Ligand-Controlled Cobalt-Catalyzed Regio-, Enantio-, and Diastereoselective Oxyheterocyclic Alkene Hydroalkylation.

Metal-hydride-catalyzed alkene hydroalkylation has been developed as an efficient method for C(sp3)-C(sp3) coupling with broad substrate availability and high functional group compatibility. However, auxiliary groups, a conjugated group or a chelation-directing group, are commonly required to attain high regio- and enantioselectivities. Herein, we reported a ligand-controlled cobalt-hydride-catalyzed regio-, enantio-, and diastereoselective oxyheterocyclic alkene hydroalkylation without chelation-directing groups. This reaction enables the hydroalkylation of conjugated and unconjugated oxyheterocyclic alkenes to deliver C2- or C3-alkylated tetrahydrofuran or tetrahydropyran in uniformly good yields and with high regio- and enantioselectivities. In addition, hydroalkylation of C2-substituted 2,5-dihydrofuran resulted in the simultaneous construction of 1,3-distereocenters, providing convenient access to polysubstituted tetrahydrofuran with multiple enantioenriched C(sp3) centers.

Effects of hydroxy methionine zinc on growth performance, immune response, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota of red claw crayfish (Procambarus clarkii).

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of varying zinc (Zn) levels on the growth performance, non-specific immune response, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota of red claw crayfish (Procambarus clarkii (P. clarkii)). Adopting hydroxy methionine zinc (Zn-MHA) as the Zn source, 180 healthy crayfish with an initial body mass of 6.50 ± 0.05 g were randomly divided into the following five groups: X1 (control group) and groups X2, X3, X4, and X5, which were fed the basal feed supplemented with Zn-MHA with 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 mg kg-1, respectively. The results indicated that following the addition of various concentrations of Zn-MHA to the diet, the following was observed: Specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain rate (WGR), total protein (TP), total cholesterol (TC), the activities of alkaline phosphatase (AKP), phenoloxidase (PO), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT), the expression of CTL, GPX, and CuZn-SOD genes demonstrated a trend of rising and then declining-with a maximum value in group X4-which was significantly higher than that in group X1 (P < 0.05). Zn deposition in the intestine and hepatopancreas, the activity of GSH-PX, and the expression of GSH-PX were increased, exhibiting the highest value in group X5. The malonaldehyde (MDA) content was significantly reduced, with the lowest value in group X4, and the MDA content of the Zn-MHA addition groups were significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05). In the analysis of the intestinal microbiota of P. clarkii, the number of operational taxonomic units in group X4 was the highest, and the richness and diversity indexes of groups X3 and X4 were significantly higher than those in group X1 (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the dietary addition of Zn-MHA decreased and increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Tenericutes, respectively. These findings indicate that supplementation of dietary Zn-MHA at an optimum dose of 60 mg kg-1 may effectively improve growth performance, immune response, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota richness and species diversity in crayfish.

[Analysis of Chinese syndrome features and combination laws of 2029 patients with coronary heart disease angina].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the element distribution features and syndrome combination laws of coronary heart disease angina. METHODS: The syndrome database of 2 029 patients with coronary heart disease angina was established to study the syndrome elements and syndrome combination laws. RESULTS: (1) The syndrome element distribution of coronary heart disease angina was featured as: blood stasis > qi deficiency > phlegm turbid > yin deficiency > phlegm turbid with more warm property > yang deficiency > stagnant qi > phlegm turbid with more cold > cold coagulation. Of them, qi deficiency and blood stasis were the main two syndrome elements, and phlegm turbid with more warm and yin deficiency also occupied important positions. (2) Syndrome combination laws of coronary heart disease angina: three elements syndrome and two elements syndrome were dominant. The combination of sthenia syndrome element and asthenia syndrome element was the most important combination laws. Qi deficiency and blood stasis was the main combination form. CONCLUSIONS: Qi deficiency, yin deficiency, phlegm turbid, and blood stasis form four key links of its pathogenesis, in which, qi deficiency and blood stasis was the most basic pathogenesis. The syndrome element combination had some laws.