Beyond private 5G networks: applications, architectures, operator models and technological enablers.

Private networks will play a key role in 5G and beyond to enable smart factories with the required better deployment, operation and flexible usage of available resource and infrastructure. 5G private networks will offer a lean and agile solution to effectively deploy and operate services with stringent and heterogeneous constraints in terms of reliability, latency, re-configurability and re-deployment of resources as well as issues related to governance and ownership of 5G components, and elements. In this paper, we present a novel approach to operator models, specifically targeting 5G and beyond private networks. We apply the proposed operator models to different network architecture options and to a selection of relevant use cases offering mixed private-public network operator governance and ownership. Moreover, several key enabling technologies have been identified for 5G private networks. Before the deployment, stakeholders should consider spectrum allocation and on-site channel measurements in order to fully understand the propagation characteristic of a given environment and to set up end-to-end system parameters. During the deployment, a monitoring tools will support to validate the deployment and to make sure that the end-to-end system meet the target KPI. Finally, some optimization can be made individually for service placement, network slicing and orchestration or jointly at radio access, multi-access edge computing or core network level.

[Substernal goiter: pre-, intra- and postoperative problems]. / Le problematiche pre-, intra- e postoperatorie del gozzo immerso.

The Authors report their experience with problems in treating substernal goiter. They then explain at length the complex haemodynamic or respiratory situations encountered and the therapeutic management of the condition. Also discussed are technical surgical problems, and the prevention and therapy of possible complications. They conclude by stating that thanks to all the technical means currently available complete patient control can be achieved before, during and after the operation, thus significantly contributing to the successful outcome of surgical treatment.

Warthin's tumour of the parotid gland.

The authors, after examining two recent cases, explain a number of basic concepts regarding the diagnosis and therapy of Warthin's tumour of the parotid gland. Despite their low frequency, such tumours are very important because of their aetiopathogenesis, which is still controversial, and the recent increase in their incidence in females. Today, the diagnostic protocol, undertaken after the necessary clinical examination, relies mainly on ultrasonography and CT, but only a postoperative histological examination is capable of yielding a sure diagnosis and establishing the main histomorphological characteristics of the tumour. The therapeutic approach can be limited to conservative treatment, sparing the parotid gland and its vascularization and innervation.

Pleural effusion as a complication of intrathoracic goitre.

The authors report their experience with a case of bilateral pleural effusions as a complication of intrathoracic goitre. They then go on to examine all the possible causes of this phenomenon. After discussing the anatomy of the superior mediastinum, they conclude that hydrothorax related to intrathoracic goitre could be the result of pressure of the mass on venous structures, especially on the superior vena cava, or on the intramediastinal lymphatic vessles, or, as in the case reported, on both.