"Apraxic dysgraphia" in a 15-year-old left-handed patient: disruption of the cerebello-cerebral network involved in the planning and execution of graphomotor movements.

Apraxic agraphia is a peripheral writing disorder caused by neurological damage. It induces a lack or loss of access to the motor engrams that plan and programme the graphomotor movements necessary to produce written output. The neural network subserving handwriting includes the superior parietal region, the dorsolateral and medial premotor cortex and the thalamus of the dominant hemisphere. Recent studies indicate that the cerebellum may be involved as well. To the best of our knowledge, apraxic agraphia has not been described on a developmental basis. This paper reports the clinical, neurocognitive and (functional) neuroimaging findings of a 15-year-old left-handed patient with an isolated, non-progressive developmental handwriting disorder consistent with a diagnosis of "apraxic dysgraphia". Gross motor coordination problems were objectified as well but no signs of cerebellar, sensorimotor or extrapyramidal dysfunction of the writing limb were found to explain the apraxic phenomena. Brain MRI revealed no supra- and infratentorial damage but quantified Tc-99m-ECD SPECT disclosed decreased perfusion in the anatomoclinically suspected prefrontal and cerebellar brain regions crucially involved in the planning and execution of skilled motor actions. This pattern of functional depression seems to support the hypothesis that "apraxic dysgraphia" might reflect incomplete maturation of the cerebello-cerebral network involved in handwriting. In addition, it is hypothesized that "apraxic dysgraphia" may have to be considered to represent a distinct nosological category within the group of the developmental dyspraxias following dysfunction of the cerebello-cerebral network involved in planned actions.

Correction: Dusabimana et al. Surveillance for Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy and Ov16 IgG4 Testing of Children 6-10 Years Old Should Be Used to Identify Areas Where Onchocerciasis Elimination Programs Need Strengthening. Pathogens 2022, 11, 281.

There was an error in the original publication [...].

Surveillance for Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy and OV16 IgG4 Testing of Children 6-10 Years Old Should Be Used to Identify Areas Where Onchocerciasis Elimination Programs Need Strengthening.

To eliminate onchocerciasis-associated morbidity, it is important to identify areas where there is still high ongoing Onchocerca volvulus transmission. Between 2015 and 2021, door-to-door surveys were conducted in onchocerciasis-endemic villages in Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Nigeria, South Sudan, and Tanzania to determine epilepsy prevalence and incidence, type of epilepsy and ivermectin therapeutic coverage. Moreover, children aged between six and 10 years were tested for anti-Onchocerca antibodies using the Ov16 IgG4 rapid diagnostic test (RDT). A mixed-effect binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess significantly associated variables of Ov16 antibody seroprevalence. A high prevalence and incidence of epilepsy was found to be associated with a high Ov16 antibody seroprevalence among 6-10-year-old children, except in the Logo health zone, DRC. The low Ov16 antibody seroprevalence among young children in the Logo health zone, despite a high prevalence of epilepsy, may be explained by a recent decrease in O. volvulus transmission because of a decline in the Simulium vector population as a result of deforestation. In the Central African Republic, a new focus of O. volvulus transmission was detected based on the high Ov16 IgG4 seropositivity among children and the detecting of nodding syndrome cases, a phenotypic form of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE). In conclusion, Ov16 IgG4 RDT testing of 6-10-year-old children is a cheap and rapid method to determine the level of ongoing O. volvulus transmission and to assess, together with surveillance for OAE, the performance of onchocerciasis elimination programs.

First description of Nodding Syndrome in the Central African Republic.

BACKGROUND: The term Nodding Syndrome (NS) refers to an atypical and severe form of childhood epilepsy characterized by a repetitive head nodding (HN). The disease has been for a long time limited to East Africa, and the cause is still unknown. The objective of this study was to confirm the existence of NS cases in Central African Republic (CAR). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study in the general population. The identification of NS cases was conducted through a door-to-door survey in a village near Bangui along the Ubangui River. Based on Winkler's 2008 and the World Health Organization (WHO)'s 2012 classifications, the confirmation of cases was done by a neurologist who also performed the electroencephalograms. No laboratory tests were done during this investigation. Treatment was offered to all patients. A total of 6,175 individuals was surveyed in 799 households. After reviewing the cases, we identified 5 NS cases in girls aged between 8 and 16. The age of onset of the seizures was between 5 and 12 years of age. Two cases were classified as "HN plus" according to Winkler's 2008 classification. Four NS cases were classified as probable and one as confirmed according to the WHO's 2012 classification. Three of them presented with developmental delay and cognitive decline, and one had an abnormally low height-for-age z-score. Electroencephalographic abnormalities were found in four patients. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Nodding Syndrome cases were described in CAR for the first time. Despite certain peculiarities, these cases are similar to those described elsewhere. Given that only a small part of the affected area was investigated, the study area along the Ubangui River needs to be expanded in order to investigate the association between Onchocerca volvulus and NS and also evaluate the real burden of NS in CAR.

FSGS permeability factor-associated nephrotic syndrome: remission after oral galactose therapy.

Some cases of nephrotic syndrome in focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) are associated with a circulating factor, the FSGS permeability factor (FSPF). Galactose has a high affinity for FSPF, and experimental data suggest that it could reduce its activity. We describe the case of a 48-year-old male with a nephrotic syndrome found to be resistant to corticosteroids, immunosuppression and plasmaphaeresis. The patient was given oral galactose as a last resort treatment, which was followed by a remission of his nephrotic syndrome that correlated with a reduction of FSPF activity. This case is the first report of a long-standing remission of an FSPF-associated nephrotic syndrome on oral galactose therapy.

Safety and efficacy of natalizumab in Belgian multiple sclerosis patients: subgroup analysis of the natalizumab observational program.

Natalizumab (Tysabri(®)) is highly efficacious in controlling disease activity in relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. As it is one of the more recent therapies for MS, there remains a need for long-term safety and efficacy data of natalizumab in a clinical practice setting. The Tysabri observational program (TOP) is an open-label, multicenter, multinational, prospective observational study, aiming to recruit up to 6,000 patients with relapsing-remitting MS from Europe, Canada and Australia. The objectives of this study are to collect long-term safety and efficacy data on disease activity and disability progression. We report here the interim results of the 563 patients included in TOP between December 2007 and 2012 from Belgium. This patient cohort was older at baseline, had longer disease duration, higher neurological impairment, and a higher baseline annualized relapse rate, when compared to patients included in the pivotal phase III AFFIRM trial. Nevertheless, the efficacy of natalizumab was comparable. The annualized relapse rate on treatment was reduced by 90.70 % (p < 0.0001) with a cumulative probability of relapse of 26.87 % at 24 months. The cumulative probabilities of sustained disability improvement and progression at 24 months were 25.68 and 9.01 %, respectively. There were no new safety concerns over the follow-up period. Two cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy were diagnosed. Our results are consistent with other observational studies in the post-marketing setting.