior knowledge and experience in a way that integrates virtue and wit, and is acquired through life experience and continued practice. Thus, we propose a two-dimensional theory of wisdom that integrates virtue and wit. Wisdom can be further divided into "humane wisdom" and "natural wisdom" according to the types of capability required. At the same time, we propose that wisdom classification should integrate the views of Sternberg and Wang and be divided into three types: domain-specific wisdom, domain-general wisdom, and omniscient/ overall wisdom. We then discuss three pressing questions about wisdom, and consider five issues important to the future of wisdom research in psychology.