RESUMEN
Adequate distribution of mineral sulphur (S) nutrition to nodules mediated by sulphate transporters is crucial for nitrogen fixation in symbiosis establishment process. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unknown. In this study, we characterized the function of Early Senescent Nodule 2 (MtESN2), a gene crucial to nitrogen fixation in Medicago truncatula. Mutations in MtESN2 resulted in severe developmental and functional defects including dwarf shoots, early senescent nodules, and lower nitrogenase activity under symbiotic conditions compared to wild-type plants. MtESN2 encodes an M. truncatula sulphate transporter that is expressed only in roots and nodules, with the highest expression levels in the transition zone and nitrogen-fixing zone of nodules. MtESN2 exhibited sulphate transport activity when expressed in yeast. Immunolocalization analysis showed that MtESN2-yellow fluorescent protein fusion protein was localized to the plasma membranes of both uninfected and infected cells of nodules, where it might transport sulphate into both rhizobia-infected and uninfected cells within the nodules. Our results reveal an unreported sulphate transporter that contributes to effective symbiosis and prevents nodule early senescence in M. truncatula.
Asunto(s)
Medicago truncatula , Fijación del Nitrógeno , Fijación del Nitrógeno/genética , Nódulos de las Raíces de las Plantas/metabolismo , Medicago truncatula/genética , Medicago truncatula/metabolismo , Transportadores de Sulfato/genética , Transportadores de Sulfato/metabolismo , Simbiosis/genética , Sulfatos/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite (OIHPs) solar cells are the most promising alternatives to traditional silicon solar cells, with a certified power conversion efficiency beyond 25%. However, the poor stability of OHIPs is one of the thorniest obstacles that hinder its commercial development. Among all the factors affecting stability, ion migration is prominent because it is unavoidable and intrinsic in OHIPs. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanism for ion migration and regulation strategies. Herein, the types of ions that may migrate in OHIPs are first discussed; afterward, the migrating channels are demonstrated. The effects of ion migration are further elaborated. While ion migration can facilitate the p-i-n structure in some cases, the current hysteresis and other adverse effects such as phase segregation in OHIPs attract widespread attention. Based on these, several recent strategies to suppress the ion migration are enumerated, including the introduction of alkali cations, organic additives, grain boundaries passivation, and employment of low-dimensional perovskites. Finally, the prospect for further modulating the ion migration and more stable perovskite solar cells is proposed.
RESUMEN
Herein, we report the first rhodium-catalyzed hydrolytic cleavage of the silicon-carbon bond in silacyclobutanes using water as the reactant. A series of silacyclobutanes could be employed in this reaction in the presence of the Rh/BINAP complex, resulting in the corresponding silanols in good yields. Additionally, a chiral 1,1,4,4-tetraaryl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-l-threitol-derived phosphoramidite ligand could be used in this reaction to yield Si-stereogenic silanol with promising enantioselectivity.
RESUMEN
Two fullerene derivatives C60-MP and C60-ETPA were designed and synthesized for tin-halide perovskite solar cells. The introduction of an electron-withdrawing group and an alkyl chain reduced the electron affinity, resulting in a shallower lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level than that of common phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM). Moreover, the smaller energy level offset provided efficient carrier transport and suppressed charge recombination. As a result, the devices with C60-ETPA achieved an open-circuit voltage of 0.76 V and a power conversion efficiency of over 10%, which were substantially higher than 0.63 V and 8.25% for the control devices with PC61BM, respectively.